ANNALS

ОЕ THE

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, CALCUTTA.

Vol. VII.

THE амво OF BRITISH INDIA.

By 1 Se DAMBLE, MAAK Е.1..5.,

Conservator of Forests, School Circle, and Director of the Imperial Forest School, Dehra Dun.

CALCUTTA: Printed at the Bengal Secretariat Press.

LONDON :

Sold by В. Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly; Keegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ld.;

A. Constable & Co. 14, Parliament Street; Luzac & Со. 46, Great Russell Street: E. A. Arnold, 37, Bedford Street, Strand.

1896.

Misso T! SOTANICAR BARDEN LIBRARE

THE

BAMBUSEA OF BRITISH INDIA.

By J. S. GAMBLE, M.A., F.L.S.,

Conservator of Forests, School Circle, and Director of the Imperial Forest School, Dehra Dun.

WITH ONE HUNDRED AND NINETEEN PLATES.

CALCUTTA: Printed at the Bengal Secretariat Press.

LONDON:

Bold by В. Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly; Keegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Со. Ld.: A. Constable & Co, 14, Parliament Street: Luzac & Со. 46, Great Russell Street: E. A. Arnold, 37, Bedford Street, Strand.

1896.

ERRATA.

Page 2,line 8, from below, after “2” omit ‘,’ 21 1, for ‘ (Lepcha ' read «(Lepcha). » 29, „ 16, for ‘aruhemica’ read ‘arnhemica.’ » 48, „ 28,for FL read * Fi.’ » 62, „ 28, for 'verticiliata' read ‘verticillata’ „ 62, , 31, for ‘lodicules and anthers’ read ‘lodicule and anther.’ „ 62, , 32, before ' Royal’ add ‘ the.’ 3, from below, for hirsute apiculate’ read ‘hirsute-apiculate.’ „ 74, „ 12, from below, for ‘ Proc,’ read ‘Journ.’ and for ‘232’ read ‘ 252.’ „ 93, „ 9, from below, after ‘leaves’ insert ‘ not.’ “5, from below, sor * pbbescent' read * pubescent.’ » 119, „ 7, from below, for ‘eastern’ read ‘ western. „ 121, „ 9, for ‘longispiculata’ read ‘ и š „ 122, ,, 11, from below, for ‘60 to дә? -— ve. ern » Шон 20 frome e, for dee. LA х7 3020 read fur 42. ewe ks EURO WR.

ANN. Вот. Bor. Garp, Cate. Vor. VII.

INTRODUCTION.

Tue tribe of the Вамвозеж is a section of the great natural order GRAMINES, the grasses, and is especially remarkable by containing those large tree-like members of the family whieh are so characteristic of the tropical regions of the globe and so useful to man in the localities where they are found. From the earliest times, travellers have been struck with the beauty and importance of the members of the tribe. Ruprecht in his Monograph, published in 1839, says that the first mentions of bamboos occur in the works of Ctesius, in the letter from Alexander the Great to Aristotle, and in the Natural History of Pliny. After that a considerable blank occurs, so that the next references are to be found in the works of Lobelius (1571), Clusius (1601), Garcia (1605), Marcgrave (1648), Piso (1658), C. Bauhin (1671), van Rheede (1678), Pluckenet (1696), Kaempfer (1712), J. Burmann (1737), etc., although in most cases it is difficult to say what species are referred to. ‘The first writer on Indian bamboos was van Rheede, who in his ** Hortus Malabaricus” described and figured two kinds which we now identify as the species Bambusa arundinacea and Ochlandra Rheedi. — Pluckenet in his * Almagestum botanicum” refers to these two again as “ Arundo arborea, Mambu vel Bambu dicta" and “Arundo arborea, Bambu species altera," and gives а third “ Arundo arbor indica procera mungell dicta.” In 1750 appeared Ше “Herbarium Amboinense ” of Rumphius, who divided the bamboos known to him into eight classes, viz.—

1. Arundo Arbor tenuis, Leleba. Cratium, Bulu seru. spiculorum, ,, tuy.

2.

3.

4. н » Vasaria, » Jaca. 5. 5 » aspera, » potong. 6. 3; » maxima, /, sammat. +: » spinosa, » baduri, 8. » » fer, ә сапа.

and these classes again into various kinds ; so that, for instance, the first class was subdivided into six, viz.—Leleba alba, nigra, prava, picta, lineata, amahussana, The identification of Rumphius’ bamboos has afforded work for several botanists, as, for instance, Schultes in 1830, and Miquel in 1855 4 but it is hardly worth while here to give the results, for most of the species mentioned do not belong to the region

to which the present work relates but rather to that of the great Malay

Archipelago.

Ann. Roy. Вот. GARD. CarcurrA, Vor. УП.

ii INTRODUCTION.

т w су

In the first edition of the * Species Plantarum” of Linnæus, 1755, one species is given under the name Arundo Bambos. There is no doubt but that several species were referred to under that name, the chief and principal one being the common Bambusa arundinacea.

In 1814 appeared the “ Hortus Bengalensis” of Dr. W. Roxburgh, Superin- tendent of the Company's Garden, now the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, in which list were enumerated seven species under the names Bambusa arundinacea, stricta, Tulda, Balcooa, baccifera, spinosa, nana, which were afterwards described in the author's * Flora Indica." These form six of the species described in this work.

In 1839 appeared the admirable monograph of Dr. F. J. Ruprecht, published first of all in the proceedings of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg, and afterwards as a separate work. In this, about 18 species were described from the Indo-Malayan region, corresponding to about 12 of those herein described. Then came, in 1866, the “Monograph of the Bambusaceæ,” by Colonel Munro, с.в., published in the “ Transactions of the Linnean Society, Vol. XXVI, which is the foundation of our modern knowledge of bamboos. In that work were published descriptions of Indo-Malayan species corresponding to about 70 of those herein given. Arranged in genera, Munro's Monograph described of Indo-Malayan species about 70 altogether, allowing for those which have been herein reduced.

Genus. Fully known. Partly known. Doubtful. Total. Arundinaria bns 10 5 dae 15 Thamnocalamus 2 Phyllostachys l Bambusa As 17 Gigantochloa 2 Oxytenanthera 4 Melocanna i + Schizostachyum e 1 Cephalostachyum 3 Pseudostaehyum 1 Teinostachyum 2 Beesha 2 Dendrocalamus 8 Dinochloa $ Total .. 58 12

Ди Ки

ІЗ — w o oo F ç h & 0 Š =

| с |

The “Flora Sylvatica” of Madras, by Colonel R. H. Beddome, described 18 species as indigenous in Southern India, and of these 16 are admitted; while the “Forest Flora of British Burma," by S. Kurz, which appeared in 1878, included 30 species of that country. In the present work, 115 species are described, making a considerable addition to those known to Munro; but this number is by no means the end; for there exist in Upper Assam, Upper Burma, Tenasserim, the Malay States, and even in South India also, several species which are known either only by the

INTRODUCTION. lil

collection of a few leaves or by report, and these will require to be described later on as material for the purpose becomes available.

The subdivision of the Bambusee into sections and genera adopted in this work їз that of the “Genera Plantarum" of Bentham and Hooker. Of the 22 genera given in that work, 14 belong to the Indo-Malayan region, the rest being chiefly American.* In the following pages, only one new genus has been described, 74y;- sostachys, so that we have 15 genera in all. In Engler and Prantl’s * Die Naturli- chen pflanzenfamilien," now under publication, 23 genera are given. This is accounted for by the authors having placed Guadua under Bambusa, and by their having added two new genera founded by Franchet for West African species (A/rac- tocarpa and Риейа). The most recently published work on the genera is Baillon’s * Histoire des Plantes," Volume XII, 1894, in which 28 genera are admitted, the new ones being Gwaduella, Microcalamus (West Africa), Glaziophyton (South America), Fargesia (China), while Guadua is restored to generic rank.

The distribution of bamboos depends upon climate. They are found more or less in all tropical and semi-tropical regions, but especially in Asia and in South America. In Europe there are none. In Asia they extend through India, Burma, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago to China and Japan. In Australia there аге (so Baron Von Mueller, x.c.w.c., the Government Botanist in Victoria, informs me) four species, one only of which (Bambusa Arnhemica, F. von Muell) has yet been described; and there is one in New Caledonia. In Africa there are species of Отугепашћета in Abyssinia and East Africa, of Wastus in the Mascarene Islands, and of four new genera in West Africa, while South Africa has only one species. In America there are many species, but of genera distinct from those of Asia.

Те descriptions given herein have been drawn up on the advice of Dr. С. King, as nearly as possible on a uniform system, giving, in regular order, the characteristics of the chief organs. And here it may be as well to give a few remarks on these characteristics.

The сотмз or stems of all bamboos are more or less cylindrical, hollow in the interior, and separated by partitions into joints. The partitions are called nodes, and the portions between them are called internodes. In almost all the Indian bamboos, the culms are cylindrical, but in some species there is a slight tendency to angularity, as, for instance, in Dinochloa AMcClellandi, which has the joints arranged in zig-zag fashion, and the younger culms faintly quadrangular. In the species of Phyllostachys and in Bambusa arundinacea, the internodes are often grooved or flattened on one side. But in none of the Indian species is there anything like the marked angularity which is met with in the “square bamboo” of China, known at present by the name Bambusa quadrangularis, Fenzi (see article on “The square bamboo," by W. T. Thiselton-Dyer in “ Nature" for August 27th, 1885, p. 391). In some Indian species the cavities of the culms are almost, if not quite, absent. This is especially the case with a certain number of culms in each clump

+ ARUCNDINARIEE. Arthrostylidium, Athroostachys, Merostachys, Chusquea, and Planotia; all American, Вамрозеж. Naatus--Réunion ; Guadua—America ; and Greslania—New Caledonia.

Axx. Вот. Por. Garp. Carcurra, Vor. ҮП.

lv INTRODUCTION.

in the common “Male bamboo” (Dendrocalamus strictus) when it is found growing in а suitable dry locality and on poor soil, as for instance in the Siwalik Hills near Hardwar. In Arundinaria Prainü, а very thin wiry climbing species, the culms are usually, if not always, solid. The nodes of the culms of bamboos are always prominent, some, however, less so than others; the lower ones frequently bear root scars or curved thick stiff rootlets surrounding them as a fringe. These roots sometimes develop and enter the ground, but very often they dry up and leave pro- minent scars or projecting stumps. Some bamboos have their nodes shaggy with circles of hair, in some the nodes broaden out (as in Dendrocalamus patellaris) into flattish plates; while some again are furnished with a ring of more or less formidable spines. Such spines occur in Arundinaria callosa and Ст Мапа. and in Dinochloa Tjangkorreh ; and in these species they seem to be due more to arrested rootlets than is the case with the spines of Bambusa arundinacea and В. Вштеапа, which are only borne on branches, and not on the main culm, and which are attached only on one side, where they are obviously caused by arrested buds which may or may not afterwards develop into branchlets. None of these species, however, have the spines of any great length, nothing like those of a species which is said to occur on the hills between Burma and Assam, and to bear at its nodes spines between 4 and 6 inches long and very sharp, so that to penetrate the thickets must be a work of considerable danger even to wild animals accustomed to the jungles. Usually the knots eross the culms at right angles, but occasionally specimens are found with the knots united into a spiral (See Kurz Ind. Forester, I. 252, plate 1, figure 2.) This is especially the case with Melocanna bamusoides. In size, the culms of bamboos are very variable, and range from the gigantic culm of Dendrocalamus giganteus, which often reaches 100 to 120 feet in length, with a diameter of 8 to 10 inches, down to those of the little Arundinaria densifolia, which is hardly 3 feet high at most, with diameter of 4 inch. Between these limits almost every possible size may be met with, though of course in some of the climbing species the length of culm may frequently be greater than even the 100 feet of the giant “Wado.” The inter- nodes of bamboos vary in character as much as the nodes, chiefly in colour, or in amount of pubescence. Most, of them are green in colour, of various shades, some tending to white when covered with waxy scurf, some to brown or grey when furnished with thick appressed spicules (е./., the felted culms of Bambusa polymorpha or the velvety ones of Oxytenanthera monostigma), and some, as in a variety of Bambusa vulgaris, to yellow with green stripes. In Bambusa а тв and Gigantochloa verticillata the inter- nodes are striped with pale green and white. In length, too, the internodes vary much, the longest being probably those of Tei»ostachyum Helferi, which have been . known to reach 52 inches. | 27. | Before completing my remarks upon the culms of bamboos, it is necessary to mention the substance “ tabasheer," which is a.“ silicious whitish floury substance, which — is found as a secretion, or more probably as a residuum, in the interior of the joints “of several species (especially Bambusa arundinacea), often up to an inch i 1 э» (Kurz in Ind, Porcio, L 930). "This | p inch in thickness i ?, 1. . this substance has been much discussed from the

INTRODUCTION. v

very earliest times, and it is considered in China and elsewhere to be a valuable medicine. For an account of it, it will be best for those who are interested in the subject to refer to various works, and especially to the article ** Bamboo" in Dr. G. Watt's “ Dictionary of the Economic Products of India," vol. I; to the account given at vol. ПІ, p. 587, of the “ Pharmacographia Indica," of Messrs. Dymock, Warden and Hooper; and to a paper by Sir D. Brandis, in *Ind. Forester XIII, 107."

The внтгомез of bamboos are of two kinds: (1) those with cæspitose culms, in which the rhizomes are short, knotty, thick, solid growths which form an entangled network below (or occasionally pushed up above) the surface of the soil, and from which, as they grow, are thrown out the buds which develop into culms; (2) those with distant culms, in which case the rhizome pushes its way underground and sends out at intervals rootlets into the soil and buds from which the culms arise singly. Most of the Indian bamboos belong to the first section, and of this Dendrocalamus strictus and Bambusa arundinacea may be taken as types. Тһе most characteristic bamboo of the second section is Melocanna bambusoides, whose long rhizomes have the power of spreading so far and so quickly that vacant spaces in the hills where the bamboo occurs can be covered with culms in an incredibly short space of time. The species of Phyllostachys seem to have all this habit of growth, and two of the newly-described Arundinarias, А. Jaunsarensis and А. Rolloana, as also A. racemosa, are particularly remarkable for their power of spreading. The length of the rhizome Of 4. Jaunsarensis between culms often reaches as much as 3 feet, and the rhizomes of this and of 4. racemosa make good flexible riding canes. Bamboos with long rhizomes near the surface of the soil are very easy to propagate, for at the base of each sucker are buds which are capable of developing. In those with cespitose culms the rhizomes are much shorter, and the detachment of portions fit for propagation is not so easy, though it is quite feasible and usually successful if a portion of rhizome furnished with good buds and with the roots intact is removed. The new culms usually develop with the beginning of the rainy season, and it is noticeable that whichever is the chief rainy season in any part of India, that season is the one for the new culms to come up. In Northern India both Bambusa arundinacea and Dendrocalamus strictus send up their new culms in June or July, when the south-west monsoon begins; but in South India, as may be excellently seen on the eastern slopes of the Nilgiris (е.7., in the Coonoor Valley) the new culms appear in September or October, probably with the first burst of the north-east monsoon rains. | When Ше young culm-bud first begins to develop, a conical growth is seen protruding from the ground, covered with imbricating sheaths, often of a bright colour and furnished with blades. Gradually, the cone lengthens, the sheaths separate, the nodes appear, and in a greater or less time, according to locality and climate, a full culm is produced. Then usually, one by one, the sheaths drop off, the buds at the nodes put out branches, and these produce their leaves. Kurz in “ Bamboo and its use” gives an account of observations taken in Calcutta, under the superintendence of Dr. Wallich, which shewed that a culm of Dendrocalamus giganteus grew 25 feet 9 inches in 31 days, and one of Bambusa Balcooa 12 feet, l inch in 23 days ;

vi INTRODUCTION.

while shoots of Bambusa Tulda, according to Roxburgh, rise to their full size of from 20 to 70 feet in height in about 30 days. Тһе curw-suraTHs, to which we have referred as surrounding the young shoots, are very interesting, for they are almost always of shapes which are characteristic of the species to which they belong. In regard to this, Munro ваув:--“ The spathes or large sheaths which cover the nodes “ог lower portions of all bamboos vary much in size and appearance, and will, I “think, afford good characters when they are more studied and better known. “Dr. Brandis has paid considerable attention to this subject; but these sheaths do "not appear in general to have attracted the notice of collectors." Kurz, too, held strongly the opinion that these culm-sheaths were very important in classification, and his collection of drawings of culm-sheaths, deposited in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, has proved of great service to me. Thanks to the exertions of many friends and to Ше facilities for collection I have myself enjoyed, there are not many species herein described of which the sheaths are unknown; and a glance at the drawings of them, and, still better, at the Herbarium sheets, will show that almost all have some definite characteristic which is sufficient in the absence of the flowers to identify the species. Culm-sheaths have three principal parts. The first part, the sheath proper, corresponding to the petiole of ordinary leaves, appears in bamboos as a broad expansion with its base attached at the node of the culm. Sometimes the sheath is very thin and papery, as in most Arundinariae; sometimes it is thick and smooth, as in most Dendrocalami and Bambuse; and sometimes it is coriaceous in texture, as in Риос Моа and Ozytenanthera. Bourdilloni. Yn regard to clothing, some species (6.7., Dendrocalamus sikkimensis) have a dense felted mat of brittle stiff hairs all over the outer surface, and from this down to the nearly glabrous sheath of Dendrocalamus giganteus there is almost every gradation. The second part is the “imperfect blade," corre- sponding to: the blade of a leaf, and is inserted on the top of the sheath, where it takes many forms and shapes, and frequently is decurrent into “auricles,” which often are fringed in various ways with stiff bristles. In most species of Arun- dinaria, Phyllostachys, Thyrsostachys, Oxytenanthera, Dendrocalamus, Melocanna, and Teinostachyum the imperfect blade is narrow, frequently recurved and long; while in Bambusa, Gigantochloa, Dinochloa, and some species of Cephalostachyum it is broad, triangular and much decurrent. The blade of Bambusa khasiana is swollen out and inflated, while in Ochlandra setigera it is scarcely more than a fine needle-like point. The Мита part is the ligule, inserted, as in the leaves of all grasses, on the inner surface at the junction of the sheath and blade. There is, of course, in all parts, as Kurz has pointed out, a good deal of difference in size and shape, according as the sheath is taken from the base, the middle, or the top of a culm, or from a side branch; but a little study and experience soon teaches us to recognize the general characters, Almost the only cases I know of in which the culm-sheath fails to yield a distinguishing character are Bambusa Tulda, В. nutans, B. teres

and Gigantochloa macrostachya, in which four species the culm-sheaths are very similar in appearance

INTRODUCTION. vil

The Leaves of all bamboos are very similar in general appearance, for, although some species have usually large leaves and others quite small leaves, the size depends much on the part of the plant from which they are taken. Thus, in Dendrocalamus Hamiltonii, the leaves of young shoots and the end leaves of strong branches are usually very large, while those of medium branches are moderate in size and those of thin shoots from lower nodes are quite small. In respect to deter- mination therefore, as Kurz says, “little value can be attached to the size, shape and “nervature of bamboo leaves." Bamboo leaves are usually linear, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in shape; they have usually a short petiole into which the base, which is frequently unequally cut, extends; the point is usually long acuminate, often scabrous, sometimes shaggy (Bambusa khasiana and В. marginata); the edges are often scabrous; the sides glabrous or softly hairy and the veins parallel and prominent. I have described these veins as they are usually seen: first a midrib or main vein usually thick; secondly a number or pairs of secondary veins easily seen with the naked eye; and ¢hirdly a number of intermediate veins, usually 5 to 7, for seeing which a lens is required. Then there are fourthly the transverse veinlets, and here I wish to note that, so far as my own observation goes, true transverse veinlets occur only in the genera Jrundinaria and Phyllostachys; in others, what appear to be transverse veinlets are not really such, but are caused by glands which in fresh specimens are seen through the leaf as pellucid dots and in dry specimens as raised lines, giving the appearance of cross bars between two neighbour- ing intermediate veins. At the base of each leaf, below the petiole, come the “ leaf- sheaths” and “ligules”; both often giving good characters for the identification of species; for the leaf-sheaths are often furnished with ciliæ or bristles and small auricles of various shapes, and the ligules may be of different degrees of prominence, those of Ochlandra Brandisii and Gigantochloa ligulata being especially long.

In regard to INFLORESCENCE, there is great variation among bamboos ; sometimes the spikelets appear on leafy branches, sometimes in gigantic panicles covering a whole culm; sometimes the spikelets are very few and scanty, sometimes they are extremely numerous; sometimes they are distant on the branches of the inflorescence, sometimes congested into large rounded heads. The inflorescence is made up of spikelets with or without bracts. These spikelets vary much in the number and arrangement of the flowers, but they all contain (I) empty glumes, usually two, sometimes more, sometimes fewer; then a variable number of flowers, of which the lowest and the last may often be empty, but consisting of (2) a flowering glume, generally similar to the empty glumes; (3) a palea which is usually keeled or convolute and embraces (4) the Jodicules which vary in number, being sometimes absent, as in most Dendrocalam, sometimes very many, as іп Ochlandra, but usually three in number as in most genera: (5) the stamens which are three in number (as in most Arundinariee), six (as in Hubambusee, Dendrocalamee and most genera of Melocannee), or many (as in most species of Ochlandra, one of which may have as many as 120); and (6) the ovary, surmounted by Ше style and stigmas. In all these parts there is considerable variation, and indeed in the

Vili INTRODUCTION.

same genus we may see great variation in the size, length and number of flowers borne by a spikelet. Thus, in the genus Arundinaria, the spikelets of 4. callosa may be 2 to 3 inches long with 6 to 12 flowers, while in А. densifolia they reach barely half an inch in length with only one flower. Of all the parts of the flower, the best characters for classification purposes are given by the paleas, which are usually boat-shaped, rounded or pointed or cleft at the apex, 2-k eeled or not, with or without cilie on the keels, and variously veined between the keels and on either side. The lodicules often give good characters ; when fresh they are often fleshy, when dry thin and membranous, and they may be variously pointed, ciliate, and veined.

The квшт of bamboos is а caryopsis, which usually resembles those of other sections of grasses, but which sometimes has interesting and peculiar characters of its own. In the Arundinariee and Eubambusee the pericarp is thin and adnate to the seed, and the caryopsis is small, more or less resembling a grain of wheat or barley. In the Dendrocalamee and Melocannee the seed is surrounded by a separable pericarp, which is crustaceous in some genera, thick and tough in Melocalamus (in which genus Ше fruit is large, reaching a diameter of 1 to 15 inches), and large and fleshy in Melocanna and Ochlandra. In Melocanna bambusoides a fruit is large and pear-shaped, often reaching 3 to 5 inches in length and

2 to 3 inches in breadth; while іп Ochlandra travancorica it is often 4 inches ios (including the stiff conical beak).

It is only in a few species of bamboo (e.g., Arundinaria Wightiana, Bambusa lineata and Ochlandra stridula) that flowering takes place annually; in most cases flowering seasons come only at long intervals, and then Ше whole of the clumps of one species in a given locality flower gregariously and die down after flowering and giving seed. Even in those kinds which may be found occasionally in flower sporadically (e.g., Dendrocalamus strictus and D. Hamiltonii) general flowerings also take place, and at these the seed produced is usually good, while that given in the sporadic flowering is often poor and of small quantity. АП the information which it has been possible to collect has been given under the various species concerned; but it may here be noted that the information is still incomplete, and many more observations will have to be made and recorded before we can begin to predict the flowering times of most of the species. It is owing to the long period which elapses between flowerings that our knowledge of the flowers of bamboos is still so imperfect, and that there are still so many species of which the flowers and fruit, and consequently the real position in the systematic arrangement, are unknown.

The distribution of bamboos in India naturally follows the distribution of the rainfall. In the following table is recorded the list of the bamboos herein described, with their а according to the seven principal regions, viz.

(1) North-Western India—including Bihar, Ше North-Western Provinces,

Oudh, the PN = and Ше C from Nepal westwards, |

INTRODUCTION. 1х

(2) Central India and the Deccan—including the Central Provinces, Central India States, Chota Nagpur, Orissa, the Northern Circars, Hydera- bad, the Bombay Deccan, the Ceded Districts, Mysore, and the Carnatic.

(3) Western Ghats and the Coast—including the Concan, Kanara, Malabar, Travancore, and the Hill Ranges of the Gháts.

(4) Ceylon.

(5) Bengal, N. E. Himalaya and Assam—including Lower Bengal, Sikkim and Bhutan, Assam, Manipur, Tippera and Chittagong, with the adjoining Hill Ranges to the water-parting west of the lrawadi.

(6) Burma—including Upper Burma and its Hill Ranges, Реди, Arracan, and Upper Tenasserim.

(7) Malaya—ineluding Lower Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula and States down to Singapore and the Andaman Islands.

Bengal, North. | Central | Western d Malaya No. Name. Western | India and | Gháts and | Ceylon. H asl Burma. India. | Deccan. | Coast. "ey % Andamans Assam. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 “ 1 €— Walkeriana, Munro =e ER бей 1 1 2 Wightiana, Nees > ~ ж 1 1 3 м floribunda, Thw 1 4 A cap aue 1 | 5 , stachya, Kurz = 1 ы 6 Е DX ilis, Thw. 1 б Ж 7 js densifolia, Munro 1 1 hes - 8 » osa, M ... 1 я 9 Ж Griffithiana, Munro 22 1 š; 10 ” callosa, Mu eve 1 . i 4 faleata, Nees 1 ... ~ dio 12 % khasiana, Nees өле "s 1 Ы. 8 intermedia, Munro a dis ie 1 - ER Hookeriana, M ч чи 1 thiflora, . ... m 16 $^ C өлімнің, Сонм + 5 Ж і : " Faleoneri, Hooker 1 ‘oe 1 18 " Ргаши, Gamble ~ „> li 1 19 % microphylla, Munro A 1 20 » hirsuta, Munro - ~ 1 21 Ф Gallatlyi, Gamble >. sen 1 22 ib J le Ж 1 iin A 23 me Rolloana, Gamble oe : 24 suberecta, ise 2 s Kurzii, Gamble қ "S 1 26 Mannii, Gamble к isi 1 27 Phyllostachys pops Sieb. and 1 28 M 1 S Ы 29 | Bambusa Tulda, Roxb - 1 1 1 ES 30 hrs nutans, Wall. 1 1 А қ 81 ч teres, Наш. . 1 ~ | 32 a Ridleyi, Gamble ны 2 1 33 6 b ica, ble * ... 1 PP 34 j poly я l ae 35 ” я раШда, ма aoe 36 » .. Minis, M од 1 P 37 b khasiana, Munro 1 с ЗА 38 a nana, Roxb 1 Е 1

Ann. Roy. Bor. Garp. CGALCcUTTA, Vor. УП.

x INTRODUCTION.

Bengal, North- на. ои O dein m ater їо. NAME. Western | India and | Ghats an eylon. |тг ајауд | Purma. an aki ‘ths ndia. Пессап. oast. and Andamans, Assam 1 2 3 4 5 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 39 Equi ie пени Roxb. d 1 = d © 1 1 40 garis, Schr. А 1 1 1 1 1 41 а Наи Gamble e. 1 42 м Kingiana, Gamble - 1 43 а lineata, Munro 1 ii о. Munro 1 45 м Ст шапа, 1 46 ДА Wrayi, S apf bee 1 47 е Blumeana, Sch. KK са РЫ) Ы. ла 1 48 E arundinacea, Willd. ы 1 1 1 1 1 1 49 S auriculata, Kurz T EM vk ща T 1 1 50 i villosula, Kurz rae as Оз du bd e 1 51 а Mastersii, Munro ^ ET ке m И 1 ... 52 marginata, Munro " sa ... 1 53 Thyrsostachys OM Gamble š - = 1 54 slamensis, Gamble e 1 1 55 Gigantochloa жин Mun а et 1 56 H^ cortechinii, Gamble x 1 57 Š и. Kurz A 1 1 у 58 р і, Gambl т ө 1 59 PR Kurzii, Gamble қ? ... 1 60 а P MTM Munro и e. 1 . 61 А ligulata, Gamble на ... 1 62 latis теле ин Gamble 4% Vid e oon ды, M ... i 63 Oxytenanthora nigrociliata Munro ... => 1 E МЯ 1 1 1 64 alboeiliata, (T ing Я T bii м й 1 65 “ sinuata, Gamble say A P - ... 1 66 ы oli», Brandis A — M ы 1 УУ 67 M hwaitesii, Munro =. 1 1 s X UT 68 РА monostigma, = dome . eR 1 и ... e 69 4 tocksii, Mun >. i ay ^" 9 Bourdilloni, ви Ж д, Ps RE 1 ДЫ ... a { Dendrocalamus strietus, Nees м 1 1 1 ih 1 sel 2 sericeus, с. 1 2 "u^ бег M ss 3 i membranaceus, Munro .. a ee б - : i | 4 ра sikkimensis, Gamble ... 737 x t .. d: 5 » Hookeri, Mu 4 1 Е 1 б» en 16 E H miltonii, N and Arn. 1 4 .. 1 1 set 7 ” patellaris, Gamble E^ 4 is 1 ... «s 78 » giganteus, Mun s Ў е У, 1 1 1 79 » ealostachyus, Kurz — ... Š ; Ж 1 "€ 80 “ longispathus, Kurz ... š ын 1 1 “ 81 " | disii, Kurz ығы “.. $ : за 1 өөө 82 » flagellifer, Munro is 06 id aoe а s. 1 83 „ nter a Gamble Еј A M E 5 MY e 1 84 » Parishii, Mun E 1 E 6 85 Collettianus, Қайы de pr 1 мн Бань & Hk. f. à = I ' у seudostae emp а е x M 1 5 iav 88 | Teinostachyum G xdi A Момо. № Es P» ii 1 1 Rt 89 Wightii, Веддоте i^ На m 1 Z EN sii ui Из Dullooa, Gamble ME Em иа is M 1 1 e 1 ” Helferi, Gamble ‘a e js ES dis 1 На s | | Cephalostachyum capitatum, Munro ` ix 2 1 ... Ба КЕ а pallidum, Munro ... А ii n ET 1 1 че К ” , M . .. .. . .. 1 1 ... ] „ Fuchsianum, Gamble 4 ec | E: 1 ... us 97 ” ғ, М in Де 1 s; 1 1. ко : ” im, Kure ... ... ... • ... : ... ” ... oe 100 |Dinochloa Рода Трое va cca з jd в 2d Зи T 101. ellandii, pd А. i i» m = : 1 1 = Schizostachyum tenue, рана. í ы” x ipi 25 5 "n 1 ” ... ... i» S d ДЕП I 104 : » ; Blumei, Nes von Es, ... ... ... see ... ... ... - 105 D latifolium, Gamble | |. р si . 1 106 | 5% aciculare, Gamble m x 4 idi Ў J | |

INTRODUCTION. xi

Bengal, | | , а North- Central | Western "eee Мајауа Хо. NAME. Western India and | Gháts and | Ceylon. а-ы > Вигша. | and n eccan. Coast. pe А уа, Andamans. Assam. 1 2 | 3 4 5 6 7 | 8 | 9 | | | 1 Melccanna bambusoides, Trin, —- К ВА i А 1 1 А 108 T „amilis, Kur й кф ese - "» | - 1 ins 109 | Ochlandra Rheedii, Bth. & Hk. f. ei ~ ~ 1 - es 4 110 in idula Th A E е s 1 a eu 111 E: Beddomei, Gamble 1 ven Ве 12 is travancorica 1 ese s 113 = Brandisii, Gamble 1 ы ex 114 и Ridleyi, Gamble e n 1 115 » setigera, Gamble 1 е не Total indigenous ... 7 6 15 9 46 39 39 » naturalized 4 ен 1 1 3 Свахр Тотал, ors 11 6 16 | 10 49 42 31

In region (1), Nortu-West INprá, the chief bamboo is Dendrocalamus strictus, Which is found in forest regions throughout the area, dp to about 3,000 feet in the hills. In Bihar and Gorukhpur, Bambusa Ваісооа is common about villages. In the Himalaya there are four species of drundinaria, of which the most abundant are A. falcata and А. spathiflora. Commonly planted everywhere is the thorny Bambusa arundinacea, while B. nutans, Dendrocalamus Hamiltonii, апа D. Hookeri are cultivated in the lower hills and the plains adjoining. In all there are 11 species, 7 wild and 4 acclimatized.

In region (2), CENTRAL INDIA AND THE Deccan, two species are prominent: Dendrocalamus strictus on the drier hill slopes and in drier plains forests, and Bambusa arundinacea in the hill valleys, along the rivers and (in a stunted form) on waste lands near the eastern coast. Bambusa Tulda occurs in the hills of the Eastern Ghats in Vizagapatam and Godavari districts ; Dendrocalamus sericeus on the hill of Parasnáth in Chota Nagpur; Cephalostachyum pergracile in the Singhbhum forests ; and Олуѓепапіћега nigrociliata in Orissa. There are six species in all.

Region (3), тнк WzsrERN Guats AND Coast, is characterized by the prevalence of the genera Omyftenanthera and Ochlandra. Of the former genus, four species occur, the chief of which is Oxytenanthera Thwaitesii ; while of the latter there are five species, the most striking of which is the gregarious reed-like Ochlandra travan- corica, remarkable for its large flowers and huge fruits. On the higher hills are found three species of Arundinaria, the most common of which is A. уана, so prevalent on the Nilgiri Hills. Teinostachyum Пони is found in the dense forests of the Western Ghats. Bambusa arundinacea and В. vulgaris are frequent along the Malabar Coast and in the valleys leading into it. The number of species is 16, of which one is acclimatized only. ian |

In region (4), Свугох, nine indigenous and one acclimatized species are found, only four of which are really endemic, viz., the two Arundinarias А. debilis and

- Ахх. Вот. Bor. Garp. Carcurra, Vor. VII.

xii INTRODUCTION.

A. floribunda, Teinostachyum attenuatum and Ochlandra задата. Thus, the bamboo flora of Ceylon may be said to approach very nearly to that of the hills of the Western Ghats of Southern India.

In region (5), Вехслт, Nomru-Easr HIMALAYA AND Assam, the most charac- teristic species are probably Dendrocalamus Hamilton in the north, Bambusa Tulda in the middle region, and Melocanna bambusoides in the south; all of them gregarious species. This region has the large number of 49 species so far known, but of these 8 are acclimatized only. Тһе most noticeable point is the abundance of species of Arundinaria and Phyllostachys, of which there are по less than 18 species described up to date. In order, however, to discuss the characteristics of this region, we must divide № into sub-regions and refer to each separately. In the first sub-region, the plains country of Lower Bengal and the valleys, Bambusa Tulda, B. Balcooa, and В. arundinacea are found about villages. In the second, the hills of the North-East Himalaya in Sikkim and Bhutan, the common species of the lower hills and “Terai” is Dendrocalamus Hamiltonn; as we ascend up to 4,000 feet, Bambusa nutans, Dendrocalamus sik- himensis and Arundinaria intermedia are met with, with other less common species; higher up again, 4,000 to 6,000 feet, come Cephalostachyum capitatum, Psendos- tachyum polymorphum, Arundinaria Hookeriana, Teinostachyum Dullooa, Dendrocalamus patellaris and others; in the forests of 6,000 to 9,000 feet comes Arundinaria racemosa, the common gregarious small bamboo of Darjeeling; while above 8,000 feet we get the small variety of the same with 4. aristata and 4. Falconeri.. In the ¿hird sub-region, of Assam and Ше Khasia and Naga Hills, the low country is characterized by Bambusas such as В. Tulda, В. nutans, В. teres, В. pallida, B. khasiana, and В. Balcooa; with Gigantochloa macrostachya, Dendrocalamus Hookeri, D. Hamiltoni and D. longispathus, | Pseudostachywm polymorphum, Teinostachyum Grifithii and T. Dullooa, and Melocanna bambusoides; while the hills are remarkable for several species of Arundinaria such as A. elegans, A. polystachya, А. Grifithiana, A. callosa, А. khasiana, A. hirsuta, A. suberecta, and the interesting new species А. Prainii, A. Manni, and А. Rolloana.. То these may be added Phyllostachys bambusoides, Teinostachyum Helferi, and several species. of Cephalostachyum, the chief of which are C. capitatum and С. pergracile. Dendrocalamus. sikkimensis occurs in the Garo Hills, and in Sylhet Bambusa poly- morpha and Melocalamus compactiflorus may be found. Finally, the fourth sub- region of Chittagong and its Hill Tracts is noticeable for the dense growth of Melocanna. bambusoides covering the low hills with its culms which, being thrown up from suckers, speedily occupy every vacant space of ground. In the valleys and forests Bambusa Tulda, Teinostachyum Dullooa, Gigantochloa . macrostachya,

endrocalamus longispathus, Melocalamus | compactiflorus and Dinochloa Ме Сеат: are the most remarkable kinds.

Region (6), Burma, has so far Кон 42 species, е об Е 3 пати, but this is