-ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

DITED ]5Y

J. AV. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEARE, B.sc, f.e.s., f.u.s.k.
M. BURR, B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.s., K.E.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.u., k.z.s., f.e.s.
L. H. PROUT, F.E.S. H. St. J.K.DONISTHORPE, f.z.s. f.e.s.

VOL. XIV.
JANUARY TO DECEMBER. 1902.

PRICE 7s. 6d.
Special Index (with every reference) Is.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row, E.G.

BERLIN :

R. FRIEDLANDER Sc SOHN,

11, Carlstrasse N.W.

NEW YORK:

Ph. HEINSBERGER, 9. First Avenue,

New York. U.S.A.

(5?U^^*

PREFACE.

-s^

Another volume has been completed and we have again to thank
CUV subsciibers and contributors for their excellent support during the
past year. There has been no special feature like the " century "
articles of the last volume, but the volume contains a large amount of
most important and useful entomological detail, which has, we believe,
kept it quite up to the level of its best traditions.

The work of the assistant editors has been especially onerous this
year. The coleoptera section under Professor T. Hudson Beare and
Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe has been rather heavier than usual, and
Mr. M. Burr maintains well the interest of our orthopterists in the
work that is going on in their special branch of our subject. The help
of Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. L. B. Prout with the lepidoptera, has
again been of the utmost value to ourselves and our readers.

Help in the production of the plates pulished Avith this volume is
gratefully acknowledged, we have to thank Dr. T. A. Chapman, the
Eev. A. M. Moss, the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, and Mr. DoUman. To the
latter our readers are indebted for the beautiful handpainted larva of
Dicranura bictiHpis, every copy of which was coloured by the a"tist
himself.

Owing to an unfortunate affection of the eyes, from which Mr. G.
B. Routledge is suffering, extra help in the preparation of the Special
Index has had to be obtained. ]\Ir. H. J. Turner is helping Mr.
Routledge with the lepidoptera. Professor T. Hudson Beare is doing
the coleoptera, and Mr. M. Burr the orthoptera. Whilst regretting
exceedingly the necessity for obtaining further help, we are exceedingly
grateful to those who have so kindly offered their services. We trust
that Mr. Routledge, to whose kindness Ave have been indebted so long,
will soon recover from Avhat Ave hope is but a temporary disability. It
is hoped that the " Special Index" will be ready Avith the January
number. We regret to add that, Avhilst this has been passing through
the press, Miss E. Wells, Avho has for many years been responsible
for the " general index " of this magazine, and had only a few days
before completed that published Avith this number, died suddenly of
apoplexy on December 5th.

We again ask for a supply of short notes and observations, Avhich
should in reality be not at all difficult to obtain. It Avould appear,
however, that such are really more rarely penned than one might
fairly expect. I may here point out that the compilation of really
good text-books must depend largely on an abundance of such notes
made by isolated Avorkers. These notes become of the highest
scientific importance Avhen collected together for the purposes of
generalisation. Similarly, notes on collecting — Avith dates, observ'ations
and localities — are exceedingly valuable.

In conclusion we beg to tender our heartiest thanks to our sub-
scribers and contributors, and to everyone who has in any Avay contri-
buted to make the volume a success.

r

i(i3ecAs ,

Pi.. I.

Vol,. XIV

STlurn-l!,\I. DKTMIS or OltCVIA Sl'LENliIDA.

Eutom. Record, etc., 190'^.

The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation.

VOL. XIY.

SPECIAL INDEX.

By T. HUDSON BEARE, F.R.S.E., M. BURR, B.A., F.E.S.,
G. B. ROUTLEDGE, F.E.S., and H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Colcuptera arranged in order of (reiiera. The other ordera arranijcd bij iSpecu'!

VAC.K.

PAGE.

ACARINA.

COLEOPTERA.

bostocki, Glyphopsis

.. 68

Acalles tuibatus

.. 76

Acidota crenata

.. 79

coccinea, Glyphopsis

. . m

Acilius snlcatus

83, 337

Actobius einerasceiis

.. 79

equitans, Leolaps . .

. . (59

pvoceiulus

.. 335

signatieoniis

.. 335

forraicariae, Glyphopsis .

. . »;i)

Acupalpus flavicollis

.. 337

mevidianus

.. 337

lamellosa, Glyphopsis

.. 68

Adrastus limbatus . .

. . 79

Aegialia arenaria ■. .

. . 79

myrmecophilus, Leolaps .

. . oy

rufa . . . . 242, 243, 336

sabuleti

79, 297, 340

ricasoliana, Uropoda

. . 61)

Agabus aicticus

.. 78

bipustulatus . . 2

41, 296, 337

uhlmanni, Antennophorus

. . ()'.»

chalconatus

.. 337

congener . .

.. 78

ARACHNOID

EA.

oonspei'sus

.. 77

hahnii, Chthonius . .

.. 67

guttatus . .

.. 223

nebulosus . .

.. 337

muscorum, Obrisium

.. 67

sturmii

.. 337

uliginosus. .

.. 77

layi, Chthonius

.. 67

Agathidium marginatum .

.. 336

Agrilus sinuatus

8

ARANEINA

viridis
Aleochara algarum . .

.. 8
.. 338

Agelenidae . .

. . 68

bipunctata

.. 78

arietinus, Tetrilus . .

.. 67

cuniculoruni

.. 78

grisea

78, 338

biovata, Thyreosthenius .

.. 67

morion

.. 78

obscurella . .

78, 338

divisa, Cryphoeca . .

.. 68

ruficornis . .

.. 185

Drassus

.. 68

succicola . .

78, 337

Alexia pilit'era

. . 37

festivus, Phrurolithus

,. 68

Alianta plumbea

.. 338

Amara apricaria

.. 338

hombergi, Harpactes

.. 68

bifrons

.. 77

communis

.. 338

innotabilis, Microneta

.. 68

consularis..

77, 338

convexiuscula

.. 338

labyrinthica, Agelena

.. 349

fulva

.. 77

lunicollis . .

77, 338

pratensis, Hahnia . .

.. 68

ovata

77, 338

pnlicaria, Micaiia . .

.. 68

plebeia

. 223, 240

ruiocincta . .

.. 296

scintillas, Micaria . .

.. 68

Ammoecius brevis . .

.. 336

Anacaena globulus . .

.. 338

troglodytes, Drassus

.. 68

Anchomenus angusticollis.

.. 296

gracilis

.. 323

viaria, Microneta . .

.. 6«

junceus

. . 340

in ens

.. 268

SPEICIAL INDEX.

PAGE. 1

PACK.

oblongus . .

• * • •

338

var. chorinaeus

..

154

parumpunctatus . .

223

claudicans 150,

152,

154,

155

piceus

267

cylindrus . .

151,

153,

154

viduus

240

diglyptus . .

152,

154,

155

vur. moestus . .

77,

240

encaustus . .

153

Ancistronycha abdomina:

is 79,

185

frit.. .. 152,

154,

155,

156

Ancyrophorus

79

glabrirostris 150

152,

154,

155

Anisodactylus binotatus

var. spur-

var. (?) . .

152

caticovnis

240

var. iiigritarsis

152

poeciloides

338

incei-atus . .

153

Anisotoiua calcarata

'. '. 76,

2ti6

laticollis . .

153

ciliaris

336

limosus . . 152,

153,

154,

155

dubia

76

lutosns

155,

156

furva

336

lutulentiis..

155

Anitys rubens

76

lutulosus . . 150,

152,

154,

155

Anobiuiii domesticuni

8

nigritarsis

150,

156

Anoplus plaiitaris . .

241

nodulosus . .

150,

151,

153

roboris

268

petro . . 151,

152,

154,

155

Anthaxia nitidula . .

8

petrosus . .

154

Antheiophagus silaceus

268

subcarinatus

154",

155

Anthicus biniaculatus

336

tempestivus

152,

154

scoticLis

. .

185

var. Heasleri . .

152

Anthobiuiu torquatum

242

Bembidium . .

9,

267

Anthophagus testaceus

242

atline

77

Aphodius

7,

284

argenteolum

223,

252

depresses . .

240

atrocoeruleum

296

fimetarius..

. . 283,

284

bipuiictatum

'77

296,

339

foetens

. . 288,

284

bruxellense

296

lossDr

319

clarki

335

inquinatus

75

decorum . .

296

pusillus . .

79

doris

77,

297

rufipes

319

ephippium

338

sordidus . .

75

fuinigatum

268

Aphthona nonstriata

223

guttula

223

Apion aeaeum

297

lampros . .

223

cerdo

80

littorale

296

frumentariurii

223

maunerheimi

338

hookeri

76

minimum . .

338

nigritarse . .

223

monticola..

296

huniile

2'.) 7

uigricorne..

77,

337

radiolus . .

297

obliquum . .

2(i7

scutellare . .

76

obtusum . .

223

urticarium

26.S

paludosum

77

252,

339

vernale

75

piasiiium . .

223

Aroniia moschata . .

.' ' 287,

336

quadriguttatum . .

338

Asenmin striatum . .

79,

185

saxatile

77,

338

Aspidlphorus orbiculatiis

7C)

sehuppeli . .

77,

185

Astilbiis canaliculatus

296

striatum . .

33S

.\teineles einarginatus

76

tibiale

296

Ateuchus laticollis . .

75

Bidessus ge minus . .

83

sacer

75

unistiiatus

268

Athousdili'onuis

268

Blechrusmaurus

338

haeiiiorrhoidalis . .

339

Bledius atricapillus. .

338

vittatus

33i»

b;cornis

33.S

Attohibus c-urculioiides

. . 8, 80

331)

longulus . .

335

Alitalia impressa

337

opacus
pallipes

79,

335
79

Badister bipustulatus

337

spectabilis

336,

338

sodalis

337

subterraneus

76

iJalaninus brassicae

21)7

lilethisa niultipunctata

240,

267,

297

Bagous adspersus . .

155

Bolitobius lunulatus

337

alisniatis . . 150,

152, 155

156

pygmaeus . .

296,

337

argillaceus

150, 151

153

trinotatus . .

296,

337

binodulns . .

150, 151

153

Bolitochara bella . .

, ,

76

brevis

152, 154

155

obliqua

..

78

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE. 1

PAGi;.

Bothyioderes albidus

47

cisteloides . .

79

Brachelytra

8

spadicea . .

79

Biachinus crepitans

338

Choragus sheppard i

2(iS

Brachyptei'us gravidus

336

Chi'ysomela banksi .

340

pubescens . .

266

cerealis

s,

23'.l

Bradycellus cognatus

296

lamina

340

collaris

77,

296

staphylea

223

distinctus . .

77

Cicindela campestris

296

harpalinus

337

Cissophagus hederae

7(>

placidus . .

296

Clambus minutuH . .

,',M]

siniilis

2iJG,

337

pubescens..

336

verbasci . .

77

Cleonus alteraaus . .

47

Bruehidae . .

196

ophthalmicus

47

Bruchus atomarius. .

s

sulcirostris

ISC,

fahraei

8

Clinocara undulata . .

241

incarnatus

s

Clivina collaris

76

luteicornis

8

Clythra quadripunctata

79,

194

pectiniconiis

8

Coccidula scutellata

268

rufipes

H

Coccinella . .

75

viciae

8

hieroglyphica

266

Brychius elevatus . .

77,

223

septempunctata . .

73

Bryaxis juncoruni . .

223

transversoguttata

74

Buprestis ancylocheira

72

undecimpunctata rar. cuiitlaeus

bifasciata . .

46

99,

240

sanguiuea. .

%

89

Coecinellidae
Colenis dentipes

73,

100

76

Caiius fucicola

338

Colon appendiculatuiii

79

sericeus

338

Conurus littoreus . .

223

Calathus cisteloides

296,

337

Coptocycla bistripuiu^tata . .

100

flavipes

296,

337

Corymbites aeneus . .

297

melanocephalus . .

290,

337

cupreus var. aeruginosus

339

var. nubigena . .

296,

337

impressus. .

339

piceus

338

quercus

339

Callidium violacemn

185

var. ochropterus

339

Calosoma inquisitor

99

Cossonidae . .

1.52

var. coeruleuni . .

9<»

Creophilus maxillosus rdr. i-i

iari^

240

Cantharis nuttallii . .

75

Crioceris asparagi . .

31'.t

Carabidae . .

76,

99

Cryphalus fagi

76

Carabup arvensis

296

Cryptarcha imperialis

76

catenulatns

296

strigata

7(i

clatbratus . .

240

Cryptocephalus parvulu^. car.

bar-

glabratus . .

76,

296

bareae

268

granulatus

76,

240

Cryptophypnus riparius . .

26(;

lefebvrei . .

99

Cryptorhynchus lapathi . .

319

Cassida

100

Curculionidae

196

equestris . .

223

Cymindis vaporarioruni 77,

296

337

flaveola

223,

336

Cerambycidae

196

Deliphrum tectum . .

79

Ceuthorbynchidius ehevrolati

268

Deinopsis erosa

76

268

floralis

297

Deporaus megacephaliis . .

80

mixtns

8

Deronectes depressus 77.

223

296

Ceuthorhynchus asperifoliaruni . ,

76

12-pustulatus . . 77,

223

337

assimilis . .

297

Diabrotica longicoriiis

319

contractus

2il

297

Diaperis boleti

185

cyanipennis

242

265

Dibolia cynoglossi . .

265

echii

268

Diehirotrichus obsolet.us . .

338

erysimi

297

Diglossa mersa

338

picitarsis . .

297

Doloi^ius marginatum

339

quadridens . . 242

, 265

297

Donacia affinis

79

rapae

297

versicolora

79

336

eulcicollis . .

242'

297

Dorcadion

73

Chaetocnema hortensis

266

Dorcatoma chi-ysonioiina. . .

267

Chlaenius vestitus . .

337

Havicornis

268

Choleva angustata . .

,

79

Doryphora dccimlineala . .

319

ehrysonieloides . .

..

337

Dromius agilis

241

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

PAGE.

linearis

338

puncticoUis

.. 241

melanocephalub . .

'. 223,

338

rotundicollis

.. 337

nigriventris

77

lubripes . .

. . 337

quadrimaculatus

223

ruHcornis . .

.. 337

vectensis . .

338

lupicola . .

. . 338

Dryocaetes autographus .

200

tardus

.. 77

Dryophilus pusillus

339

tenebrosus

.. 338

Dyschirius aeneus . .

337

Helniinthimoiphus aubei .

.. 151

impunctipennis . .

76

Helodes niarginata . .

.. 242

obscurus . .

252

Helophorus aequalis

.. 78

salinus

76,

337

aivevnicus

.. 78

Dytiscus circumflexus

194

intemiedius

.. 338

iiiarginalis

83,

337

Henicocerus exsculptus

78, 337

punctulatus

337

Heptaulacus villosus
Heterocerus brittanicus

.. 336

.. 79

Elaphrus

252

Heterothops binotata

. . 338

cupreas

. 223,

297

Hippodamia ambigua

.. 75

Elater balteatus

339

lecontei . .

.. 74

miniatus . .

240

Homalium deplanatum

79, 336

pomonae . .

240

planum

.. 79

Elmis aeneus

79, 223,

241

rivulare . .

.. 337

cupreus

79,

241

Homaloplia ruricola

. . 76

paiallelopipedus . .

79

Homalota currax . .

.. 78

subviolaceus

79,

194

exilis

.. 335

volkmari . .

79

fungicola . .

.. 337

Encephalus complicans

8

graminicola. .

.. 223

Enedientes hilaris . .

338

hiilobrectha

.. 333

Epuraea decemguttata

76

insecta

.. 78

Erirhiniis acridulus

297

luridipennis

.. 78

Ernobius mollis

297

pavens

.. 78

Euplectus karsteni . .

336

xanthoptera

.. 337

piceus

336

Hydnobius punctatissimus

.. 336

sanguineus

76

Hydraena atricapilla

.. 78

signatus . .

336

gracilis

.. 78

Euryporus picipes . .

78

riparii^

.. 223

Exomias araneiformis

266

Hydrobius picicrus. .
Hydronomus alismatis

.. 337
. 152, 156

Gastroidea polygoni

2(;5

Hydroporus davisi

77, 223, 296

Geodromicus nigrita

223

erythrocephalus . .

.. 337

Gnathoncus nannetensis .

336

ferrugineub

.. 77

Grammopteia ruticornis .

339

gyllenhali . .

.. 337

Gyninetron coUinus

337

incognitus

.. 337

linariae . .

337

lepidus

.. 223

Gymnusa variegata

296

lineatus . .

.. 77

Gyrinidae

84

melanarius

.. 241

Gyrinus minutus . .

296

niemnonius

.. 77

Gyiophaena manca

78

niorio
obscurus . .

.. 337

. . 77

Habrocerus eapillaricornis

335

palustris . .

83,296, 337

Haeniatobia serrata

319

planus

.. 296

Haliijlus riavicollis . .

338

rivalis

77, 223. 296

fulvus

337

rutifrons . .

.. 77

ruticollis . .

. 290,

338

septentrionalis . .

77, 296

variegatus

83

tristis

.. 241

Haltica

297

vittula

.. 77

Halticid:ie . .

2(io

Hydrothassa hannoveraua

79, 185

Halyzia 14-guttata. .

223

marginella

.. 223

Ib-guttata..

241

Hydrovatus clypealis

. 166, 338

Haipalus aeneus

. 29H

337

Hylastes

.. 78

azureus

. 337

33S

ater

.. 76

i-upreus

338

opacus

. . 76

fi-ulieliii

9

palliatus . .

.. 76

latus

'. 29t;'

337

Hylecoetus dermestoides .

.. 24U

cur. erythi'ocephalus .

337

Hylesinus crenatus. .

.. 80

neglettus . .

335

oleiperda . .

. . 268

SPECIAL INDEX.

Y.

PAGE.

PAGE.

vittatus

.. 80

inclinans

.. 296

Hypera elongata

.. 336

Megarthrus depressus

.. 337

polygoni . .

.. 265

Megilla vittigera

.. 75

punctata . .

186, 223

Melandrya barbata . .

.. 8

suspiciosa . .

.. 336

canalieulata

.. 8

Melasoma aeueum . .

.. 340

Ilyobates nigricollis

76, 338

Meligethes aeneus . .

.. 266

Ips quadriguttatus . .

.. 337

viridescens

.. 266

Metoecus paradoxus

.. 308

Laccophilus minutus

.. 83

Miarus campanula . .

.. 76

obscLirus . .

77, 337

Micropeplus staphylinoides

.. 79

Laemostenus complanatus

.. 266

Miscodera arctica . .

296, 337

Lampyris noctiluca

.. 8

Monotoma quadricoUis

.. 336

Larinus carlinae . .

.. 267

rufa

.. 336

scolymi

.. 7

Mycetophagus

.. 267

Lathridius bergrothi

.. 7

multipunctatus . .

.. 79

testaceus . .

.. 76

piceus

.. 267

Lathrobium boreale

.. 337

quadripustulatus. .

.. 79

brunnipes..

.. 337

Myeetoporus angularis

.. 335

fulvipenne

.. 296

splendens . .

.. 338

longulum . .

.. 335

splendidus

.. 223

quadra turn

79, 335

Mylabris quadripunctata .

.. 72

Lebia crux-minor . .

.. 185

Myrmedonia limbata

335, 338

Leistotrophus murinus

.. 338

eoUaris

.. 17

Leistus ferrugineus

.. 337

rufescens . .

.. 337

Nebria brevicollis . .

.. 296

Lema erichsoni . . 240,

241, 268

gyllenhalli

.. 296

septentrionis

.. 240

Necrophorus humator

.. 296

Leptacinus parumpunctatus

.. 335

mortuorum

.. 296

Leptinus testaceus

.. 76

Nephanes titan

.. 336

Leptoceris tvivittata

.. 319

Niptus crenatus

.. 297

Leptusa fumida

.. 78

hololeucus

.. 297

Limnebius papposus

.. 338

Noterus sparsus

.. 338

Limnius

8

Nomius pygmaeus . .

.. 319

Limobius mixtus . .

.. 186

Notiophilus aquaticus

.. 296

Limonius minutus . .

.. 79

palustris . .

.. 296

Liodes humeralis . .

.. 76

substriatus

.. 337

Liophloeus nubilus. .

.. 265

Liosomus oblongulus

.. 76

Oberea oculata

.. 185

ovatulus . .

.. 297

Ochthebius aeratus. .

.. 338

Lissodenia 4-pustulata

. . 76

bicolon

78, 338

Lixus algirus

.. 268

margipallens

.. 338

paraplecticus

.. 185

marinus . .

?8. 335, 338

Lochmaea crataegi . .

.. 339

punctatus . .

.. 338

Longicornia . .

.. 79

rutimarginatus . .

.. 78

Longitarsus anchusae

. . 223

Ocypus brunnipes . .

296, 335

ballotae

.. 340

Odontaeus mobilieornis

8

laevis

.. 267

Oligota atomavia

.. 338

melanocephalus . .

.. 223

punctulata

.. 338

Lyprus eylindrus

. . 151

Olisthopus rotundatus

296, 337

Lytta vesicatoria . . . . H.

75, 239

Olophrum pieeuni . .

.. 296

Orchestes fagi

.. 241

Magdalis armigera . -

.. 339

Orina tristis var. smaragdir

a .. 308

Malachius mai'ginellus

.. 267

Orobitis cyaneus

.. 337

Malthinus frontalis. .

.. 79

Oroehares angustatus

8

Malthodes atomus . .

.. 339

Orthoeaetes setiger. .

. . 336

marginatus

.. 297

Orthocerus muticus

.. 336

sanguinolentus . .

.. 297

Othius laeviusculus

.. 338

Mantura chrysanthemi

.. 336

myrmecophilus . .

.. 296

rustica

.. 266

Otiorhynchus auropunctatu

s .. 252

Medon castaneus . .

8

blandus

.. 297

obsoletus . .

.. 335

mnsconun

266, 297

propinquus

.. 338

Oxypoda alternanii . .

.. 3.37

rupicola . .

.. 338

lividiponnis

.. 223

Megacronus analis . .

.. 296

opaca

.. 241

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAUK. 1

PAGE.

Pacbyta eerambyciformis . .

7i»,

185

Psammobiue sulcicollis

336

PaederuR littoralis . .

338

Pseudopsis sulcata . .

330

Parnus auriculatus..

297

Psylliodes cupronitens

297

prolifeiieornis

297

napi

223

Patrobus assimilis . .

290

Pterostichus diligens

223

Perileptus aieolatus

240

lepidus

77

Phaedon tnniidulum

223,

2G5

minor

335,

338

Philhydius maritinius

33H

niger

290

minutus . .

337

nigrita

296

Philonthus aeneus . .

337

strenuus . .

290

carbonarius

78

versicolor . .

240

(limidiatus

207

vitreus

296

fumarius . .

338

Ptilinus pectinicornis

336

intermedins

78

Ptomaphagus sericens

337

lucens

338

micans

33.''>

Quedionnchus laevigatus . .

296

nigrita

7.S

Quedius attenuatuR . .

223

nigriventris

78',

79

auricomuR

78

politus . . . . Ti).

223,

337

boops

297

proximus

78

eruentus . . . . 297,

298,

335

qiiisquiliarius

297

var. virens 297.

298,

335

quisquiliarius rnr. dimidintns . .

267

fulgidus . .

335

BCUtatUR . .

75

fuliginoRus

337

varius

223

impresRus

298

ventralis . .

78

lateralis . .

78

vernalis . .

241

molochinuR

337

Pbloeotrya stephensi

267

obliteratuR . . 266,

267,

835

Phthora eienata

7

rutipes

223

Phyllobius calcaratus

242

suturaliR . . . . 266,

267,

335

niacnlicornis rnr. cinereus

242

tristis

337

oblongus . .

241

umbrinus . .

78,

223

unifovmi.s . .

20.-)

xanthopuR

78

viridicollis
Phyllodeeta cuvifrons isr).

vitellinae . .
Phyllopertha hoiticoia
Phyllotieta nemormii

241,
241,

241,

242
242
223
240
242

llhagium bifasciatum
Ehantus biHtriatus . .

exoletus . . . . 78,
Ehinosimus viridipennis . .

78,
241,

339
296
337
265

undulata

241,

242

Bhizophagus lerrugineus . .

76

Phytobius quadritiiberculatiis

waltoni
Phytonoiuus punefatus
Phytosus balticus . .

nigriventriR

so'.

20(;
208
319
33S
335

Rhizotrogus ochraceus

solsti till lis. .
IlhopalomeRites tardyi
Rhynchites cupreiiR

uncinnatus

80

.354
355
252
339

80

spinifer

338

Rhyneophora

78

Pissodes pini

«0

Saperda populnea . .

79

Pityophagus fennginens . .

7(;

79

scalariR

.335

339

PlaeuBa complanata

78

Saprinus quadriRtriatuR

330

Platambus maculatus

223

290

SearabeiiR sacer

47

Platydema violaceum

s

Sciaphilus muricatus

265

Platystethus nitens. .

33H

Scirtes orbicularis . .

268

Platytarsns echinatus

205

Scolytidae

i9(;

Plecfroscelis coiiciiina

242

ScopaeuR RulcicolliR

338

Pocadius ferrngineus

337

Scydmaenus elongatuR

7()

Podabrns alpinus . .

339

Scymnus nigrinviR . .

79

Podagrioa fuscipes . .

208

Serica brunnea

297

Pogonus chalceus . .

77

338

mixta

75

luridipennis

338

Serieosomus brnnneiis

339

Polydrusus rhrysomela

80

Silpha atrata

297

micans

339

var. subrotundata

252

undatus . .

339

rugosa

297

Poophagus nastuitii

80

Silvanus RurinamenRis

79

8isymbrii . .

80

Sinodendron cylindrionm . .

79

Prionus coiiaiius . .

2C7

288

Sipalia luticollis

78

Pristonjchus terricola

266

Sitones puncticollis

265

ProteinuR ovalis

337

Smicronyx . .

7(5

SPECIAL INDEX.

Snrnnia grisea
Sphaevites sLibratus
Sphindus dubius
Staphylinus caesareus

erythropterus

pubescena. .

stercorarius
Stenolophus plagiatus
Stenus aerosus

argentellus

ater

bifoveolatus

binotatus . .

bupthalmus

cicindeloides

declaratus. .

forniratus

guttula

guynemeri

ossiuin

pallitarsis. .

palposus . .

picipennis..

picipes

pubescens. .

siniilis
Stilicus rulipes
Strophosomus lateralis
Sunius aogustatus . .

Tachinns collaris ..

humeral is . .

marginellus

rufipep
Tachyporus formosus
Tachys bistriatus . .

parvulus . .

scutellaris..
Tachyusa coiistricta
Tanynieeus palliatus
Taphria nivalis
Tarsotenus univittatus
Telephoius darwinianus

haemorrhoidalis . .

obscurus . .

paludosus . .
Telmatophilas brevicilUs

sparganii . .

typhae
Tetrops praeusta . .
Thalycra sericea
Thamiaraea cinnaniomea
Thinobius brevipennis
Tomicus laricis
Toxotus meridianus
Trechus discus

iapidosus . .

micros

minutus . .

obtusus

secalis
Triphyllus suturalis
Trogophloeus bilineatus

corticinus . .

pusillus

78, 296
223

79

23, 241,

223

29('

tAUK.
7(1

185

7(J

240

240

240

335

7

338

252

338

79

338

252

79

223

7(i

79

79

338

79

252

223

223

79

338

338

297

338

337

337

337

337

240

338

109

338

78

80

290

8

33(;

339

241

79

2! -,7

2o7

267

79

70

70

335

70

79

77

240

77

337

223

337

79

79

335

335

PAOH.

rivularis .. .. .. 79, 335

tenellus . . . . . . . . 330

Trop deres hilaris . . . . . . 338

Tropiphorus mercurialis . . . . 242

Tychius squamulatus . . . . 337

Velleius dilatatus . . . . . . 8

Xantholinus cribripennis . . 223, 252

distans . . . . . . . . 252

Xenusa sulcata . . . . . . 338

uvida . . . . • • • • 338

CRUSTACEA.

hoffiiianseggii, Platyarthrus . . 69

Platyarthrus . . . . . . 69

DIPTERA.

Anopheles
An thorny idae
arcuatus, Syrphus . .
argentifera, Meriania
argyropus, Culex
auricollis, Syrphus . .

balteatus, Syrphus . .

Bibio

boreal is, Sericomyia
brasiliensis, Systropus

Calliphora . .

Cecidomyidae

chameleon, Stratiomys

Chirononius . .

Chlorops

chrysitis, Machimus

chrysorrhoea, Physocephal

citripennis, Neniorius

clavipes, Holopogon

corollae, Syrphus . .

crassipes, Aiherix . . .

C'd<x

Culiciilae

decorus, Syrphus
destructor, Cecidomyia
detritus, Culex
diadema, Dasypogon
Dilophus

elegans, Volucella . .
Elgiva

Ephydridae . .
equestris, Merodon . .
erythrocephala, Musca

fasciata, Lophosia . .
formicarium, Phora

gjbbosa, Laphria . .

36
36

175
280
177
176

175, 176
174

288
. 107

180
35

121
. 179
. 179
. 121
. 121
. 121
. 121
. 176
. 36
. ISO
30, 178

.. 176

.. 180

.. 178

.. 121

.. 174

.. 121
.. 121
.. 174

.. 180
.. 180

.. 36
.. 18

.. 122

SPECIAT. INDEX.

I^ibbus, Cyrtus . . . . . . 121

prossa, Echinomyia . . . . 288

Heteromyza . . . . . . . . 36

ibis, Atberix 179

Ilythea 174

inanis, Volucella . . . . . . 121

infuniata, Seatopse. . .. .. 18

leucophlaeus, Systoechus . . . . 121

lineata, Chlorops . . . . . . 179

lubbocki, Platyphom . . . . 18

lugubris, Chironomus . . . . 179

luniger, Syrphus . . . . . . 176

maculicornis ?'«'/'., Syrphus .. 176

marci, Bibio. . .. .. .. 175

Merodon 180

meromelaena, Neopachygaster . . 36

meromelas, Pachygaster . . . . 36

micans, Pangonia . . . . . . 121

MieiodoD . . . . . . ..18

MuEcidae 352

mussitans, Aretophila . . . . 288

myrmecophilus, Ceratopogon . . 17

Neopachygaster . . . . . . 36

nigra, Physocephala . . . . 121

nigricans, Chironomus . . . . 178

novarae, Tipula . . . . . . 177

Nycteribidae . . . . . . . . 35

occuItans( = lugubris), Chironomus 179

pallens, Psilopus
Pangoninae . .
Phora
Phoridae
pipiens, Culex
Pipunculidae
Plagia

Platypezidae
pyrastri, Syrphus

.175. 176. 177,

ribesii, Syrphus
ruficeps, Rhyncomyia
rustica, Tachina

Sciara

seeuricornis, Phyllomyza

selenetica, Syrphus..

spilota, Ilythea

Syrphi

Syrphidae . .

Syrphus

Systropus

Tachinidae . .
taeniatus, Syrphus . .
tenax, Eristalis
Tipulidae

topiarius, Syrphus .
Trineura
Trypetidae . .

180
36
18
35

177
36

121
36

180

176
121
121

.. 18
.. 17
.. 175
.. 174
175. 176
.. .36
.. 175
106, 107, 108

. . 36
..176
176, 179, 180
36, 352
..176
..18
. . 36

unicolor i«r., Syrphus

I'AGB.

175, 176

velutina, Anthrax . . . . . . 121

vitripennis, Syrphus . . . . 176

vomitoria, Musca (Calliphora) 174,

180, 207
vulgaris, Dilopus . . . . . . 174

HEMIPTERA.

Aphaena

Aphidae

Aphides

Aphididae

Aphis

auroreus, Issus

bifasciatus, Pilophorus

calearatus, Alydus . .
candelaria, Fulgora
carnota, Endeis
cimiciformis, Paracletus
cinnamapterus, Camaronotus
coleoptrata, Myrmedobia
crassicornis, Dictyonota
crataegi, Typhlocyba

Epipyrops . .
eragrostidis, Tychaea

fabricii, Coriia
fallenii, Pseudophlaeus
flaveola, Stictocoris
formicaria, Forda . .
formicarum, Lecanopsis
formicetorum, Piezostethu
formicina, Endeis . .
formicophilus, Lachnus
fossaruni, Corixa

geoffroyi, Corixa
glauca, Notonecta . .

hieroglyphica, Corixa
holosericeus, Tropistethus

lativentris, Nabis .
Liburnia
linnaei, Corixa
lugubris. Corixn

moesta, Corixa

Paracletus . .
pedestris, Stygnus .
pellueida, Endeis .
perplexus, Pilophorus
praeusta, Corixa

setariae, Tychaea .
setulosa, Tychaea .
spinosa, Eurybrachu
striata, Corixa
subterranea, Ripersia

307
37

175
39
175, 176

307

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAOB.

PAOK.

tomlini, Ripersia . .

40

Formica

211,

236

Trama

, ,

39

Formicidae . .

15,

234

triguttatus, Systellonotns .

38

forniicarius, Bethylus

17

trivialis, Tychaea , .

39

fugax, Solenopsis . .

15

troglodytes, Trama . .

39

fuliginosa, Formica
fuliginosus, Lasius 16, 17

18

16,
37,

39

viridana, Forda

'•

39

38, 40, 67
fusca, Formica 15, 18, 37

68

38

69,
68,

70

waltlii, Pseudophlaeus

. .

109

69,

70

woUastoni var. Coiixa

,,

83

fuscorufibarbis var,, Formica

69

HYMENOPTERA

globatus, Microgaster

..

27

acevorum, Leptothorax 15

, 16,

69,

70

Gyrodontini . .

355

aequata, Diapria

17

Alaptus

194

Heresiarchini

855

albisecta, Sphex

48

hirsuta. Ammophila

48,

208

alienus, Lasiiis

. 37

, 40,

70,

212

Histrodromini

355

Alomyini

355

holosericea, Ammophila .

48

Amblyteles . .

356

Anagri

194

Ichneumon . .

355

Andrenidae . .

235

Ichneumonini

355

Anomma

234

indica. Apis . .

14

antarctica, Atta

332

Apanteles

249

Joppini

355

Apis . .

235

julii, Cerceris

47

arenaria, Cerceris .

47

Asilidae

279

labiata, Cerceris ..

, ,

47

aurita, Cerceris

47

laevinodis, Myrmica 16, 17

'37

38,

70,

212,

213

barbara, Aphaenogaster .

69

latreillii, Myrmecina

16

bieolor x'ar., Apis . .

13

ligniperdus, Camponotus .

70

bipustulatus, Polistes

208

ligustica var., Apis . .

13

brunneus, Lasius . .

'. (17

, 68

, 70

lippulum, Asemorhoptrum

16

buprestica, Cerceris

46,

47

lobicornis, Myrmica

If,

eaespituni, Tetramorium

37,

39,

40,

69,

70

mellifiea. Apis . . 13, 208,
meridionale var., Tetramoriun:

209,

234
69

carniolia iJar., Apis. .

13

micropterus, Pezomachus .

16

centifolia, Athalia . .

207

mixtus, Lasius

69

Cerceris

47,

48

mosquito, Trigona . .

209

cephalotes, (Ecodoma

211

muraria, Chalicodoma

48

Chartergus . .

209

Mymaridae . .

194

Chasmias

356

Myrmica

39

Chasmodes . .

356

Myrmicidae . .

213,

234

cinerea, Formica . .

70

Colletes

111

nicer, Lasius 16, 17, 18, 37

,38

,39,

congerens, Formica

15

4

0, 68, 6a

, 70

contracta, Ponera . .

1(5

nigra, Formica

15

cunicularia, Colletes

110,

111

nigra, Tachytes

47

eunicuiaria, Formica

15

nigrocinctus, Microcryptus

16

eynipseus, Litiis

17

nitidulus, Formicoxenus .
nitidum, Tetramorium

232,

15
233

dorsata, Apia

. I'i

, Vi

, 14

nylanderi, Leptothorax

15,

16

emarginatns, Lasius

70

obnoxius, Mesostenus

349

Eristicus

35()

obsoleta, Tachytes . .

47

erratica, Tapinoma

15

ornata, Cerceris

47

europaea, ^lutilla . .

288

Evaniidae . .

84

pallidus, Lagynodes
pilifrons, Sphecodes

17
111

ferreri, Cerceris

47

Pezonirtchidae

16

tlava, Formica

"l5

16,

39

Phaengenides

356

tlavipennis, Sphex . .

47,

48

Polistes

209

flavius, Lasius 15, 16, 31

(.40

68,

Polybia

209

69,

70

Proctotrupidae

..

17

SPECIAL I^'DEX.

PAGE

pratensis, Formica 15, 17, 37, 38,

67. 7(

quadricincta, Cerceris

47

rostrata, Benibex . . . . . . 48

rubra, Myrmica . . . . 37, Hd

rufa, Formica 15, 16, 17, 18, 37,
38, 39, 40, 67, 68, 69, 70,

194, 212
rufibarbis, Formica. . .. 37, 69

ruginodis, Myrmica . . 15, 213

sabulosa, Ammophila . . . . 48

saevissima, Myrmica . . . . 213

sanguinea, Formica 15, 16, 37, 39,

40, 70
scabrinodis, Myrmica 15, 16, 69,

70, 212, 213
Solenopsis . .
Sphex

structor, Aphenogaster
suil:'olciensis, Microgaster
sulcinodis, Myrmica

tarsata, Bembex
Tenthredinidae
testacea var., Apis . .
truncicola, Formica
tuberculata, Cerceris

umbrata, Formica . .
umbratus, Lasius . .
umbrina, P'orniica . .

virlpinus, Pezomachns
westwoodii, Stenamma
zonata var., Apis . .

LEPIDOPTERA.

15

47, 48',

174

70

27

40.

70

48

234,

235

13

37

47,

48

16

70

39

16

15. 16

13

.. 164,
, Boarmia

110, 206,

abbreviata, Eupithecia
abietaria (ribeata by error)

(ill. sericearia . .
abietella, Phycis
abjecta, Mamestra . .

ah. nnicolor
Abraxas rule Spilota.
abruptaria, Hemerophila

ah. bnmneata . .

ah. fuscata

ah. miicolor
absintbii, Cucullia . .
acaciae, Thecla
acanthodactylus, Amblyptilia
Acanthoppyche = Phalaena-Bombyx
aceris, Apatela . . . . 115,

ah. infnscata . .

var. intermedia
Achatiae

Acherontia = Manduca
achilleae, Antbrocera . . 181,
achine, Pararge

219

203

288
2.S6
117

203

203

203

50

60

182

57

167

115

114

167

276

227

331

PAOK.

Acidalia . . . . 139, 198, 199

Acronycta ( = Cuspidia) 103,

( = Pliaretra) 84, ( = Triaena) .. 341
Acrocercops . . . . . . . . 192

actaea, Satyrus . . . . 89, 121

r«(/-. cordula .. 125,126,283
actaeon, Tbymelicus (Hesperia) 67, 227
adippe, Argynnis 11, 142, 170, 227,
253, 255, 276, 281, 283, 291,

299, 303, 326, 332

var. chlorodippe . . 86, 89, 120

w/r.cleodoxa61, 142, 169, 170, 171

adipellus (sylvellus), Crambus 256, 280

adjunctella, Coleophora .. .. 260

adonis, Polyommatus, i-ide bel-

largus P.
admetus, Polyommatus 72. 86, 119, 121
adusta, Hadena . . . . . . 206

advena, Aplecta

ah. (et var.) unicolor .. ., 188

.'Egeria ride Sesia.
aegon, Plebeius 59, 126, 222, 247,

255, 283, 290, 299, 332
rar. alpina . . . . . . 61

ah. {et rar.) Corsica . . . . 341

rar. unipuiicta. . .. .. 341

aenea, Pliytonietra vide viridaria P.
jEquivocae . . . . . . . . 168

aerariella, Argyresthia . . . . 259

aescularia, Anisopteryx 81, 110, 273
aetbiops, Erebia 18, 19, 20, 126,

169, 171, 299, 802
ah. tiavescens . . . . . . 20

ah. inaequalis . . . . . . 19

a/j. leucotaenia . . .. 20, 126

ab. nigra . . . . . . 19

ah. obsoleta . . . . . . 19

ah. ochracea . . . . 20, 21

«t. pallida . . . . . . 20

aflinis, Calymnia (Cosmia) 134,

167, 181, 222, 300
affinis, Aegeria . . . . . . 181

Agaristidae . . . . • • . . 6

agatbina, Agrotis 206, 274, 345,

349, 353
yrtc. hebridicola .. .. 148

ah. rosea . . . . . . 148

agliiia, Argyrinis 49, 87, 120, 126,
134, 136, 227,291, 299, 302,
303, 304, 311, 326, 334, 341, 354
ab. suiifusa . . . . . . 303

agrammella, Coleophora . . . . 260

Agrius vide Pblegethontius.

Agrotes . . . . . . . . 167

albicolon, Barathia 352

albicolon, Mamestra

v(tr. cinerascens . . . . 117

albicillata, Melanthia . . . . 334

ah. suffusa 203

alhiniacula, Dianthoecia . . . . 353

albipuncta, Helioijhila (Leucania)

3, 23, 50, 54, .55, 251, 303. 346, 353
albipunctata, Eiipitliecia . .

ab. angelicata . . . . . . 203

albistrigalis, Hypenodes . . . . 24S

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

albitarBcUa, Coleophora . . . . 347
albovenosa, Arsilonehe

r*ft. ochracea .. .. .. 115

albulata, Emmelesia . . . . 250

■('«?•. hebudium. . .. .. 203

aleaeae, Spilothvriis (Carcharodus)

121, 170, 312
alchemillata, Ijiiimelesia . . . . 248

alciphron, Chrysophanus . . . . 283

var. gordius 11. 60. 121, 281,

283, 334
alcon, Lycaena . . 61, 171, 2U0

alcyone, Satyrus 72, 86, 89, 119, 229
algae, Biyophila . . . . . . 353

alni, .Tocheaera .. .. .. 274

ah. obsoleta . . . . . . 115

alniaria, Ennonios . . . . . . 285

alniella (alnifoliella), Lithocolletis 347
.alpestraiia, Diebrorhampha . . 56

alpestrella, Bankesia . . . . 217

alpina (hyperborea), Pachnobia

149, 161, 353
alpinalis, Botys . . . . . . 327

alsines, Caradrina . . . . . . 206

alternata, Macaiia . . 135, 273

althaeae, Spilothyrus(Carcharodus)

11, 121, 170, 291, 328, 332, 333

var. boeticns . . . . . . 12

Alucitae . . . . . . . . KJH

alveus, Syrichthus (Hesperia) 121,

146, 170, 2,56, .326, 327. 328, 354
amalthea. Satyrus . . . . 32, 6(J

amanduH, Polvonimatns 60, 66.

143, 282, 283
amataria, Erastria (Timandia)

134, 168, 171, 189. 303
amathusia, Brenthis 126, 143, 255,

283, 291
ambigua, Caradrina . . 3, 50, 346

ammanella, Micropteryx . . . . 214

Amorpha . . . . ' . . . . 278

Amorphae . . . . . . . . 167

Amorphidae . . . . . . . . 129

amphidanias, Chrysophanus . . 60
Amplae . . . . . . . . 168

anatipennella, Coleophora . . . . 168

ancilla, Naclia . . . . . . 281

anderidac, Lithocolletis . . . . 260

andreniformis, ^geria (Sesia) 3, 181
Andriae . . . . . . . . 1 67

andromeda, Hesperia . . . . 142

angularia(qnercinaria),Ennomos 83, 273
angustalis, Cledeobia 170, 182, 228
angnstana, Eupoeeilia

var. thuleana . . . . . . 204

angustella, Alispa . . . . . . 181

angustella, Borkhausenia (ffico-
phora) . . . . . . . . 347

angustella, Oreopsyche . . . . 57

annulata, Zonosonia . . 273, 300

ah. biobsoleta . . . . . . 202

ab. (et var.) obsoleta . . . . 202

anomalella, Nepticula . . . . 261

anomala, Epipyropa . . . . 307

anteros, Polyommatus . . ..143
Anthophilae . . . . . . . . 168

anthyllidella, Anacampsis. . .. 260

antiopa, Euvanessa 2, 6(), 124, 126,
170, 216, 255, 283, 286, 312,

327, 348
antiqua, Notolophus (Orgyia) 41,

45, 300, 301

Apatelae . . . . . . . . 167

apiciaria, Epione . . 206, 303, 348
apollo, Parnassius 88, 118, 120,
124. 125, 126, 143, 146, 215,
2.53, 2.54, 283, 291, 323, 326,

327, 3.54

ab. hesebolus . . . . . . 118

aprilina, Dichonia (Agriopis Diph-

thera) . . 167. 269, 349
arcania, Coenonviupha 11, 59. 87,

121, 170, "171, 283. 313. 332, 333

var. darwiniana . . 125, 126

var. philea . . . . 144, 146

areas, Lycaena . . . . . . 143

areeutliina, Argyi'esthia . . . . 219

Archipes . . . . . . . . 168

archippu.s, Anosia 196. 263, 265,

292, 293, 294, 318

Aretiadae . . . . y. . . 6

Arctiides 114, 188

arcuana, Olethreutes . . . . 168

arcuosa, Chortodes . . . . . . 206

arenella, Depressaria . . . . 110

areola (litlioriza), Xylocampa 164, 219

argentana, Seiapbila . . 257, 327

argentula, Bankia. . .. .. 330

argentipedella, Nepticula . . . . 261

argiades, Everes . . . . . . 227

ar-iolus, Cyaniris 11, 104, 121, 133,
135, 136, 165, 170, 282, 283,

299, 303, 312
argus (aegon), Plebeius 11, 59, 61,

170, 216, 283, 291

var. aegidion . . . . . . 333

/•((?•. bejarensis. . .. .. 355

argus, Eustieus . . . . . . 167

Argyresthides . . . . . . 259

argyrognomon, Plebeius . . . . 216

argyropeza, Nepticula . . . . 261

arion, Lycaena 2, 121, 143, 227,

2.55, 282, 283, 290, 307, 327, 333

var. obscura . . 125, 126, 334

armigera, Heliothis . . . . 353

artaxerxes, Polyommatus r'nh'

astrarche, P.

artemisiella, Coleophora . . . . 260

arundinis, Macrogaster . . . . 284

arundinis (typhae), Nonagria 28, 110

Ascalaphae . . . . . . . . 168

ashworthii, Agrotis.. .. 82,148

var. candelarum . . . . 148

ab. virgata . . . . . . 148

asperaria, Sciadion (Rhoptria) . . 202

asterie, Melitaea . . . . 125, 126

asteris, Cucullia .. 50,110,341

Asthena 198

astrarche (agestis), Polyommatus 12,
66, 71, 86, 170, 216. 255,

275, 290, 298, 299, 304, 333

sii.

SPECUL INDEX.

PAGE.

pale var. 247

ab. allous . . . . 125, 126

ra7-. artaxerxes .. 113. 114

ab. quadripunctata . . 114, 247

fl6. salmacip .. .. 113, 114

astylus, Smerinthus . . . . 278

atalanta, Pyrameis 11, 87, 120.
134, 136, 170, 226, 255, 275,
283, 290, 291, 299, 300, 303,

304, 313, 327, 334, 350
athalia, Melitaea 11,71,87,120.
170, 171, 216, 229, 255, 282,

283, 291, 326, 328, 333

var. iberica . . . . . . 12

var. vaiia . . . . . . 282

atomaria. Ematurga 171. 227, 228,

273, 351
atra, Bombyx (Phalaena-Bombyx)

57, 58
atra, Oreopsyche vide plumifera, 0.

atra, Acanthopsyche . . 216, 217

atrata, Tanagra . . . . 257, 306

atrella, Laverna . . . ■ ■ • 109

atriplicis, Achatia . . . . • • 167

atropos, Mandvica 1, 50, 128, 129,
163, 167, 182, 191, 251, 276,

278, 285

Attacides 278, '279

augur, Noctua . . 285, 302, 344

ab. helvetina . . . . . . 148

aurago, Tiliacea (Xanthia) 55, 81,

165, 285, 347

aurantiaria, Hybernia . . . . 50

aurantiella, Depressaria . . . . 260

aurelia, Melitaea 59, 124, 125, 126,

141, -255, 326
auricoma, Pharetra (Acionycta) . .

ab. similis . . . . . . 115

aurillua, Porthesia vide similis, P.

auritlua, Leucoma . . . . . . 167

aurinia (artemis), Melitaea 104,

110. 136, 291

ab. brunnea . . . . . . 114

tmr. hibernica . . . . . . 114

t'tir. praeclara . . .. 114, 352

var. provincialis . . . . 11

var. scotiea . . . . . . 114

aurita, Setina . . . . 21.s, ,{26

auroguttella, Goniodonia . . . . :556

australis, Apoiophyla

t'rir. pascuea .. .. ..118

autumnalis (impluviata) (trifasci-
ata), Hydiioniena (Hvpsipetes)

' 135, 273, 301,"'3G5, 331, 357
autumnata, Oporabia

var. filigianimaria . . . . 203

avellanella, Epi<,'raphia . . . . .s2

aversata. Acidalia . . . . . . .'iOO

badiana, Argyrolepia . . . . 110

badiata, Anticlea . . . 1152, 1()5

badiella, Depressaria . . . . 260

baia, Noctua . .134, 206, 300, 302

ab. caerulescens . . . . 149

ab. purpurea . . . . . . 149

PAGE.

baliodactyla, Aciptilia (Alucita)

110, 182
ballus, Thestor . . . . . . 11

bankesiella. Epischnia . . . . 204

barbalis, Erpyzon . . . . . 168

barberiana, Epipyropa . . . . 307

basilinea, Apamea . . . . . . 54

ah. cmeraseens . . . . 117

ab. pallida 117

ab. unieolor . . . . . . 117

basilinea, Hadena . . . . . . 54

basistrigalis, Scoparia . . . . 204

batis, Thyatira . . 49, 272, 344, 353

baton, Poljommatus 66, 126, 170, 312

var. panoptes . . . . . . 12

beatrieella, Lozopera . . . . 204

Bedellia 192

Bedelliinae . . . . . . . . 192

belemia, Anthocharis . . . . 855

var. glauce . . . . . . 12

belgiaria, Scodiona. . 269, 273, 351

belia, Anthocharis 11, 59, 312,

313, 314, 332, 334, 355
var. ausonia . . 12, 59, 66, 334
var. siniplonia.. .. 290, 334

var. semi-simplonia . . . . 334

bellargus (adonis), Polyommatus
11,12,24,51, 135, 136, 137,
143, 216, 229, 275, 276, 283,
290, 304, 306, 313, 314, 333,

341, 345
ab. nigra (suft'usa) . . . . 113

ab. pallida . . . . . . 113

beuibeeiformis, Trochilium 163, 299
bennettii, Agdistis . . . . . . 139

berisalensis, Melitaea . . . . 60

betulae, Ornix 109

betulae, Phycis 109

betulae, Zephyrus 61, 124, 126,

160, 303. 306
betularia, Amphidasys 82, 135,

285, 301, 304, 305
ab. doubledayaria . . . . 305

betulina, Proutia . . . . 218, 220

bicolorana (quercana), Hvlophila

133, 138, 160
bicolorata (rubiginata), Melanthia

(ill. fumosa . . . . . . 202

ab. (et var.) plumbata . . 202

hicoloria (furuncula), Miana . . 284

ab. albicans . . . . . . 117

ab. humeralis . . . . . . 117

(d). (et ('«;•.) rufuncula . . 117

(lb. terminalis . . . . . . 117

bicuspis, Dicranura 135, 164, 197

bidentata, Odontopeia . . 2()8, 305
bitida, Dicranura(Cernra) 137, 197, 198
bilineata, Caniptogramma 133,

134, 201, 256, .300, 351
rar. atlantica . . . . . . 203

(■((■;•. hibernica (infuscata.) . . 203
var. isolata . . . . . . 203

Inluuaria (illunaria), Selenia 300, 302
bimaculata (taminata), Bapta 23,

273, 306

SPECIAL INDEX.

biiiiievella, Homoeosoiiia . .

288

binaria (hamula), Drepana

167',

250,

301,

346

bipunctaria (bipunctata), Eu

aolia

(Pleiocymia) 201, 229, 300,

326,

345

bipunctella, Anesychia

182

bipuQCtidactyla, Mimaeseoptilus

182,

256,

328

bisetata, Acidalia . .

350

bistorkita, Tephrosia 81, 112,

165,

200, 220, 246.

248,

351

biundulaiia, Tephrosia cide crepu.s-

eubiria, T.

bjerkandrella, Choreules . .

71,

182

blandiata, Eniinelesia

256

blandula, Thalpochares

181

Wandulella, Lita . .

259

Blephaia . .

168

Boarmiidae . . . . 199,

201,

202

boetica, Lampides 12, 60, 87,

121,

313,

314

Boletobia (Parascotia)

3

borabycalis, Idia

168

Bombyces

167

Bombyciae . .

l(;s

Bombycoides

1C)7

Bombyliae . .

167

Bombycides . .

279

bonibyliformis (tityus), Heinaris

112, 129, 130, 137, 161,

162,

163, 164, 272,

274,

277

Botys (Lythria)

199

bractea, Plusia

286,

353

Brahnieides . .

279

biassicae, iMainestra

299

(//). albidilinea

117

ah. unicolor

117

brassicae, Pieris (Mancipium)

11.

60, 120, 126, 133, 134

136,

167, 170, 174, 207, 2.54,

283,

299, 303, 311

312,

334

Brepha

168

brevilinea, Leiieaiiia

103,

108

ah. bilinea

116

ab. nigrofasciata

116

uh. ochracea . .

116

ah. pallida

116

ab. rufescens . .

116

ah. sinelinea . .

103,

116

ah. sinelinea-nigrofayciat

a . .

103

ab. sinelinea-ochracea

103

(//(. tfinelinea-pallida . .

103

ab. sinelinea-rul'escens

103

ah. sinelinea-suffusa . .

103

ah. sulTusa

116

ab. typica-bilinea

103

ab. typiea-nigrofasciata

103

ab. typica-pallida

io;i

ah. typica-iiifescens . .

103

ah. typica-suftusa

103

briseis, Satyrus . . 86, 89

119

121

brockeella, Argyresthia

347

brongniardellum, Acrocercops.

192

Brosces

168

bnimata, Cheimatobia

50

301

bruimea, Nocfcua

ab. rufa
bryoniae var., Pieris

(//). flavescens . .
Bucculatrix . .
bucephala, Phaleia. .
Butalis

P.4GK.

.. 302
.,149
. . 59
. . 59
.. 192
135, 301, 306
..348

Dilobii

(Heteio-
. . 167,

28,

eaeruleocepliala

morpha) . .
caesia, Diantlioecia

var. manani . .
caesiata, Larentia . . 206, 302,

caespititiella, Coleophora . .

ab. lutescens . .
caia, Arctia (Hypercompe) 132,
calabra, Ehodostrophia
c-album, Polygonia 11, 50, 81,

120, 124, 126, 136, 170, 226,
2-55, 283, 290, 303, 341,362,
caledoniana, Peronea
caledoniella, Eriocrania . .
callidice, Pieris 61, 125, 126, 291,
Callidryas . .
Calocalpe

eambrica (cambricana), Venusia

80, 305,

camelina, Lophopteryx (Ptilodon)

135, 167, 181, 301, 302, 346,

Cameraria . .

Camilla, Limenitis 226, 255, 281,
282, 283,
candidata, Asthena
Canephorae . .
cannae, Nonagria . .
capsincola, Dianthoecia
captiuncula, Phothedes

ah. (et var.) expolita . .

cardamiaes, Euchloe 11, 66, 108,

133, 136, 146, 160, 205, 283,

290,

cardui, Pyrameis 11, 50, 120, 126,

170, 196, 216, 227, 255, 263,

264, 275, 283, 290, 292, 293,

294, 295, 304, 306, 312, 313,

316, 318, 327, 331, 333,

var. huutera . .

carnielita, Lophopteryx 164, 274,

carriella, Ilythyia . . . . 228,

carniolica, Anthrocera 171, 181,

226,

carpinata (lobulata), Lobophora

165,
carpini, Saturnia (Heraea) vide

pavonia, S.
carpophaga, Dianthoeoia . .
ah. (et var.) pallida . .
earthanii, Svriclitlius 11, (50, 121,
126, 283, 332,
cassiope var., ]\lelaiiipias (Erebia)
143, 146
casta, Famea .. 170,217,

ah. bowerella . .
(ih. minor

272
352
187
306
260
114
167
200

363
204
261
334
317
202

306

349
192

290
300
168
102
206

117

312

334
333
302

328

227

219

187

333

333
21S
261
261

XlV.

SPECIAL INDEX.

castanea (iieglecta), Noctiui

PAOB.

W,i,
105, 302

ab. pallida 148

ah. xauthe . . . . . . 148

castigata, Eupithecia . . . . 352

castrensis, Malacosoma (Bonibyx)

100, 107, lU, 181
catax, Lachneis .. .. ..167

celerio, Hippotion (Cboerocampa)

2, 137, 192, 193, 278, 280
celtis, Libythea 11, 01. 282, 283,

332, 334
cembrae, Scoparia . . . . . . 288

I'Ur. scotica . . . . . . 20 1

Cemiostoma (Leucoptera) . . . . 192

centifoliella, Nepticula . . . . 201

ceratoniae Myelois . .

ab. pryerella . . . . . . 204

Cei'ostoma . . . . . . . . 89

Certae 108

certata, Eucosmia . . . . . . 220

cerviuata, Eubolia . . . . . . 304

cespitalis, Herbula 170, 182, 227, 257
cespitana, Sericovis. . .. .. 257

cespitis, Luperina . . . . 345, 340

ceto, Eiebia . . 01, 327, 334

var. obsciua . . . . . . 01

cbaerophyllata, TaiuiHia vide .it,-

lata, T.
chamaesyces, Clidia . . 88, 181

chamouiillae, Cuuullia. . . 138, 219
chaonia, Diynionia 205,249,272, 341
clienopodiala (liiuitata), i'lerocyuiia

(Ortholiilm) 200

chenopodiella, Scytliris(Butalis;. . 348
chi, Polia . . . . . . 50, 300

var. (e(, (///.) uigi'esceiis . . 187

var. (et ah.) olivacea . . . . 187

var. (et ab.) suffusa . . . . 187

Clilauiiphoiae . . . . . . 108

Chleuastae . . . . . . . . 108

Choeiocaiupa (Theretra) . . . . 278

cblorodippe, Argynnis . . 8(;, SO

Choreutis . . . . . . . . 223

christi, Erebia . . . . . . 00

christieinella, Hypeicallia. . .. 250

Cbrysaores . . . . . . . . 107

chrysippus, Liiunas (Danais)

00, 107
chrysitis, Plusia . . 108, 300, 351

chryson (oiichalcca), Plusia . . 353

chrysoirhoea, I'oithesia 285, 304, 344
chrysonona, Mamestia . . . . 181

Cidaria . . . . . . . . 198

cinctalis, Potys (■((/(■ veiticalis, B.
cineiana, Grapholitha . . . . 2U5

cinerea, Agrotis . . . . 82, 1(35

ah. pallida (tephrina) . . . . 148

cingulata, Agrius . . . . . . 278

cingulata, Eiinycliia . . . . 40

cinxia, Melitaea 00, 114, 229, 28l,

291, 334
circe, Satyrus 11, 72, 86, 89 119,

121, 120, 313
cir 'fllaris 'firrugin^n), McUinia .. 105

PAGE.

citrago, Tiliacea . - ■ . 81, 285

ab. (et var.) aurantia . . . . 187

eitriiia, Malacosoma . . . . Ill

clathrata, Strenia 133, 227, 228,

300, 322
c-leopatia, Gouepteiyx 11, 12, 60,

80, 118, 120, 170, 312, 313, 314
eloacella, Tinea . . " • . . 347

Clostera . . . . . . . . 56

Cnethocanipa . . . . . . 88

c-nigrum, Noctua. . . . . 134, 300

Cochlidia 168

coelinaiia, Plerocymia . . . . 201

coenosa, Laelia .. .. .. 108

Coleophoiae. . .. .. -- 168

Coleophorides . . . . . . 260

Colias (Euryraus) . . . . 24, 64

conies (orbona), Triphaena 132.

134, 181, 190, 285, 300
ab. consequa (curtisii) . . . . 148

ab. nigra . . . . . . 148

ab. rufa 148

ab. rufescens . . . . . . 148

ab. virgata . . . . . . 148

coinitata, Pelurga . . . . . . 352

comma, Augiades (Pauiphila) 121,
120, 135. 109, 170, 189, 250, 272,

275, 291, 299, 305, 326, 328
counua, Leucania

ah. nigropuncta . . . . 116

(ih. ochracea . . . . . . IKi

ah. sulf usa . . . . . . 110

complana, Litbosia 87. 181, 2.50,

274, 349
rar. sericea . . . . . . 114

concliellae, Tetracbila . . . . 168

couL'bellus, Crambus . . 256, 327

concinnaiia. Grasped i a . . . . 199

concolor, Tapinostola . . 116, 353
eonformis, Xylina . . . . . . 353

rar. suUusa . . . . . . 188

eontusalis, Nola . . . . . . 220

confusella, Nepticula . . . . 261

uungiuata, Craspedia . . . . 200

conigera, Leucania. . . . . . 82

r(/j. rtavipuncta. . .. .. 115

ab. intermedia. . . . . . 115

ah. suffusa . . . . . . 115

conjugella, Argyresthia. . . . . 259

consonaria, Tephrosia, (Boarmia)

80, 273, 347
consortella, Elachista . . . . 260

Consules . . . . . . . . 167

conspersa, Dianthoecia

rar. obliterae . . . . . . 187

(•((/■. oclirea . . . . . . 187

conspieillaris, Xylomiges . . 3, 353

coiispicuata (liml)aria), Eiilunia .. 128
con.-purcatella, Bankesia . . . . 261

conligua, Hadena . . 49, 249, 301

conversa, Catocala . . . . 87, 181

convolvuli, Agrius (Pblegethontius)
(Spbinx) 1, 23, -50, 83, 130, 163,

192, 193, 274, 276, 280
coia'ina (ticpidaria), Psodos .. 101

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

corcligera, Anarta . . . . - . 138

cordula iJar., Satyrus .. .. 283

Coriscium . . . . . . . - 191

coronata, Eupitliecia . . . . 219

coronillaria, Pseudoterpna. . .. 199

corticea, Agrotis

ah. brunnea . . . . . . 14s

ab. brunnea-virgata . . . . 148

ah. clavigerus . . . . . . 148

ab. irrorata-fusca . . . . 148

ab. nigra . . . . . . 148

ab. obsoleta-fusca . . . . 14s

ah. subfuscus . . . . . . 14S

«7j. transversa . . .. .. 14s

ab. venosa . . . . . . 148

ab. virgata-pallida . . . . 148

corydon, Polyommatus 11, 24, 119,
124, 126, 134, 1.35, 142. 143,

1(59, 170, 227, 228, 248, 2-53,
2.55, 275, 290, 299, .307,314,

32f), 341, 34.")
var. albicans .
var. eorydonius
var. hispana .
eorylata, Cidaria
coryli, Demas
Cosniiae
cossus. Teredo
costaestrigalis, Hypenodes

12

86, 119, 121

89, 119, 121

. .30], 351

24, 268, 302

.. 167

.. 167

.. 20.1

crabroniformis, Trochilium . . 342

Crambi ] 82

crassiorella,Fiuuea. . .. .. 217

crataegalis (crataegella), Scoparia

83, 1S2

crataegata (luteolata), Rumia 133, 305

crataegi, Aporia 2, 12, 66, 87, lis,

120, 124, 125, 126, 216, 228,

254, 283, 289, 290, 294, 331, 3:52

cratueg', Bucculatrix . . . . lOl)

craterellus, Crambus . . . . 182

crenulella, Apterona . . . . 217

erepuseiilaria, Tephrosia vide bis-

tortata.T.
crepuncuiaria (biundularia), Teph-
rosia .. ..112, 219, 273, 351

r«/-. delamerensis .. ,. 112

ab. nigra . . . . . 203

cribrum, Eulepia . . . . 181, 334

eristana, Peronea . . . . . . 5

cristulalis, Nola . . . . . . 274

croceago, Hoporina . . . . SI

ab. (et var.) lateriliii . . . . ls7

crocealis, Peronea (Ebulea) 171,

285, 347
croceus (edusa), F^urymus (Colias)
1, 2, 11, 24, 66, 120, 126,
134,136, 170, 171, 205, 2 J 6,
222, 229, 254, 262, 263, 275,
276, 283, 2S6, 290, 312, 313,

318, 326, 327, 333, 348
var. helice 24, (K!, 275, 304, 305.
cubicularis (quadripunctata), Cara-

drina 181

cueiibali, Dianthoecia . . 200, 340
cuculipcnneJlum, Coriscium .. 191

uuculla (cucuUina), Lophopteryx. . 341

cucullatella, Nola 272

ab. fuliginosa . . . . 114

culiciformis, .Egeria (Sesia) 109,

167, 300
culniellus, Crambus 182, 256, 287

cnnea, Hypiiantria . . . . . . 195

curtisii, Triphaena vide comes, T.
cursoria, Agrotis .. .. ..136

ab. brunnea . . . . . . 147

ab. caerulea . . . . . . 147

ah. obsoleta . . . . . . 147

aJ). ochrea . . . . . . 147

((?j. sagitta (sagittata). . .. 147

curtula, Clostera (Melalopha) 56,

167, 301
cyllarus, Nomiades 11, .59, 216, 332, 334

ab. ? anderey
ah. blachieri . .
Cyclophorae . .
Cymatophorae
Cymatoptiorides
cynosbana, Penthina

59
.. 59
.. 168
.. 168

188, 200
.. 182

274,

dahlii, Noctua

ah. rufa. .
daira, Teracolus

var. nouna
dam on, Polyommatus 119, 121,
124, 126. 253, 255,
Danainae

dapline, Brentlus (.\rgynnis) (iO,

281, 2S2,

daplidice, Pontia 2, 11, 12, 66, 86,

129,

Dasyebirae . .

davus, Coenonympha vide typhon, C.
dealbata. Scoria
debiliata, Chloroclystis

((/). nigropunctata
decorata, Craspedia vide violata., C.
decrepitalis, Scopula
deeurtella, Gelechia
defoliaria, Hybernia 50, 133, 250,
degeneraria, Acidalia
degenerana, Nycteola
degreyana, Eupoecilia
Deilepliila (Eumorplia)
deione, Melitaea
deliciosaria, Phaselia
delius, Parnassius 60, 61, 118, 125,
126, 215, 290,

Deltoides
densicornella, Elachista
dentalis, Odontia . .
dentina, Hadena 4',),

depuacta, Noctua . .
derasa, Gonophora . .
derivata (nigrofasciaria),
designata (propugnata),

detersa, Rhizogramnia
dia, Brentliis 11, 124,

188,

20(

Dianthoeciae

306,
. . 2S0,
. . I3;j,
An tie lea
Coremia
133, 134,

126, 171,
291, 312,

302
149

355

290
316

283

170

167

289

203

13S
182
273
274
1()8
204
278
12
201

354
206
260

182
344
H5;{
285
105

251
181

314

288

Xvi.

SPECLU. INDEX.

PAGE.

dictaea, Leiocauiija 135, 164, 302, 306
dictaeoides. Leiocampa 135, 164,

301, 302, 306, 346
dictynna, Melitaea .. 255, 291, 334
didyma (oculea), Apamea . . 284, 299
didyma, Melitaea 11, 86, 120, 125,

126, 132, 134, 142, 170, 216, 227
tv/r. graeca .. .. 66, 126

didyinata, Larentia . . 302, 306

diffinis, Calyinnia . . . . . . 285

dittiua (inaillardi), Crymodes

var. assimilis . . . . . . 117

Difl'ormes . . . . . . . . 168

dilucida, Apopestes (Spintherops) 181
diluta, Asphalia . . . . 133, 160

var. nubilata . . . . . . 188

dilutata, Epirvita (Oporabia) 168,

269, 304

dilutella, Phycis 288

dimidiata (scutulata), Acidalia 300, 350
Dimorpha . .
Dimoiphae . .
dipsacea, Heliothis..
Diptheiae . .
dispar, Chrysophanus
var. auratus
var. rutilus
di?par, Porthetria . .
dissimilella, Butalis
dissiuiilis (suasa), Hadena
dissimulata, Cataclysnie .
distans, Oxyptilus. .
ditrapeziuni, Noctua
divisella, Xystophora
dolabraria, Euiyinene
dolus, Polyomniatus
dominula, Callimoipha
ub. bithynica . .
var. rossica
donzelii, Polyonimatus
dorilis, Chrysophanus 59, 60, 124,

126, 170, 229, 255, 313, 314, 334
var. alpina . . . . . . 333

dorus, Coenonynipha . . 86, 121
douglasii, Bankesia . . . . 261

dromedarius, Notodonta 135, 164,
221, 271, 276, 301, 302, 306.

341, 345, 346
. . 188
.. 227
.. 167
. 307
.. 307

. 278,

279

168

. 168,

229

167

'. 108,

113

113

31, 113,

141

. 112,

171

182

344

201

'. 182',

256

353

2(i0

83

119

60

247

. 125',

126

rar. (et iib.) perfusca. .
dryas, Enodia
Dryades

dryinopa, Motodonta
diyopterata, Callidapteryx
dubia, Orgyia

var. spleiulida

41, 42, 43, 44,
45,

181

dubitalis, Scoparia

a?;, tristrigella. . .. .. 204

dumeiilii, Luperina . . . . 224

dumolinii, Lophostethus. . , . 806

duplaris, Cymatophora 49, 135,
222, 249, 299, 301,302, 341,

344, 346
var. (et ab.) argentea . . . . 188

var. obscurata . . . . . . 188

Ebulea
Echidnas

edusa (croceus), Colias 1, 2, 11, 24,
66, 120, 126, 134, 136, 170,
171, 205, 216, 222, 229, 254,
262, 263, 275, 276, 283, 286,
290, 312, 313, 318, 326, 327,
333,

var. helice 24, 66, 275, 304,

edwardsella, Fumea

egea, Polygonia 11, 66, 283, 312,

313,

egeria, Pararge 11, 23, 67, 121,

136, 163, 165, 171, 272, 306,

312, 313,

var. egerides 11, 12, 26, 303,
Elachistides. .
Elasmia

eleochariella, Elachista
elinguaria, Crocallis (Eusarca) 168,
248, 300,
elongella, Gracillaria
Elophilae
Elpenor

elpenor, Eumorpha (Choero-
campa . . . . 248, 259, 272,

elutella, Ephestia . .
emarginata, Acidalia 134, 288,

300,
Endromis vide Dimorpha
Eiidymia
Endymidae . .
Enyphantae. .
epiphron, Melampias

var. cassiope . .

var. mnemon . .
Epiplemidae
Epirritae

epistygne, Erebia . .
eppingella, Proutia. .
Erastriae
Erebia

ergane, Pieris
ericae, Orgyia
ericetella, Gelechia
erigerana, Eupoecilia
Eriocraniides
eriphyle, Erebia

eros, Polyommatus 60, 125, 126,
erosaria, Ennomos . . . . 206,

Erotj'lae
Erpyzones . .

crythrocephala, Orrhodia . . 269,
escheri, Polyommatus 60,121, 125,
126,
eucharis, Delias
Euclidiae

Euchloria (Thetidia)
Eucosmia vide Calocalpe . .
Eugouia
eumedon, Polyommatus . .

var. privata . . 32, 66, 125,
Eumorpha (Deilephila)
Eumorphae . .
cuphemo. Zcgris

, . 48, 49.
143, 146,

218,

32,
41, 42,

\GE.

347
167

348
305
217

332

314
331
260
168
260

301
182
168

278

280
181

350

201
20]
168
143
333
114
307
168
312
220
168
314
66
43
109
204
261
61
146
269
168
168
346

334
331
168
199
201
106
32
126
278
167
355

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

rar. meridionalis . . . . 1'2

euphenoides, Euchloe . . 12. 312
euphorbiae, Arctomyscis . .

rar. montivaga .. ..115

var. myricae 28, 88, 115, 161, 218
euphorbiae, Hyles . . . . 278, o54

euphrosyne, Brenthis 24, 66, 126,

133, 136, 146, 272, 291, 311, 341
var. fingal . . . . . . 341

Eupithecia . . . . . . . . 50

euiyale, Erebia 143, 146, 255, 291,

826, 334
Eurymus (Colias) . .
Eusarcae
Eutrapelae . .
Eutiichae
Eutrichiidae
everes, Polyommatus

ab. coietas
evias, Erebia

var. hispanica. .
evonymella, Hypliantes . . . . ICiS!

exanthemaria (exanthemata), Ca-
bera .. ..135,300,301,305

exclaniationis, Agrotis . . . . 285

ab. obsoleta . . . . . . 148

ab. pallida 148

ab. picea . . . . . . 148

ab. rufescens . . . . . . 148

exigua, Laphygma . . . . 2, 303, 353

exoleta, Calocampa . . Ib4, 165

extersaria (luridata), Tephrosia 273, 347
extranea, Leucania . . . . . . 353

exulis, Crymodes . . . . . . 353

. . 2, 24, 64

.. 168
.. 168
..167

. . 278

. . 5.S

11, 61, 218, 334

..11

fabriciella, Coleophora

fabius. Consul

fagi, Stauropus . . 104, 259,

ab. obscura
falcataria (falcula), Drepana 49,
135, 272, 301, 300, 345,
falsellus, Crambus . .
furinalis, Pyralis . .
faireni, Cataplectica
fascelina, Dasychira
fasciana, P>astria . . 273, 351,
fasciaiia, Ellopia zide prosapiaria, ]
faseiaria, Hylaea
fasciellus, Nematois
fasciuncula. Miana. .

ab. suli'usa
fausta, Anthiocera . . . . 88,

favicolor, Leucania. .
ferrugalis, Pionea . .
ferchaultella, Luft'ui 218, 220,

festiva (primulae), Noctua 190, 302,

ah. caerulea

(lb. yrisea

iur. ihulei
festucae, Plusia . . . . 206,

tiidia, Satyrus .. 71,89,119,

Fidoniidae . .

timbria, Triphaena 132, 134, 181,

271. 285, 300.

filigrammaria, Opoiabia 269, 301,

182
167
3U7

IMS

349
182
182
260
104

168
182

117
181
116
182
248
344
149
149
149
314
121
202

353
306

. PAGE.

fimbriata, Agrotis . . . . . . 181

fiiubriata, Eriocranla . . . . 261

lilipendulae, Anthrocera (Zygaena)

167, 226, 227, 326, 349, 353
tilipendulae, Nepticula . . . . 261

tissipuneta (ypsilon), Dysohorista

ah. (et var.) nigrescens . . 187

ab. variegata . . . . . . 187

tiammea, Meliaua . . . . 108, 284

fiamuiealis, Endotriclia . . 344, 347
flavago, Citria . . 83, 134, 300

flavalis, Pyiausta . .
flavella, Depressaria
Haveolaria, Acidalia
tlaviciliaua, Eupoecilia
fiavicincta, Polia . .
Havicinctata, Larentia

var. obscuratii, . .
fiavicornis, Asphalia

..182
..110
.. 328
..204
167, 304, 306
.. 302
..203
110, 161,

218, 219
var. gal ban us . . . . . . 188

flavofasciata, Eriocrania . . . . 61

lietcheri, Nepticula. . .. .. 261

flexula, Aventia . . . . . . 347

lloralis, Noctuelia . . . . . . 182

fluctuata, Melanippe 133, 134, 251, 300
ab. (et I'ar.) thules .. .. 203

tiuctuosa, Cyniatophoi'a 49, 135,

197, 206, 221, 301, 353
iiuviata, Camptogramma . . . . 305

Fodicantes . . . . . . . . 167

fontis, Boniolocha . . . . 249, 334

formicifoimis, Mgeiia (Sesia) . . 272
formosella, CEcophora . . . . 182

tranconica, Malaco&oma . . . . Ill

fraternella, Lita . . . . . . 259

fraudatricula, Bryophila . . . . 181

fraxini, Catocala .. .. .. 228

frequentella, Scoparia

ab. concinella . . . . . . 204

var. portlandica . . . . 204

fringsi hybr., Suierinthus . . . . 278

fritillura, Syrichthus . . 126, 283

var. caecus . . . . • . 126

fuciformis, Hemaris (Macroglossa)
112, 129, 130, 161. 162,163,

165, 215, 272, 278, 347

t'ugitivella, Teleia 110

fuliginaria, Parascotia (Boletobia) 3

fuliginosa, Spilosoma . . 27, 302

var. borealis . . • • ■ • 205

t'ulva, Tapinostola. . .. .. 205

ab. concolor .. .. .. 116

ab. neurica . . . . . . 116

ab. ochracea . . . . • • 116

ab. pallida . . . . . • 116

ab. punicea . . . . - • 116

ab. pygniina . . . . ■ • 116

fulvago, Citria (Xanthia) 83, 134,

167, 206, 300, 347
ab. flavescens . . . . . • 206

fulvalis, Pionaea . . . ■ . • 182
fulvata, Cidaria . . . • • • 201
fulvcsoens, Mompha . . • • o4S

fumata, Acidalia . . . • • • 206

XVUl,

SPECIAL INDEX.

furcata (sordidata. elutata), Hydri-
omena . . . . . . 300,

furcatellus, Crambus
furcula, Dicranura (Cerura) 137,
197,198, 250, 271,
furva, Mamestra . . . . 190,

furvata, Sciadion . .
fusca, Pygiaaena . .
fusca, Zelleria
fuscantaria, Ennomos
fuscipunctella, Coleophora . .
fuscovenosa, Ptychopoda . .
fuscus, Mimaeseoptilus

gadessalis, Actaenia

galactodactylus, Aciptilia . .

galathea (galatea), Melanargia 24,

125,126, 142,144, 170, 171,

227, 229, 250, 255, 275, 270,

282, 283, 289, 291, 298, 299,

304,

var. procida
galiata, Melanippe . . 49,

galii, Celerio (Deilephila) . .
gamma, Phisia 50, 87, 134, 181,
275, 286, 300, 30] ,
geerella, Elasmion . .
gelatella, Enyphantes
Gelechiides . .
gemina, Apamea

ab. rufescens . .
geminipuncta, Nonagria . . 28,
gemmai'ia ( rhomboidaria) ,Boarmia

((/;. (et (■((/•.) peifumaria
genistae, Hadena . . 109, 249, 273,
Gentiles
Genuinae
Geometia
Geometrae . .
Geometridae. .
Geometiides . .
Geometriformes
gerningana, Amphisa
geryon, Adscita
gilvago, Melliiiia . .

ah. (et V((r.) suti'usa
gilvaiia, Aspilutes . .
glabraria, Cleora
Glaeae
glaveosa, Noctua

ab. surt'usa (edda)
glauca, Hadena
glaucata (spinula), Cilix ..
glaucicolella, Coleophora . .
glaucinalis, Herculia (Pyralis)
Glancopes

glyphica, Euclidia . . Kis,
Glyphipteiygides . .
gnaphalii, Cucullia. .
Gnophos (Sciadion)
goante, Eiebia 125, 12G, 25(), 327,
goedartella, Aijjyiesthia .. 347,
gonostigma, Notolophns (Orgyia). .
gorge, Erebia . . 120, 142,

ab. erynnis . . . . ]2C,

308
49

301
20(5
168
328
259
102
182
199
256

182

285

306
332
352

278

345
168
168
259

117
346
134
203

284
167
167
188
168
199
206
168
345
257
300
..187
.. 202
190, 219, 273
.. 167
304
149
305
301
260
347
167

202,

. . 181,
105, 285,

269,

138, Kil,

228,

259
353
199
328

348
41

14(;

142

gothica, Graphiphora
gothica, Taeniocampa

ah. pallida

(ih. rufa
Gracilaria
Grucilariidae
Gracilariides
Gracilariinae
gracilis, Taeniocampa

P.VGK.

..167

132, 164, 219

. . 186

. . 186

192

191

260

191

191,
191,

132,
219

164,
220,

alj. hrunnea

tib. rosea

'///. (et ni)-.) rufescens. .
graniinella, Canephora
graniinis, Charaeas 49, 190, 256,
gramniica, Eulepia. .
j^raiiella, lirosis
Graijhiphorae
griseana, Eiipoecilia
griseola, Lithosia . , . • 171,

grossulariata. Abraxas (Spilote)

134, 168, 300, 303, 304, 305,
321,

ab. lacticolor . . . . 322,

griineri, Euchloe . . . . 32,

gryphipennella, Coleophora
guttea, Ornix
guttifinitella, Cameraria . .

Hamadryades

hamula (binaria), Drepana (Platy-

pteryxj .. ..167,250,301,

hastata, Melanippe (Rheumajjtera)

168,

haworthii, Celaena..

(■(()•. hibernica . .

ab. lancea

ab. tripuncta . .
hecate, Brenthis (Argynnis) 86, 120,
hector, Papilio

heldreichii, Colias .. ..64, 65,

Heliacae
Heliconius . .
Heliophilae . .
Heliotheutes
helle, Chrysophanus
Hemaris (Macroglossa)
hemerobiella, Coleophora . .
Hemerophilae

heparata (obliterata), Eupisteria
273, 301, 344,
hepariella, Zelleria . .
hepatica, Xylophasia . . 249,

Hepioli

hera(quadripunctaria),Callimoi'pha
2, 3, 169, 171, 181, 227, 253,

ab. lutescens . .
heracleana, Thaumatopoea
Heraeae

herbariata, Ptychopoda
herculeana, Cnetiiocanipa. .
Herculia

hermanella, Aristotelia
hermione, Satyrus 124, 125, 120,
169', 170, 282, 283, 293,

284
186
186
186
168
306
181
168
167
204
300

322
323
66
347
347
192

167

346

206
306
117
117
117
146
293
66
168
6
167
168
290
112
348
168

345
259
344
167

285
247
181
167
199
88
347
348

350

SPECIAL INDEX.

iix.

PAGE.

Hespeiidae . . . . . . . . 170

Heterocera . . . . . . . . 181

heterodactyla (teucrii), Oxyptilus 82
Heteromorphae . . . . . . 107

hexadactyla, Eipidophora . . . . 168

hibernicella, Masonia . . . . 261

hiera, Pararge .. ..11,5'.), 333

hieracii (pluinifera) (atra), Psyche

57, 58
Hipocritae . . . . . . . . 167

hippocastanaiia, Pachycnemia . . 165
hippothoe, Chiysophanus 143, 14(;,

290, 326, 327, 328
car. eurybia 125, 126, 255,

292, 326
liiisutella, Sterrhopterix . . . . 261

hirtaria, Biston . . . . . . 302

liispida, Heliophobus

a7^ argentea .. .. ..117

ah. obsoleta . . . . . . 117

ab. pallida . . . . . . 117

hispidaria, Nyssia 28, 56, 81, 82,

110, 129, 136
hodgkinsoni, Nepticula . . . . 261

honoiella, Pleurota. . .. .. 182

humiliata, Ptychopoda . . . . 199

humuli, Hepialus (Hepiolus) . . 167
hyale, Eurymus (Colias) 1, 24, 50,
06, 86, 120, 124, 126, 134,
170, 216, 222, 229, 254, 275,

283, 286, 290, 304,305, 313
Hybocampa (Notodonta) . . . . ^iOS

hybridalis (noctuella), Nomophila

(Stenopteryx) ..182,228,257, 32.S
hybridus /i ?/?';-., Smerinthus 191, 277
Hydriae . . . . . . . . 168

Hylaeae . . . . . . . . KiS

hvlas, Polyommatus 119, 125, 126,

170, 253, 283, 290, 332, 333, 354
far. nivescens . . . . 119, 121

Hyloicus (Sphinx) 248

Hymenopteroides . . . . . . 167

hyoscyamella, Gelechia . . . . 182

hyperanthus, Enodia 24, 126, 136,
170, 229, 256, 283, 289, 291,

298, 299, 306
hyperborea (alpina), I'achnobia

• 149, 161, 353

Hyperconipae . . . . . . 167

Hyphantae . . . . . , . . 168

Hypogymnae . . . . . . 167

ianira, Epinephele vide jiirtina,

E.
ianthina, Triphaena . . 134, 300

icarus, Polyommatus 11, 12, 51,
58, 66. 121, 124, 133, 13C),
169, 170, 171, 216, 226, 2.>6,
275, 283, 290, 299, 300, 303,
304, 312, 313, 314, 326, 331,

333, 341, 315
car. arcuata . . . . . . 5^

ab. clara . . . . . . 113

jb. icarinu:; . . . . . . 126

ijo. ? melanotoxa . . . . 58

PAGE.

ichneumonitormis, Aegeria . . 349

icteiicana, Spliaeloptera . . . . 345

ida, Epinephele .. 11,12,86,121
Idiae . . . . . . . . . . 16k

ilia, ApatiUH 11, 60, 61, 142, 143

car. clytie . . . . . . 142

ilicifolia, Gastropacha . . 108, 277

ilicis, Thecla 11, 12, 72, 121, 228, 283

var. aesculi . . . . . . 332

car. cerri . . . . 282, 283

illustraria, Selenia vide tetralu-

naria, S.
imitariii, Acidalia . . . . . . 300

immaculata, Mimas cide tiliae, M.
immundella, Trifurcula

t'flr. squamatella .. .. 261

inimutata, Acidalia. . .. .. 206

iinperialis, Eaeles . . . . . . 101

impluviata (trifasciata) (autunina-
lis), Hypsipetes 135, 273, 301,

305, 331, 357

inipudens (pudorina), Leucania .. 344

ab. ruiescens . . . . . . 116

impura, Leucania . . 132, 133, 134
ah. punctilinea . . . . 116

ab. punctina . . . . . . 116

inconspicuella, Solenobia . .

var. triquetrella . . . . 261

var. wockii . . . . . . 261

incendaria, Sphecomorpha . . 167

incerta (instabilis), Taeniocampa

164, 219
ah. atra. . . . . . . . 186

ah. (et var.) caerulescens . . 186
ah. rufa. . . . . . . . 186

Incertae . . . . . . . . 168

incunaria, Gypsonoma . . . . 182

Indubidatae . . . . . . . . 168

ines, Melanargia . . . . 12, 72

infausta, Aglaope . . . . . . 181

ino, Bienthis 126, 281, 291, 331

inopella, Ptocheuusa . . . . 110

inornata, Leptomeris . . . . 200

inquinatellus, Crambus . . . . 182

instabilella, Cerostoma . . . . 182

instabilella, Lita . . . . 105, 259

institalis, Pionea .. .. .. ]82

inteifaunus hi/hr., Calasymbolus 277
intcrjecta, Triphaena 134, 285,

300, 353
interjectaria (fuscovenosa), Ptycho-
poda 199

interrogationis, Plusia . . . . 20(5

inversa hijhr., Amorpha . . 191, 278
io, Hyperchiria . . . . . . 100

io, Vanessa 11, 23, 87, 120, 126,
132, 134, 136, 143, 164, 170,
216, 218, 227, 255, 283, 299,

303, 306, 331
iolas, Lycaena . . . . . . 60

iphioides, Coenonympha . . 87, 121
iphis, Coenonympha 143, 146, 256, 291
iris, Apatura (Potamis) 60, 61, 136,

142, 143, 167, 272, 283
ivregulaiif:., Dianthoecia . . 83, 353

SPECIAL INDEX.

isabellae, Graellsia 86, 88, 89, 90, 120

isogrammaria, Eupithecia. . .. 841

Itarae 202

Ithysia (Nyssia) . . . . . - 3

jaeobaeae, Euchelia (Hipocrita)
85, 135, 107, 181, 221,
janthina, Triphaena 134, 200,

japonica, Luehdorfia
japygia, Melanargia
jasioneata, Eupithecia . . 50,
jasins, Charaxes
Jaspidae
jo, Hamadryas

jiu'tina, Epinephele 11, 118, 121,

120, 134, 130, 170, 171,220.

227, 250, 275, 283, 291, 298,

299, 313, 344, 345,

var. hispulla . . . .12, 07,

301
300
225
121
203
11
107
107

354
121

kilmunella, Elachista . . . . 200

korbi, Albarracina .. .. 89, 181

kriiperi, Pieris . . . . 32, 00

laburnella, Cemiostoma . .
lacertinaria (lacertula), Drepana
135, 250,
lachesis, Melanargia 11, 72, 80,
Lachneides . . . . . . 107,

Lachneis

lactearia, lodis 133, 135, 273,

laounana, Sericoris..

lafauryana, Tortrix

1-album, Heliophila (Leucania) 2,

lanceolana, Bactia . .

ah. (et var.) nigrovittana
lanestris, Lachneis (Eriogastpr) 81,
109, 122, 133, 100, 301,
lapideUa, Lulha . . . . 71,

lappella, Parasia
lappona, Erebia . . 59, 14(),

ah. polhix
lapponaria, Nyssia . .
lapponica, Nepticubi
Larentia (Cidaiia) . .
Larentiidae . . . . 0, 198, 200,

Lares . .

lariciata, Eupithecia
laripennella, Coleophora . . 105,
larissa, Melanargia. . .. 32,

Lascivae

lathonia (latona), Argynnis 11, 12.
00, 80, 120, 120, 109, 170.
229, 291, 283,
lathoiiiana, Conchylis
lavitelia, Lithocolletis

var. irradiella
lavaterae, Spilothvrus 125, I2(i,
227,
Legitimat;

leoniao In/hr.. Mimas
Leiiioniades . .
Leniures

leporina, Acronvcta 135, 222, 301,
302, 300, 341,

348

301
12]
270
111
301
182
182
353

205

341
217
110
334

5!)

201
198
202
lOH
2iiS
34s
00
lOS

182

2(1(1

288
107

107
10«

344

PAGE.

. 115

. 192

. 219

. 149

. 149

. 107

ah. semivirga . .
Leucanthiza. .
leucographa, Pachnobia

ah. rufa . .

ah. suffusa
Leucomae
leucophaearia, Hybernia 28, 50,

103, 110, 129, 273
Leueopteni (Cemiostoma) . . 102

Leucopterinae . . . . . . 192

leucostigma, Helotropha . . . . 285

levana, Araschnia . . 288, 290, 304

libatrix, Gonopteia. .134, 284, 300, 301
Libytheidae . . . . . . . . 0

lichenaria, Cleoni 28, 105. 219,

248, 273

liciienea, Epunda 50,82,101

lichenella, Solenobia . . . . 218

ligea, Erebia 124, 120, 2.55, 291, 326

Ligia 201

Ligiidae 201

lignella, Hvpochalcia . . . . 182

ligniperda,'Cossus .. 190, 200, 250

ligula (spadicea), Orrhodia 49, 50, 81
ligustri, Craniophora 49, 114, 190, 249

ah. nigra . . . . . . 114

ligustri, Sphinx 237, 274, 274, 278,

300, 342, 343
limacodes(testudo), Cochlidion 108, 272
limbaria (conspicuata), E'idonia .. 128
liniitata (chenopodiata) (mensu-
raria), Ortholitha (Eubolia) 133,

135. 250, 300

ah. monodii . . . . . . 202

Limuades . . . . . . . . 167

limnalis, Elophila . . . . . . 168

limoniella, Goniodoma . . 200, 350
limosipenuella, Coleophora . . 109

liiiea, Adopaea (Thymelicus) 121,
liuea, Coleophora . .
linearia, Zonosonia. .
lineola, Thymelicus

ah. pallida
lineolata (virgata), Mesotype
lineolea, Coleophora
literalis, Diasenria . .
literosa, Miana . , . . 184,

299
109
301

113
275
109
257

285
lithargyria, Leucania 82, 184,^51, 299
ah. extralinea . . . . . . 115

ah. fulvescens . . . . . . 115

alt. marginata . . . . . . 110

(//'. pallida . . . . . . 115

LilhocoUetides 260

Litliocolletinae . . . . . . 191

Lithocolletis 191

lililiodactylus, (Edeniatophorus . . 285
lithoriza (areola), Xylocampa 104, 219
hthoxylea (lythoxylea), Xyloplia-

sia (Xylena) . . 167, 299. 805
litloralis, Heliophila (Leucania)

188, 352
littorana. Sericoris.. .. .. 2S8

iitura, Anchocelis . . . . . . 134

var. (et ah.) ruia . . . . 187

liturata, Macaria . . . . 202, 273

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

lividaria, Nychiodes . . . . 202

livoinica, Phiyxus (Deilephila) 181,

278, 280, 348
lixella, Coleophora . .
lobelia, Enicostoma
lobulata (carpinata).

loganella, Ornix
loreyi. Leucania
lota, Orthosia

(lb, pallida

ab. rufa . .

ab. suffusa
lonicerae, Anthrocera
lozopeioides, Phalonia
lubricipeda, Spilosoma
lacens, Hydroecia . .
lucernea, Agr(jtis . .

rnr. (et ab.) renigera
lucilla, Neptis
lucina, Nenieobius 165,
lueipara, Euplexia 49,
Inctuosa, Acoutia . .
lucnlella, Gelcchia . .
Luffia

luiia, Actias. .
lunaria, Eutrapela . .
lunaria, Selenia

.. 182
.. 101)
Lobophora

105, 219

..260

..353

206, 285, 346

..187

..187

.. 187

171, 181, 328

.. 182

80, 321, 352

.. 269

82, 190, 206

..148

171, 282, 283

214, 290, 333

273, 285, 300

.. 229

..347

..170

..101

.. 168

285, 301, 305

lunaris, Ophiodes (Ascalapha) 27, 168
lunigera, Agrotis ..

ab. nigra

ab. pallida

ab. suffnsa
lunosa, Anchocelis . .

ab. bruimea

ab. obsoleta
lupulinus, Hepialus
Inridata (exteisaria),

luridata, Leptomeris
lurideola, Lithosia . .
lutarella (pygmaeola),

Inteago, Luperina . .

var. barrettii . .

var. ticklini
lutealis, Scoparia . .
luteata, Asthena

luteolata (crataegata). Rumia 133,
liiteus, Malacosoraa (Lachneis) . .
lutosa, Calamia

ab. cannae

ab. rufescens . .
liitulenta, Epunda .. 50. 285, 286,

ab. albidilinea . .

ab. consiniilis . .
lyeaon, Epinephele IIH, 121, 125,
Lycaeaidae . . . . . . 170, 190

lycidas, Plebeius . . . . 60, 355

lychiiitis, Cnoullia . . . . . . 353

Lycophotia . .

Lyonetia . . . . . . . . 192

Lyonetiidae . . . . . . . . 192

LyonetiideK . . . . . . . . 26

Lyonetiinao . . . . . . . . 192

147

..147

..147

..147

50, 134, 309

-.187

.. 187

.. 218, 276

Tephrosia

273. 347
199
171, 248, 300
Lithosia

171, LSI

..118

.. 118

.. 285

.. 285. 334

305

111

116
116
302

187
2S6
126

Lythria (Botys)

PAOB.

,. 199

Macaria (Semiothis)
machaon, Paj)ilio (Princeps) 2, 12,
72, 87, 118, 120, 124, 126,
167, 170, 227, 254, 272, 283,
290, 304, 312, 332,
ab, aurantiaca . .
macilenta, Orthosia (Anchocelis)
50, 206, 346,
ab. straminea . .
Macroglossa (Hemaris)
Macroglossum (Sesia)
maculata (macularia), Venilia 49,
133, 206, 221, 273,
maeniacella, Coleophora . .
maeniata, Petiophora
maera, Pararge 124, 126, 170, 226,
256, 283, 291, 313, 332,
maggiella, LufHa
maillardi (difflua), Crymodes

var. assimilis . .
malvae, Syi'ichthus (Urbanus) 11,
126, 133, 167, 272, 283, 312,
malvarum, Spilothyrus
Mancipia . . . . ' . .

Manduca
Manducae

manto, Erebia . . 124, 126,
margaritata, Metrocampa 105,
marginaria (progemmaria), Hy her-
nia 28, .50, 110,

ab. (et far.) fuscata . .
marginata, Lomaspilis 248, 300,
mai'ginepunctata , Leptomeris
maritima (ulvae), Senta 28,

maritimella, Coleophora
marloyi, Nisoniades
matiivna, Lemonias
maturna, Melitaea . .

viir. wolfensbergeri
matura (eytherea), Cerigo
maura. Mania (Lemur)

134.

108,
346

134,
168.
251,

medon, Polyommatus
medesicaste, Tliais. .
medusa, Erebia 142, 143, 146,

megacephala. Ciispidia (Acronycta)
'285,
ab. nigra . . . . 103,

ab. ochrea
megaera, Pararge 11, 121, 126,
134, 136, 170,283,291, 299,
312, 313, 332,
ab. alberti
Melalophae . .
rnelampus, Erebia

124, 125, 126,
253, 291, 326,

melanopa, Anarta . .
melanops, Nomiades
melas, Erebia
meleager, Polyommatus

11. 12, .59,

61, 142,
143,

202

341
118

349
187
112

341
110

168

333
217

117

335
170
167
129
167
291
273

273
203
301
199

353
105

67
167
143

61
299

300

11

312

218

302
115
115

351

60

167

327
138
312
146

283

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

Melitaefi .. .. 255, 281, 282

mensurai'ia (limitata), Eubolia

133, 135, 256, 300

menthastri, Spilosoma . . 49, 352

ah. ochracea . . . . . . 306

var. scotica . . . . . . 188

menyanthidis, Pharetra 84, 115,

161, 248, 302, 305, 306, 345

ab. obsoleta

115

i^ar. scotica

115

ah. snffusa

115

mercurella, Seoparia

83,

1182

mesomella, Lithosia

23

272

mespilella, Lithocolletis

260

meticulosa, Phlogopbora

132,

134',

300

metis hyhr., Amorpha

278

mi, Euclidia

133,

189,

301

miata, Cidaria

269,

302

micacea, Hydioecia

nh. brunnea

117

ab. grisea

117

ab. lutea

117

(lb. rubida

117

milbauseri, Hyboeampa

307

milvipennis, Coleopbora

109

miniata, Calligenia. .

248,

300

ab. lutescens . .

114

minima, Cupido 146,

216,

250,

255,

275,

283,

290

var. alsoides . .

288,

332

minimellus, Nemotois

347

miniosa, Taeniocampa

164',

273

ab. pallida

186

ab. virgata

186

minutata, Eupithecia

345

Mirabiles

168

Miseliae

167

mitfordella, Masonia

261

mnemosyne, Parnassius

61, 66,

mnestra, Erebia
moldavica, Cledeobia
molybdeola, Lithosia
monacha, Psilura . .
moneta, Plusia

146. 333

61, 327, 328

. . 182

.. 280

..248

3, 166, 219, 244,

285, 306
moniliata, Sterrha . . . . . . 199

monilifera, Narvcia . . 218, 249

ab. atrella " 261

monodactylus, Pterophorus 171, 182
monoglvpha (polyodon),Xv]ophasia

117, 134, 285, 299,'302, 340, 351
(lb. aetbiops . . . . . . 117

(lb. brunnea
montanata, Melanippe

var. (et ab.) sbetlandic;
montivagata, Calocalpe
morio, Hipogymna..
moipbeus, Heteropterus
diina)

ab. obscura
mncidaiia, Sciadion
mueronella, Theristis

ab. striata
multistrigaria, Larentia

.. 117
250, 306
.. 203
.. 201
.. 167

(Cara-

142

147
202

.. 204
109, 165

PAGE.

ah. nubilata . . . . . . 203

mimda, Taeniocampa . . 164, 219

ab. pallida . . . . . . 186

ab. striata . . . . . . 186

mundana, Nudaria 137, 193, 248, 352

mundella, Lita . . . . . . 260

miiralis (glandifera), Bryophila

71, 170, 181, 220, 222

rar. impar . . . . . . 188

ab. (et var.) obscura . . . . 188

muralis. Seoparia . . . . . . 83

murina, Nudaria . . . . . . 181

musculana, Cacoecia

var. musculinana . . . . 204

musculosa, Synia . . . . 108, 353

mutata, Acidalia . . . . . . 327

myopaeformis, iEgeria . . . . 348

mvricae, Arctomyscis (Acronycta)

' 28, 88, 115," 161, 218

myrmidone, Colias.. .. 144, 146

myrtilli, Anarta 135,269, 304, 306, 345

var. rufescens . . . . . . 188

Naclia
Najades

nana, Eupoecilia

nanata, Eupithecia. . .. 306,

napi, Pieris 120, 126, 133, 134, 136,

146, 170, 254, 283, 29!), 303, 312,

ab. bryoniae

var. fiavescens. .
nebulosa, Aplecta . . . . 135,

var. (et ab.) pallida

ab. robsoni
negleeta (castanea), Noctua
nemorana, Simaethis
nenapia. Neoplasia..
Nepticulides . .
Nereides

nerii, Daphnis . . . . 278,

nei'ine, Erebia

var. reichlini . .
nervosa, Depressaria
neurica, Nonagria . .

ah. rosea
neustria, Malacosoma (Bombyx
Trichoda) 106, 133, 160,
167, 285, 272,

(Lb. rosea

hyhr. schaufussi
nickerlii, Luperina..
nictitans, Hydroecia 117, 134, 248,
269, 285,

ab. albicosta

ab. obscura

ab. pallida

ab. rosea
nigra, Clostera
nigra, Epunda 50, 269,

nigricans, Agrotis . .
ab. fuscovariegata
(lb. pallida
ab. quadrata . .
ah. rufa. .

271, 302,
346, 347,
134,

281
167
109
345

832
59
59
273
188
188
302
182
294
261
167
280
334
334
182

116

300
116
106
118

299
116
116
116
116
356

356
286
147
147
147
147

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

nigricellfi, Coleophora . . . . 347
nigrocincta, Polia . . . . 55, 353

nigrofasciaria (derivata), Anticlea ICio
nimbella, Homoeosoma . . . . 182

var. saxicola . . . . . . '204

niobe, Argvnnis 120, 124, 126, 227,

255, 291, 326

var. eiis 66, 118, 125, 126, 334
nisana, Grapholitha . . . . 83

nobilis, Phareka vide riimicis, P.
Noctuae . . . . 167, 186, 2(58

noetuella (hvbridalis), Nomophila

182, 228, 257, 328
Noctuides . . . . . . . . 114

Nola (Lycophotia) . .

Nolidae 307

Nolides 114

nostradamus, Hesperia . . . . 67

notata, Macaria 171, 220, 250, 301, 340
notha, Brephos . . . . 55, 220

Notodonta (Hybocampa) . . . . 308

Notodontides . . . . . . 188

nubeculosa, Petasia 82, 104, 135

nuraerica, Erastria. . .. .. 181

nupta, Catocala 134, 241, 300, 301

ah. caerulescens . . . . 188

Nycteola . . . . . . . . 169

nymphaea, Catocala . . . . 181

nymphaealis, Hydrocampa . . 85

nymphaeata, Nymphula . . 182, 226
Nyssia (Ithysia) . . . . . . 3

obelisca, Agrotis . . . . 269, 280

var. grisea . . . . . . 147

I'ar. bastifera . . . . . . 147

ab. suffasa . . . . . . 148

oberthiiri hybr., Smerintbns . . 278

obfuscalis, Pyrausta . . . . 182

obfuscata, Dasydia.. .. .. 271

obliterata (hepavata), Eupisteria

273, 301, 344, 345

obsoleta, Leucania . . . . . . 285

obsoletaria, Ptychopoda . . . . 200

obscura, Agrotis . . . . 285, 286

obseurata, Sciadion . . . . 202

obtasella, Coleophoia . . . . 2(;0

occulta, Aplecta . . . . . . 302

ocellaris, Mellinia . . . . . . 3

ocellata, Melanthia.. 133, 300, 305

ocellata, Smerinthus 109, 136, 137,

163, 166, 191, 192, 227, 278,

300,

ochracea, Gortyna . . . . 102,

ochraceella,Mompha(Myi'niecozela)

17,
oiihrata, Acidalia (Emmiltls) 200,

ochreai'ia, Asthena . .
ochrea, Coleophora . .
oehrolenca, Eremobia (Hadena)
181, 250,
oehsenheimeri, Anthrocera (Zy-

gaena) 171,

Ocnerostoma

320
285

348

256
133
347

285

353
192

octogesima (ocularis), Cymatophora

181, 249, 285, 340, 341, 353
octomaculana, Cnephasia . . . . 204

octomaculata (octomaculalis) ,

Ennychia . .171, 229, 333, 351

oculea, Apamea vide didyma, A.
oeme, Erebia . . 142, 143, 146

(Enochrominae . . . . . . 199

Oinophila 192

oleracea, Hadena . . 49, 285, 300

Olethreutae . . . . . . . . 168

olivata, Larentia . . . . . . 328

oliviella, Dasycera (CEcophora) 182, 347
ononaria, Aplasta . . . . . . 199

00, Dicyela 286

opacella (atra), Acanthopsyche 57, 58
ophiogramma, Apamea . . . . 285

opima, Taeniocampa . . . . 164

ab. brunnea . . . . . . 186

ab. grisea . . . . . . 186

ab. unicolor . . . . . . 186

Opogena . . . . . . . . 192

oporana, Archips . . . . . . 168

Opostega 192

or, Cymatophora (Bombycia) 167, 249
var. scotica . . . . . . 188

orbifer, Syrichthus.. .. ..67

orbitnlns, Polyomraatus 61, 125,

126, 291
orbona (comes), Triphaena 132,

134, 181, 190, 285, .300
abs. consequa, cnrtisii, nigra,
rufa, rnfescens. virgata . . . . 148

Oreades 167

Oreopsyche . . . . . . . . 57

Orgyia 41, 42, 43

orion, Moma . . . . . . 272

orion, Polyommatns 58, 216, 282,

287, 332
ornata. Acidalia (Craspedia) 171,

200, 304
ornatella, Phycis . . . . . . 256

ornithopns (rhizolitha), Xylina 50,

164, 346

Ornix 191

orobi, Cemiostoma . . . . . . 261

Ortholitha (Plerocyniia) . . . . 199

osteodaetyliis, Leioptilus 82, 182, 327
ostensackenelbu Leucanthiza . . 192
ostrina, Thalpochares . . . . 181

ostrinalis, I'yrausta . . . . 182

ostrinaria, Hyi-ia . . . . . . 200

ottomanus, Chrysophanus 32, 33, tiC)
oxyacanthae, Miselia . . . . 167

(lb. capucina . . . . . . 188

I'achyes 168

padella, Hypononieuta . . . . 49

palaomon, Carterocephalns 130,

331, 333
palaeno, Colias 60, 61, 125, 126, 291
palealis, Spilode.s . . . . . . 170

pales, Brenthis 124, 126, 142, 143,

144, 291
var. isis . . . i 125, 126

speciaTj index.

ab. 9 napaea . .
pailens, Leucania (Heliophila) ll(i,
134, 1(37, 285,
ah. areuata,
ah. suffusa
palliola, Chlamiphora
palpina, Pterostoma 109, 110, 133,
Palpitae

paludis, Hydroecia . . . . 117,

ab. brunnea
ah. grisea
ab. intermedia . .
palumbaria, Eubolia . . 285,

Palumbina . .
palustiis, Hydrilla . .
ah. iiisca
ab. lutescens . .
pamphilus, Coenonympha 11, 49,
126, 133, 134, 136, 170, 216,
226, 253, 256, 283, 291, 298,
299, 313. .331, 3.32,
var. lyllus
pandalis, Botys

pandora, Dryas (Argynnis) 11, 12,

66, 72, 86, 120,

pantaria. Abraxas (Spilote) 71,

paphia, Dryas 24, 120, 124, 126,

136, 142, 167, 169, 170, 189,

253, 255, 283, 299, 303, 306,

313, 326,

var. valezina61, 125, 126, 169,

170, 171, 303,

papilionaria. Geometra (Terpne)

55, 105, 135, 168,

Papiliones . .

Papilionides . .

Papilionoides

paradoxa, Heterogynis

Paraseotia . .

pariana, Hemerophila

paripennella, Coleophora

parthenias, Brephos 55, 110, 165,

168,

parthenie, Melitaea 120, 126, 282,

291,

var. varia 124, 126, 141, 143,

144, 146, 326,

pascuellus, Crambui?

pasiphae, Epinephele 11, 12, 86,

87,
pavonia, Saturnia 27, 28, 127, 133,
167, 278, 302,
pectinut,aria(viridaria),Larentia251
pedaria (pilosaria), Phigalia28, 50,
56, 83, 110, 129, 136,
pellionella, Ses
peltigera, Ileliothis
pendnlavia, Cyclophora (Zonosoma)
168, 249,
penella, HeterogyniB
ab. monacbaria
penkleriana, GiapholUba . .
penuaiia, Hiniera . . 133, 269,
pentadaetyla, AciptiJia (Pterophor-
08) 168,

AGF.
1 26

300
116
1J6
168
301
168
285
117
117
117
305
192
353
147
147

345
283
273

334
202

345

326

248
167
113
167
307
3
168
348

219

326

334
182

121

320
276

273
168
353

273
307
203
83
273

171

penziana, Cnephapia

var. bellana

var. colquhounana
peregrina. Hadena . .
Pericopidae . .
perla, Bryophila 134, 181, 221, 285,
299, 304,
perlellus, Crambus . . 171, 182,
persicariae, Maniestra
perspicillaria, Cloantha
petraria, Panagra . . 133, 206,
petrificata, Xylina vide socia X.
Petrophorae . .

phegea, Syntomis (Glaucopis) 167,
171,
pheretes, Polyommatus 60, 125,
Phibalapteryx

phicomone, Colias 61, 124, 125,
126, 253, 254, 290, 291, 327,
phlaeas, Cbrysophanus 11, 56, 60,
66, 71, 106, 121, 134. 136,
170, 171, 255, 275, 290, 298,
299, 303, 312, 313, 314, 328,
333,

ab. caeruleopunctata . .

var. eleus . . 66, 170,

ab. purpureopunctata. .

ab. schmidtii . .
phoebe, Melitaea 11, 86, 118, 120,
126, 145, 169, 171, 216, 291.
326,

var. cancasica . .

var. occidentalis

var. oceitaniea. .
phlomidis, Syriehthus
phragmitidis, Calamia

ab. paDida

ab. rufescens . .
phrygialis, Botys . . . . 257,
Phyllobrostidae
Phyllobrostinae
Pbyllobrostis
PhyUoenistinae

Phyllocnistis . . . . 71,

Phyllonoryeteres
picata, Cidaria
pieeana, Tortrix

pietaria, Aleucis . . 50, 105, 132,
pictella, Argyritis . .
Pierinae
pigra, Clostera
Pigrae

pilleriana, CEneetra..
pinastri, Hyloieus (Sphinx) 71, 87,
181, 248,
pinetellus (pinellus), Crambus 182,
347,
pinguinalis, Aglossa
piniaria, Bupalus (Fidonia)
piniaria, Cbleuastes
pinicoliina, Evetria..
piniperda, Panolis 87, 135, 164,
190, 219,
pisi, Hadena . . . . 256,

204
204
353
307

348
257
285
353
273

168

353
126

198

334

351
59

333
60

60

334
66
12
126
67
285
116
116
827
192
192
192
192
192
168
248
288
183
260
316
135
168
288

278

349
110
273
168
205

273
285

SPECIAL IMDEX.

PAGE.

var. seotiea . . . . . . 188

pistaeina, Anchocelis .. 285, iJOO

ab. biunnea . . . . . . 187

pityocanipa, Thaiiniatopoea (Cne-
thoeampa) .. .. 71, ]S1

plagiata, Anaitis ISo, 221, 273, 800
plaiitaginella, Lita . . . . 13i), 2o0

plantaginis, Numeophila . . 20o, 327
ab. hospita . . . . 41), 20-")

var. bospiton . . . . . . 49

Platypterices . . . . . . 167

plecta, Noctua . . 49, 134, 299

Pleiocymia (Ortholitha) . . . . 199

pluiiiavia, Selidosenia . . . . 202

var. (lib. ?) pyrenaearia . . 202

plnmbaria, Eubolia . . 28o, 305

plumifeia, Oreopsyche . . 57, 58
plumifera, Ptilocepbala . . . . 217

plumularia, Anthometra . . . . 202

Plusiae 168

plusiaria, Euchlioris (Thetidia) . . 199

Pluteliides 204

podaliiius, Papilio 72, 74, 120,

124, 226, 283, 312, 313, 350
var. feisthameli . . 11, 12

Poliae 167

politalis, Evergatis . . . . . . 182

politella, Bryotiopha . . . . 259

polychloros, Eugonia 23, 66, 106,
109, 132, 134, 136, 165, 170,
216, 218, 219, 255, 272, 281,

283, 299
polygonalis, Mecyna . . . . 182

polygramma, Thalpochares . . 181

polyrania. Nereis . . . . . . 167

polyodon, Xylophasia vide mono-

glypha, X.
polyxena, Thais . . . . . . 245

pomonaria, Ithysia. . .. .. 3

popularis, Heliophobus 284, 304, 346
populata, Cidaria . . . . . . 306

populeti, Taeniocampa . . 81, 219
ab. nigra . . . . . . 186

ab. obsoleta . . . . . . 186

populi, Amorpha (Snierinthns) 130,
136, 137, 163, 164, 167, 191,

192, 259, 278, 306, 320
ab. borkhauseni . . . . 354

ab. pallida 279

ah. subflava . . . . . . 279

ab. treniulae . . . . . . 354

populi, Limenitis (Najas) 61, 143,

167, 282, 283, 289, 290
var. treinulae . . . . . . 282

populi, Poecilocampa 23, 28, 133, 272
porata, Zonosoma (Ephvra) 23,

134, 273, 300
porcellus, Theretra (Choeroeampal
163, 165, 248, 259, 271, 272,

275, 278, 279, 3U0
portlandieella, Lita . . . . 26U

Potamides . . . . . . . . 167

potatovia, CoBmotriche (Odonestis)

24, 132, 133, 274, 320

potentillae, Coleophora . . 260

poterii. Nepticula . . . . . . 261

praecocella, Argyres . . . . 219

prasina, Aplecla . . 49, 206, 249, 273
prasinana, Hylophila (Halias) 135,

272. 300, 347
pratellus, Crambus. . .. .. 182

prienri, Satyvus 70, 71, 88. S9, 119, 121
? var. uhagoni . . . . 119

Principes . . . . . . . . 167

primulas (festiva), Noctua

ah. caerulea . . . . . . 149

ab. grisea . . . . . . 149

var. thulei . . . . . . 149

proboscidalis, Hypena . . . . 257

procellata, Melanthia . . 133, 300
prodromana, Aniphisa . . . . 105

prodromaria, Aniphidasys ride stra-

taria A.
prodromaria, Pachys . . . . 168

profundana, Paedisca . . . . 270

promissa, Catocala 81, 138, 190,

273, 288
pronoe, Erebia

var. pitho . . 124, 125, 126

pronuba, Triphaena 134, 190, 285, 300

«/>. caerulescens .. .. 148

propugnata (designata), Coremia

133, 134, 251
prosapiaria (fasciaria), Ellopia 105,

190, 273
proserpina, Oreas . . . . . . 167

Prosolopha . . . . . . . . 201

protea, Hadena

aZ*. (etrar.) variegata. . .. 188

proto, Syrichthus (Hesperia) 12, 121
protodiee, Pieris .. .. .. 264

pruinata (cytisaria), Pseudoterpna

199, 273, 300

prunaria, Angerona . . 133, 321

ab. sordiata . . . . 80, 321

pruui, Thecla . . 2, 60, 331, 332

pseudobonibycella, Taleporia, vide

tubulosa, T.
Pseudopanthera . . . . . , 202

Pseudo pes . . . . . . . . 168

psendospretella, Borkhausenia

(CEcophoia) 348

psi, Triaena (Acronyeta) 49, 135, 301
var. bidens . . . . . . 116

ah. bivirgae . . . . . . 115

ab. juncta . . . . . . 115

ab. rosea . . . . . . 115

ab. suffusa . . . . . . 115

ub. virga . . . . . . 115

Psychidae .. .. 216, 261, 248

Pterophorae . . . . . . . . 168

Pterophori . . . . . . . . 182

Pterophorides . . . . . . 204

I'tilodoiites . . . . . . . . 167

Ptychopoda 199

pudilninda, Dasychira 135, 167,

251, 272, 301
pulchella, Deiopeia. . . . . . 2

pulcbellata, Eupitbecia . . 306, 352

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

rar. hebudium , . , . . . 203
pulla, Epichnopteryx . . . . 21-)

pulveraiiii, Numeria . . 135, 206

pulverosella, Neptieula . . . . 109

pulverulenta (ciuda), Taeniocampa

130, 164, 182

ab. haggarti . .

ab. pallida

(lb. rufa. .
pumilata, Eupithecia
punctaria, Zonosoma
punctata, Naclia
punctularia, Tephrosia
punicealis, Pyrausta
pura, Thalpochares
purpura! is, Anthrocera (Zygaena)

80, 227, 280, 326, 327
purpuralis, Heliaca (Pyrausta)

49, 168, 170, 182, 227, 257
purpurascens, Anthrocera.
purpurata, Arctia . .
purpurella, Eriocrania
purpurina, Antophila

182, 183, 186
..186
..186
.. 219
.. 273
..281

. . 135, 301
.. 227
.. 181

353

282
261
168

pusaria, Cabera 134, 135, 300, 301

pusaria, Sphecodes.. .. .. 168

pustulata, Phorodesma . . . . 285

puta, Agrotis 106, 134, 222, 299

ah, nigra . . . . . . 148

putris, Axylia . . . . 134, 285

pygmaeolii (lutarella), Lithosia 171, ISl

pyraliata, Cidaria . . . . 256, 306

Pyralidae 182

Pyralides 168, 203

pyralidiformis, Thyris . . . . 167

pyralina, Cosmia (Calynmiu) 342, 353

Pyralis . . . . ' . . . . 347
pyraniidea, Amphipyra (Pyrophyla)

134, 107, 300

pyrivorella, Lithocolletis . . . . 260

pyrophila (simulans), Agrotis . . 353

ah. latens 148

(th. sibirica . . . . . . 148

ab. suffusa . . . . . . 148

Pyrophylae . . . . • • . . 167

quadra, (Enistis .. .. 219,272

quadrifasciaria, Coremia 23, 206, 275
quadripunctaria (hera), Calli-
niorpha 3, 169, 171, 181. 227,

253, 285

ab. lutescens . . . . . . 247

quadripunctata (cubicularis), Cara-

drina 181

quercana (bicolorana), Hylophila

(Pseudoips) 133, 138, 160, KW
quercifolia, Eutricha 132, 133, 167,

274, 301, 304
quercinaria (angularia), Ennomos

82, 273
quercus, Lasiocanipa 56, 132, 133,
170, 183, 184, 189, 259, 270,
276, 277, 278, 281, 300, 301,

302, 320

var. callunae . . 183, 184, 277

var. Bicula 171

querciin, Zephyrus (Thecla) 50, 121,
134. 160, 189, 219, 228, 272,

299, 303
quinquella, Neptieula .. .. 261

rajella, Phyllonorycter

rapae, Pieris 11, 66, 120, 126, 183,
134, 136, 146, 170, 226, 227,
254, 264, 283, 299, 303, 312,

raptricula, ]5ryophila

ravida, Agrotis

reclusa, Clostera

rectangulata, Eupithecia . .

rectilinea, Hyppa . . . . 49,

remutaria (reniutata), Acidalia . .

repandalis, Botys . .

repandata, Boarniia 56, 248, 302,
var. nigra
I'ar. sodorensiura

resinea, Scoparia . .

respersaria, Sciadion

respirantana, Conchylis

reticulata (saponariae), Neuronia
249, 284,

reticulata, Cidaria . .

retiella, Whittleia . .

retinella, Argyresthia

retusa, Tetliea (Plastenis) . . 83,
ab. gracilis . . . . 83,

revayana (undulanus), Sarro-

thripus 272,

ab. ramosana . .

rliamni, Gonepteryx 11, 66, 86,

120, 126, 132, 134, 136, 137,

160, 170, 216, 218, 227,254,

272, 283, 290, 298, 299,

rhenella, Nephopteryx

Rheuniapterae

rhizolitha (ornithnpus), Xylina
50, 164,

rhododactylus, Cnemidophorus . .

Ehodostrophia

rhombella, Gelechia

richardsoni, Meesia

ridens, Cymatophora

. . 105,

(Asphalia)

165. 206,

(lb. interrupta . .
ripae, Agrotis
(lb. brunnea
ab. grisea
Kipidophorae

roboraria, Boarmia (Cymatophora)
28, 54, 168. 249, 273,
roboris, Laeosopis . .
rosa, Crenis . .
rostralis, Hyjjena . . . . 134,

(lb. unicolor
roxburglii, Ephestia
roxelana, Pararge . . . . 33,

rubi, Callophrys (Thecla) 59, 66,
136, 274, 283, 290, 312, 332,
333,
ub. immaculata
rubi, Macrothvlacia (Bombvx) 27,
171, 269, 272,

168

319
181
353
56
273
206
273
182
352
203
203
248
202
182

285
108
138
347
134
187

274

288

331

344
168

346
182
200
348
261

272

188

148
148
168

347
121
316
300
188
204
66

351
59

350

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

rubi, Noctua. . 134, 171, 172, 344

ah. flava . . 171, 172, 173

ah. ochracea . . . . . . 172

ah. quadrata . . . . 172, 173

rubidata, Anticlea . . . . . . 341

rubiginata, Emmiltis . . . . 199

rnbiginea, Dasycampa 80, 104, 164

ab. unieolor . . . . . . 187

rubricollis, Gnophria 272, 300, 347

rubricosa, Pachnobia 105, 164, 305

ab. pallida . . . . . . 149

(tb. (et var.) rnfa . . . . 149

rufa, Coenobia . . . . . . 353

ab. pallescens . . . . . . 116

rufaria (rufata), Ptvchopoda

(Chesias) . . . .109, 200, 228, 341

rufella, Pterothrix 181

rufina, Anchocelis . . . . . . 50

rumicis, Pharetra (Acronvcta) 49,

84, 285

ab. euphrasiae . . . . . . 115

ab. lugubris . . . . . . 84

ab. nobilis . . . . . . 84

ab. salieis . . . . 84, 115

rumina, Thais .. .. .. 11

rupicapraria, Hybernia ..28,50, 131

rurea, Xylophasia . . 49, 285, 302, 340

ah. argentea . . . . . . 117

ab. combiista . . . . . . 302

ab. flavorufa . . . . . . 117

ab. nigro-rubida . . . . 117

russata (trnncata), Cidaria . . 351
russnla, Nemeophila (Euthemonia)

160, 181, 189, 249, 272, 327, 352

rusticata, Acidalia . . . . . . 345

rusticata, Cosmorhoe . . . . 200

var. mustelata. . .. .. 200

Rustici 167

sacraria, Ehodometra

200

sagittata (sagitta) var., Agrotis . .

147

Saliae

168

salicalis, Salia

168

salicata, Larentia . .

49',

305

salinella, Coleophoia

260

salopiella, Eriocrania

261

sambucaria (sambucata), Uiapteiyx

(Lars) .. .. 168,

133,

206

sanguinalis, Pyrausta

182

sanguinaria, Lythria (Botys)

200

sao, Syrichthus (Hesperia) 121

12(;,

312,

327

var. enerate

12

saponariae (reticulata), Neuronia

249

284,

285

sai"pedon, Anthrocera

181

sarpedon, Papilio . .

225

satellitia, Scopelosoma 132,

164,

269,

285

satura (porphyrea), Hadena

353

satnratella, Coleopbora

260

satyrata, Eupitbeeia

206

var. callunaria. .

203

var. cnr/.oni

203

satyrion, Coenonympha . .

291,

327

PAGE.

saucia, Peridroma (Agrotis) 50, 134, 300
sauciana, Penthina. .

var. staintoniana . . . . 205

saxonellus, Crambus . . . . 182

scabiodactylus, Mimaeseoptilus . . 82
scabriuscula (pinastii), Dipterygia 272
schalleriana, Peronea

ah. (et var.) perplexana . . 204

scliaufussi hi/hr., Malacosoma . . 107
schlaegeriella, Pleurota . . . . 182

sehrankiana, Titania . . . . 218

Sciadion 168, 199

scirpi, Elachista 260

seopariella, Depressaria . . . . 110

scopoliana, Catoptria

car. parvulana. . .. .. 205

scotana, Leptogramma 56. 269, 349
scotica, Fumea . . . . . . 261

scrivella, Gelechia . . . . . . 182

scutulata (dimidiata), Acidalia 309, 350

Scythris 348

sebrus, Cupido 58, 59, 125, 126, 227
secalis, Hadena . . . . . . 181

segetis (segetum), Agrotis 134, 167,

285, 300
selasellus, Crambus . . . . 256

selene, Brenthis 49, 136, 169, 170,

171, 249, 299, 303, 331, 341
sellana, Penthina . . . . . . 171

semele, Satvrus 11, 66, 86, 89, 119,
121, 126, 134, 136, 170, 222,

256, 275, 291, 299, 303, 304

var. aristaeus . . . . . . 282

semiargus, Nomiades 11, 12, 32, 66,
125, 126, 216, 255, 283, 290,

291, 326, 332, 333

ruir. blachieri . . . . 332, 333

var. helena . . . . 32, 66

var. parnassia . . . . 32, 66

semideeandrella, Lita . . . . 2.59

semifusca, Argyresthia . . . . 259

SemigeomeU'ae . . . . . . 168

semipurpurella, Eriocrania . . 109

seniirubella, Salebria . . . . 182

serairufa, Ephestia . . .. .. 203

Semiothisa (Macaria) . . . . 202

senex, Nudaria . . . . . . 285

sepiaria, Tephrosia. . .. .. 202

sepium, Bacotia . . . . 229, 249

serella, Xepticula . . . . . . 261

sericealis, Rivula . . . . . . 285

sericeata, Sterrha . . . . . . 199

serrularia, Phaselia . . . . 201

servella, Xystophora . . . . 349

Sesia (.Egeria) (Macroglossum) 3,

88, 167

Setes 168

Sibylla, Limenitis 124, 126, 189,
272, 283, 290, 312, 313, 331,

332, 345
sicanaria, Rhodostrophia . . . . 200

signatella, Symmoca . . . . 182

similis (auriflua), Porthesia 134,

167, 300, 340, 344, 345
siraulans (pyrophila), Agrotis . . 353

ab. latens 148

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAOK.

ab, sibirica . . . . . . 148

(tb. suft'u&a . . . . . . 148

simulata, Thera . . . . . . '2o!)

sinapis, Leptidia 11, 12, 59, 87,
120, 126, 136, 169, 170, 214.
216, 227, 229, 254, 283, 290,

312, 313, 326, 332, 333

ab. diniensis . . . . . . 331

ah. subgrisea , . . . . . 59

sinuata, Anticlea .. 250,271,350

sinuella, Homoeosonia . . 171, 182

smaragdaria, Phorodesma (IjU-

ehloria) 192, 199

ab. alinea . . . . . . 204

ah. obsoleta . . . . • ■ 204

ab. unilinea . . . . . . 204

sobrina, Noctua .. 1(16,271, 286

ah. sulfusa . . . . . . 149

sobrinata, Eupitheeia . . 83, 190

var. stevensata . . - - 203

Bocia, Xylina . . . . 164, 346

ab. (et var.) rufescens . . 188
Bociata (subtristata), Melanippe . .

var. obscurata . . . . . . 203

sociella, Aphomia . . . . . . 347

Solenobia 217

solldaginis, Litbomia

var. suffusa . . . . . . 188

Eordida, Mainestra . .

ah. ochraeea . . . . . . 117

sordidata, Hydriomena vide fnr-

cata, H.

sorhagenella, Phyllocnistis 71, 182

sororcula, Lithosia . . . . . . 272

spadicea, Oiihodia vide ligula, 0.

sparganii, Nonagria . . 108, 138

sparsata, Collix . . . . . . 273

spartiata, Chesias . . . . 109, 251

spectrum, Apopestes (Spintherops) 181

Sphecodae . . . . . . . . 168

Sphecomorphae . . . . . . 167

Sphinges . . . . . . . . 167

Sphingidae 129

Sphingides 192, 278

Sphingoides . . . . . . . . 167

Sphinx .. .. .. ..101

sphinx (cassinea), Asteroscopus 23, 80

spilleil, Tieris . . . . . . 316

Spilotae 168

Spilothyrns (Cai'charodus)

spini, Thecla 72, 86, 121, 228, 283

ab. lyncaeus . . . . 282, 283

spinula (glancata), Cilix . . . . 301

splendida, Oigyia . . 41, 42, 45, 181

splendidella, Dioryctria . . . . 181

spoliatricula, Jaspidia . . . . 167

sponsa, Catocala (Blepharuni) 138,

168, 273

squamosella, Coleophora . . . . 260

Rtabilis, Taeniocanii)a 132. 164, 219

stagnah.s, Hydrocanipa . . . . 226

staiutoni, Bankesia. . .. .. 261

kitatices, Adscita (Procris, Chiyeaor)

167, 206, 257

fAQE.

•statilinus, Satyrus . . . . 89, 120

.stellatarum, Macroglossum (Bom-
bvlia, Sesia)87, 130. 136,
137, 163, 164, 167, 193, 226,

275, 279, 300

sticticalLs, Pyialis . . . . . . 170

stigmatica irhomboidea), Noctua

206, 285

straminea, Leucania 23, 285, 353

«/>. intermedia. . .. .. 116

(lb. nigrostriata . . . . 116

ah. ob.'^oleta . . . . . . 116

ah. rulolinea . . . . . . 116

straminata, Acidalia . . . . 344

stralaria (prodromaria), Amphy-
dasvs 28, 50, 82, 91, 92, 93, 94,

95, 129, 165, 273

striana, Orthotaenia . . . . 257

strictaria, Phaselia . . . . . . 201

strigata (thymiaria), Hemithea

133, 227, 246, 248, 300

strigilis, Miana . . 134, 273, 300

ah. aethiops . . . . . . 117

ab. latruncula . . . . . . 117

ab. unieolor . . . . . . 117

strigillaria, Aspilates 273, 351, 352
strigula (porphyrea), Lycophotia

(Agrolis) 272, 345

var. suffusa . . . . . . 148

strigula, Nola . . . . . . 50

aJ). raonaehalis . . . . 114

stygne, Erebia . . 60, 253, 327, 355

suaedella, Lita . . . . 139, 259

subapicella, Nepticula . . . - 261

subarcuana, Phoxopteryx . . . . 205

subbaumanniana, Conchylis . . 205

sublimaculella, Nepticula . . . . 347

wublustris, Xylophasia (Hadena)

181, 344

ab. pallida 117

subnotata, Eupitheeia . . . . 201

subrosea, Agrotis . . . . 108, 148

var. subcaerulea . . . . 148

subroseana, Eupoecilia . . . . 204

subsequa, Triphaena . . 190, 353

subsaturata, Ptychopoda . . . . 199

sudetica, Scoparia . . '. . . . 327

suffusa, Peridroma ride ypsilon, P.

suii'usellu, Phyllocnistis . . . . 71

sulphurea, Erotyla . . . . . . 168

suppandalis, Metasia . . . . 182

suspecta, Dyschorista . . . . 302

ab. nigrescens . . . . . . 187

ah. rufa . . . . . . 187

syllius, Melanargia.. ..12,72, 121

sylvanus, Augiades (Pamphila)
■ (Hesperia) 11, 67, 121, 126, 135.

170, 206, 227, 283, 291, 299, 303
sylvata, Aliraxas (Spilote) 49, 249,

3.30, 341, 352

ah. obseura . . . . . . 204

ab. suffusa . . . . . . 204

sylvaticella, Coleophora . . . . 260

sylvaticolella, Coleophora . . . . 260

sylvelluB (adipellus), Crambus 256, 280

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE.

symphita, Coenonympha . . . . 1 42

var. typhonides 142, 143, 146

Synopsia . . . . . . . . 201

syringaria, Pericallia . . 285, 301

laeniata, Emmelesia
tages, Nisoiiiades (Thanans) 12,
24, 67. 124, 126, 133, 135.
170, 283, 2'Jl, 312. 332,
v<ir. approxiinata
oar. Cervantes . .
var. unicolor . .
tagis, Anthocharis . . . . 12,

taraxaci (blanda), Caradrina

(lb. suli'usa
tiiraxacoides, Malacosonia
tarquiniella, Argyritis
tau, Aglia (Echidna) 167, 214, 237,
23St, 2.37,
telicanus, Lampides 11, 12, 61,
121,
temerata, Bapta . . 206, 273,

tenebrata (arbuti), Heliaca
tenebrosa (nmbratica), Eusina 49,
147,
(ih. obscura
tenella, Standfussia

vtir. zermattensis
Tenuea

tenuiata, Eupitliecia
tephrinella, Ephestia
TeracoJus
Teredines
Terpnae

terminalis, Nepticula
terrella, Geiechia . .
tersata, Phibalapteryx
testacea, Luperina 134, 206, 304,
342, 344,
cinerea
iiicert.a
ni'-^'rescens
obsoleta
unca
testata, Cidaria (Lygris) 135, 30U,

rar. (et ab.) insulicola
testudo (liniacodes), Cochlidion . .
Tetrachilae . .

tetradactyia, Aciptilia (Alucita) 11S2,

tetragonella, Aristolelia

tetralunaria, Selenia

textor, Hyphantria . .

teucrii (heterodactyla

thalassina, Hadena . .

nb. hunieralis . .

Tliamnonoma ^liaiiic)

thaumas, Hesperia (Adopa.ea,

Thymelicus) 11, 67, 121, 126,

135, 170, 227, 283, 291, 300,

Thecla

thelxiope, Heliconia

thrasonella, Glyphipteryx . . 182,

var. cladiella . .
Therctra (Choerocampa) . .

50

■i.

!7.<,

ab.
all.
ah.
ab.
ab.

219, 248,

Oxyptilus. .
49,

333
332
12
332
355
206
147
111
260

259

314
351
133

273
147

217
]68
S2
ISl
355
167
16S
261
182
306

346
lis
lis
lis
118
342
306
202
16S
168
256
2li0
302
195
82
273
iss
202

313
120
140
347
259
278

PAGE.
. 199

307

249,

167
334
302
260
192
168
182, 261

Thetidia (Euchloris)

Thyatiridae . .

thyniiaria, Hemithea vide strigata,
H.

Thyrides

tibiale, Odezia

tincta, Aplecta

tinctorieila, Coleophora

Tineae-Aculeatae . .

Tineae

Tineides ....

tiliae, Mimas (Smerinthus) 84, 135,

237, 277, 278, 320, 348
ab. brunnea . . . . . . 84

ab. brunnescens . . . . 84

ab. centripuncta . . . . 84

ab. exstinota . . . . . . 84

ab. irumaculata . . . . 84

ab. obsoleta . . . . . . 84

ab. ulmi . . . . . . 84

tiphon (typhon) (davus), Coeno-
nympha . . 141, 205, 302, 351, 352

Tischeria 192

tithonus, Epiuephele 121, 134, 136,

170, 171, 229, 271, 298, 299
ah. albidus . . . . . . 114

ab. pallescens . . . . . . 114

tityus (bombyliforniis), Heniaris
(Macroglossa) 112, 129, 130, 137,

161, 162, 163, 164, 272, 274, 277

Tortrices 168, 182

Tortricides . . . . . . . . 204

trabealis (sulphuralis), Agrophila

170, 229, 330, 341, 345
tragopogonis, Amphipyra . . . . 300
transalpina, Anthrocera (Zvgaena)

171, 181, 22o, 227, 326
trapezina, Cosmia (Galvmnia) 134,

285, 300, 349
ah. nigra . . . . . . 187

ab. (et vur.) rufa . . . . 187

trepida, Notodonta . . 249, 274, 341

trepidaria, Psodos rule coracina, P.
triangulum, Noctua. . .. 206, 285

Tribooophorae
Trichodae

trichonella, Cerostoma
tricolor, Coleophora
tridens, Triaena (Acronycta)

ab. bidens

(//). juncta

ab. quinquedentata

ab. rosea

ab. virga
trifasciata(impluviata,autumnalis),
Hypsipetes 135, 273,301,305,
331,
trifolii, Anthrocera (Zygaena)
trifolii (cheuopodii), Hiidena
trifolii, Pachygiistria . . 277,

trigeminata, Acidalia 273, 284, 300
tr.grammica (trilinea), Gramniesia

20(), 273, 344
trimacula (dodoiiaea), Drymoiiia
(Notodonta) .. .. 205, 272

167
167
182
260
340
115
115
115
115
115

357
181

189
349

SPECIAL INDEX.

tiimaculanu, Gnipliolitha
trimaculata, Stegania
trimaculella, Nepticula
trinalis, Pjrausta . .
tringipennella, Gracillaiia
tripoliella, Coleophoia
tristellus, Crambus
tristrigella, Lilhocolletis
tritici, Agrotis

uh. albilinea

ab. caei'ulea

(lb. costanigra . .

(lb. cuneigeva . .

ub. hoi'torum . .

ub. lineolata

ab. nigra

ab. obsoleta

((/). ochracea

ab. pallida

ab. pupillatus . .

ab. sordida

ab. subgotliica . .

ab. vplligera . .

ab. venosa
tritici, Hadena
trivia, Melitaea
troglodytella, Coleophora
truculenta, Tripliaena
truncata (russata), Cidari;
trux, Agrotis
tubulosa, Taleporia

lH-2,

PAGE.
. 182

. '20-2
. 347
. 1S2

. K2

. 260
2oH
. . y4S
o4, 147, 248
.. 147
..147
..147
..147
..147
..147
..147
..147
..147
..147
..147
..147
..147
..147
..147
. . 54
.. 14r,
.. 110
..181

351,

147

lOo, 109, 170,
217,

220
ab. minor . . . . . . 2H1

turca, Leucania . . . . . . 116

ab. lividus . . . . . . 116

ab. lutesceiis . . . . . . 116

ab. obscura . . . . . . 116

tyndarus, Erebia 12-5, 126, 2yi, 347
t'f/r. bosniaca .. .. 143, 116

ab. caecodromus . . 12;5, 126

ab. dromus . . . . . . 126

typhae (iirundiuis), Noiiiigiia 28, 110

typhoii (tiplioii) (davus), Coeno-
nynipha 141, 20-5, 302, 351, 352

typica, Naenia . . 134, 285, 300

uddmaiiniana., Notocelia . .
ulicicolella, Lithocolletis . .
ulmata (sylvata), Abraxas (Spilote)
49, 249, 330, 341,
ab. obscura
ab. suft'usa
ulmella, Scoparia . .
ulmifoliella, Lithocolletis . .
ulula, Dyspessa

ulvae (maritima), Senta 28, lO.S,
346,
umbra (marginata), Chariclea 87,
271,
umbratica, Cucullia 49, 189,

umbratica, Eusina vide tenebrosa,

B.
umbratica, Tribonophora
umbrosa, Noctua . .
uifibroselJa, Lita . .

347

261

352

204
204
204
260
181

353

301
273

167
190

260

uuangulata, Melanippe
unanimis, Apamea . .

ab. secalina
unca (uncula), Hydrelia
undulanus (revayana),
thripus

vay. ramosana . .
uiidulata, Eucosmia
undulata, Hydria . .
iiiiidentaria, Coremia
unicolor, Caiiepliora
unifasciata, Emmelesia
unitella, Borkhausenia

phora)
Urbani

urtieae, Aglais (Vanessa)
66, 87, 120, 126,
134, 136, 170, 216,
275, 283, 290, 299,

var. turcica
urtieae, Spilosoma . .
urticalis, Palpita
urticana, Sericoris . .

ab. rufa. .

PAGE.

..350

.. 206

..117

273, 288, 351

Sarro-

272, 274

.. 288

301, 333

.. 168

.. 273

.. 170

285, 300, 341

((Eco-

. . o4K
..167
11, *9,
132, 133,
218, 256,
300, 303,
312, 327, 333
.. 66
.. 109
.. 168

.. 205

Orrliodia (Cerastis,

..81, 164, 167,

. . 106,

vaccinu,
Glaea)
Vanessa
variata, Thera
variegana, Penthina
ab. nubiferana. .
variegata, Sciadion
vauaria (wavaria), Itanic

105, 300,

269
263
306

205
202

300
306
852
203
167
171
27
347
300

(Halia)
202,
velleda, Hepialus..
venosata, Eupithecia . . 341,

car. nubilata . .
Verae

verbascalis, Ebulea
verbascella, Nothris
verhuellella, Teichobia
vernaria, Geometra 132, 133, 190,
versicolora (versicoloria), Diuior-
pha (Diniorphia., Eudromis) 2S,

55, 81, 104, 108, 167, 259, 277
verticalis (cinctalis), Lotys (Phlyc-
taenodes) . . . . . . 170, 257

vespiformis (cynipiforuiib), ,Egeria
(Sesia) . . . . . . . . 347

vesta, Heliconia . . . . . . 140

vestigialis (valligera), Agrotis .. 352

ab. lineolata . . . . . . 147

ab. nigra . . . . . . 147

veLulata, Scotosia. . . . . . . 306

vetusta, Calocampa . . .30, 164

car. sutiusa . . . . . . 188

vibicarla, llhodostrophia . . . . 200

var. strigata . . . . . . 200

viburniana, Tortrix . . . . 256

viduaria. Cleora . . . . . . 108

villica, Arctia . . . . 132, 272

villosella, Pachythelia . . . . 217

var. nigricans . . . . . . 261

SPECIAL INDEX.

vimiualis, Cleoceiis (Epuuda)
(Bombycia) . . . . 183,

ab. (et vur.) obscuva . .
viminellii, Lithocolletis
viminetella, Coleophorii
viminiella, Lithocolletis
vincularia, Itanie (Thamnononia)
vinella, Anacampsis
vinula, Dicranura (Andiia) 1()7.
violata (decorata), Grasped ia

ah. aequata
viretata, Loboplioia
virgata (lineolata), Mesutype
virgaureae, Chrysophanus 110, 124,
125, 126, 135, 143, 254, 292,

326,
var, zermatteiisis . . 126,
virgaureae, Coleophora
virgaureata, Eupithecia
virgauraeella, Coleophora . .
virgularia, Acidalia . .
viridaria (pectinataria), Lareiitia

251,
viridaria (aenea), Pliytometra 206,

273,
viridata, Xenioria . .
viscariella, Lita
vitalbata, Pliibalapteryx . .
vitellina, Heiiophila (Leucania) 2,

23,
vittata, Phibalapteryx
Vulgares
vulgata, Eupithecia

waketieldii, Godartia
w-album, Thecla24, 124, 126, 228,
257,
warringtonellus, Cranibus..
woodiana, Olethreutes
woodiella, Borkhauseuia . .
woolhopielia, Nepticula

Xanthia
Xaiithiae

xanthographa (xantographa), X'oc-
tua) . . . . 132, 134, 190,

ah. nigra

ah. obscura
xanthomista, Polia

car. statices . .
xerampelina, Cirrhoedia (Xanthia)
206, 249,
Xylenae

347
187
347
347
109
202
260
301
200
200
20(i
275

333
135
110
105

S2
300

276

352

273
259
222

353

206
168
352

316

274
257
205
2(i0
2()1

167

300
149
149

1.S7

2S5
167

ypsilon (sufl'iisa), I'eridronia

(Agrotis) .. .. 50,299,304, 34(i

ah. pallida 147

zapateri, Erebia 70, 88, 89, 90,

120, 121
zephyrus, Polyounnatus (Plebeius)

32, 66, 355
zetterstedtii, Amblyptilia

ah. taeniodactylus . . . . 204

ziczac, Xotodonta . . 164, 301, 306

zinckenella, Etirella . . . . 181

* Marked thus

zoegaiia, Euxanthus
zoraida, Ocnogyna . .
Zygaenae

MYRIAPODA.

guttulatus, Ulaiijulus

ODONATA.

aniiulatus, Cordulegaster

caerulescens, Orthetrum
cyathigeruni, Enallagnia

depressum, Platetruni

elegans, Ischnura . .

hispanus, Palpares . .

iuiperator, Anax

niercuriale, Agrioii . .
mixta, /Esehna
Myrmelonidae

nymphula, Pyrrhosoma

pennipes, Platycnemis
puella, Agrion
puinilio, Ischnura . .

quadriniaculata, Libellula

splendens, Calopteryx

tenellum, Pyrrhosoma

virgo, Calopteryx
vulgatissimus, Gomphus

ORTHOPTERA

ahomiiiata, Magrettia

acanthopygia, Chelidurell;

acervorura, Myrmecophila

Aelieta

Achetidae

Achurum

Acrida .. .. 41

Acridella

Acrydium

*aegyptiuni, Acridium

airicana, Bormansia

*a]bipennis, Apterygida

all)ohneatus, Gelastorrhiiuis

americana, Periplaneta

Aniphicremna

Aiiiycus

aiialis, Pseudochelidiu'a

Ancistrogaster

Anechura

Aiiisolabis

annulipes, Anisolabis

Apaehys .. ..97, 140

are synonyms.

PAGE.

. 347

. 181
. 167

67

229, 273

273, 274
.. 273

. . 248
.. 157
.. 37
.. 329
.. 329
40, 41

139, 329
.. 139

139, 329
.. 329
.. 157
.. 158
.. 40
.. 328
.. 41
.. 41
.. 158
.. 158
. . 97
97, 98
84, 98

156. 157

SPECIAL INDEX.

appennina, Foificula
aptera, Chelidura . .
aptera, Cosmiella . .
Apteryt^ida . .
arachidiy, Apterygida
aienosus, Tettix
armata, Sparattiiia. .
asynomorus, Tachyciues . .
aiuicularia, Foificula

bevesowskii, Gymnaeta
bicolor, Stenobothrus
bipunctatus, Tettix. .

Blatta

bolivari, Mesochelidura
borneensis, Spliingolabis . .
Brachylabis . .
bvachynota, AUodahlia
bracdi> pteia, Platycleis
bvaueii, Isolabis
brevipenne, Bhadinotatum
brunneipennis, Spongiphora-
bruimeri, Aemodogi-yilus . .
biittnevi, Karschiella

caeca, Anisolabis

Calamus

cameiunensls, Karschiella

Carcinophora

ceylouicit, Apteiygida

Chaetospania

Chelidura

Chelisoches . .

cinereus, Thamnotrizon . .

circulata, Apterygida

coriacea, Anechuia..

corticina, Sphingolabis

*Cuililla

Cylindrogaster

decorata, Stylopyga
Deruiaptera . .
Diandria
Diplatys

doiuesticus, Gryllus
dubia, Cosmiella

edax, Gelastorihinus
edentu'a, Pseudochelidura
Eudennaptera
Euplecopteia
exoleta, Panchlora. . .

Havicollis, Sparattina

l-'orcipula

l'"()iticula

furcifera, Bphingolabis

gansuicus, Gymnaeta

Gelastorrhiiuis

germanica, Phyllodromia . .

Glyphoclonus

Gonolabis

graeca, Isolabella . .

granulafus. Tctfix . .

PAGE.

PAOB.

.. 97

Gryllotalpa . .

3^29

.. 157

Gryllus

329

.. 158

97, 98

hawaiiensis, Sphingolabis.

158

97, ]58

Hemimerus . .

195

.. 280

hugeli, AUodahlia ..

158

.. 158

huseiuae Sphingolabis

158

.. -248

Hyalopteryx. .

41

.. 328

jagori, Agterygida . .

97

.. 248

jagori, Pterygida . .

158

.. 243

japonica, Apterygida

97

.. 230

.. 329

Kakerlac

. 328,

329

.. 157

kuhlgatzi, Gonolabina

159

.. 158

.. 97

Labia

140

.. 158

Labidura

97

.. 243

*Leucophaea

328

.. 159

Locusta

.

139

.. 40

liiteipenuis, Apterygida

158

.. 195

. . 248

Machaeridia. .

41

140, 157

mackinderi, SphUigolabis .

158

macropyga, Anechura

158

.. 84

macuilatus, Gomphocerus .

243

.. 41

maritima, Anisolabis

27

.. 157

Mecomera . .

6

.. 97

media, Apterygida . .

158

. . 98

meridionalis. Parattettix .

231

.. 97

Metaleptea . .

41,

139

. . 9C)

Metalliea, Anechura

97,

98

.. 97

Moiiandria . .

140

.. 243

nmtica, Chelidurella

157

.. 158

mutiea, Magrettia . .

248

.. 158

muticus, Gryllus . .

329

.. 158

.. 329

*necydaloides, Phasma

329

. . 97

Neolobophora

.90, 97,

140

Nesogasler . .

157

.. 295

Nesogastrella

157

140, 328

uigrifrons, Agroecia

2tJ9

.. 140

(IT

riivea, Panchlora

328

.. 13G

Odontomelus

41

.. 1.58

Opisthocosmia

' 97,

98

onentalis. Kakerlac

. 328

329

.. 40

ornatus, Tettix

. 230

232

.. ].58

orsinii, Pseudochelidura .

158

140, 15C)

Oxyolena

41

. . 295

I'ax'hytylus . .

139

Panchlora

328

. . l.")8

Piiradeiniaptera

. 140

150

. . 97

parallulus, Steaobothorus .

243

97, OS

I'aratettigidae

329

.. 158

Paratettix . .

329

Periplaneta . .

323

.. 248

per.sica, Magrettia . .

248

.. 40

Phasgonuridae

329

.. 329

phthisicum, Pliasma

329

.. 41

Phyllodromia

329

. . 97

Platylabia . .

97

, 98

.. 159

Psalis

97

.. 230

Pvragra

96

SPECIAL

PAGE.

pyrenaica, Chelidura

157

rebus, Cosmiella

158

religosa, Mantis

329

Khadinotatum

' 40

41

riparia, Labidura . .

98

346

sansibarica, Sphingolabis .

158

scabriuscula, Anechura

158

setulosa, Sparattina

158

silana, Forlicula

97

sinuata, Pseudochelidura .

158

sinuatus, Tylotettix

230

Sparatta

'. 97,

98

*Steleopyga . .

329

*Stylopyga

329

surinamensis, Blatta

. 328,

329

sylvestris, Goiiolabis

84

taeniata, Apterygida

. 158,

195

Tagalina

97

tatarica, Locusta

329

Tettigidae . .

230

Tettigonij

329

*Tettix

'. 139,

329

*Tetrix

329

togoensi. Ctenisolabis

159

tomis Fojficula

57

triangularis, Tettix..

.' 231,

232

*Truyalip

41,

239

Truxalis

41,

139

usambarana, Leptisolabis .

159

vara, Pseudochelidura

158

viridissima, Tettigonia

329

viridulus, Stenobothrus

243

vittipes, Agroecia . .

. 243,

209

INDEX.

pa<;e.

zarudnyi, Magrettia

24H

PSEUDONEUROPTERA

flavidus, Caecilius . .

37

formicaria, Atropos . .

37

Hemerobius . .

37

SIPHONAPTERA.

americana, Hystiichopsylla

63

dippiei, Hystrichopsylla . .

63

gallinae, Ceratophyllus
garei, Ceratophyllus
grandis, Typhlopsylla

Pulex. .

ursi, Pulex . .

TERMITES.

flavipes, Termes

THYSANURA.

albina, Beckia

Beckia

cincta, Orchesella . .

TRICHOPTERA.

bipunctatus, Limnophilus . .
concentricus, Stenophylax

.. 280

.. 280

62, 163

.. 62

62, 63

.. 235

.. 40
.. 69
.. 40

.. 303
.. 303

AND

JOUjRNAL, OF VARIATION.

Vol. XIV. No. 1. January 15th, 1902.

Retrospect of a Lepidopterlst for the Year 1901."

By LOUIS B. PEOUT, F.E.S.
As happens almost every year, unless it be quite phenomenally
productive or the reverse, one hears very varied reports from different
sources and for different parts of the season as to the general abun-
dance of insect life ; but on the whole it appears to have been above
the average, and the number of records of the occurrence of species
of exceptional interest is by no means a meagre one. Abnormally
mild winters have become quite normal of late — if I may thus express
myself— and that of 1900-1901 may be said to have been no exception,
though perhaps it gave us a little more of seasonable cold than some
of its immediate predecessors. The earliest spring Geometers were
out on New Year's day, indeed, I believe one or two of them did not
even wait for the New Year. Notwithstanding the supposed adverse
influences of mild winters on hybernating larvae in general, I cannot
help believing that they are really in some way suited to some of our
casual immigrants, and that to them is to be attributed the regular
annual occurrence, of late, of some of our erstwhile " rarities." I am
aware that spells of awakening at unseasonable times are likely to be
injurious to true hybernators, but the case may well be different with
some of the southern species which hardly hybernate at all in the
strict meaning of the word. Dr. Corbett remarks {Ent. Kecord, xiii.,
p. 278) that the frequency of larvfe of Manduca atrojws about Don-
caster for three consecutive years (and the same might have been
written of many other northerly localities) suggests that the species
would appear to have maintained its existence there " without artificial
forcing." Then, again, we have Phh'(/i't/iontius amrolndi, which has
become strikingly abundant during the same period, while the larva,
previously so rarely recorded in this country, has been found freely
in many places. The immigration, too, of Eiiri/nnis hyale seems to
have left some definite traces, as several specimens bearing the appear-
ance of being "British born" were met with in the early summer of
the present year, some of them being in inland localities, which the
species reached in 1900 — e.(i., Brackley, Northants {Ent. liccord, xiii.,
p. 249). The allied F!. croceits (ednsa) has not been particularly con-
spicuous this season ; some of our provincial entomologists are still a
good deal puzzled by the erratic appearance of this species in different
seasons, being evidently unaware of its migratory habits and of the

* Read before the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society,
December 17th, 1901.

2 THE ENTOMOLOfilST S RECORD.

difficulty it has in maintaining itself with us ; thus a recent writer in
the Entomolnijht cn.nnot find even a " probable explanation " of the
remarkable fact that in a locality where he found E. crmrttfi in abun-
dance in 1900 he failed to see one in 1901, and naively adds that "this
is all the more remarkable as the lucerne field had not been ploughed
up or disturbed in any way, there being a fair number of blossoms
still in the field, which was being grazed by sheep." I venture to
think that if our two species of EHnjmns had no greater difficulty to
contend with than that of food-supply we should have them with us
in plenty every year. Another immigrant which has appeared some-
what freely this year is Pontia dapUdice, which is recorded from Dover,
Eastbourne, Brighton, and perhaps elsewhere. Several Eurancssa
antiojia have likewise been met with in different places.

After the mild weather of the late autumn and winter, we were
favoured with the usual quantum of cold weather in the spring, and
most of the reports speak of the May insects as late in appearing, but
the season soon regained itsequihbrium, and at Whitsuntide the insects
were mostly well up to date, although during the whole season the dates
were somewhat perplexing and difficult to follow, some species being
certainly late in appearing, others as certainly early.

Of true British butterflies, one is glad to learn that in spite of the
dreaded " over-collecting," some of the most local have been met with
in undiminished, if not in increased, abundance this year ; I need only
mention Lijcaena arion and TJieda prunl. I have not heard that the
immigrant Papilio nmchaon of 1900 have been able to breed in the
country, and am afraid this interesting species must still be regarded
as confined to the fens and broads. Apo>ia cratac(ii,\;h\(i\\ we thought
we had almost lost in this country, seems to be gaining ground, having
occurred rather freely in its old locality between Canterbury and Heme
Bay, as well as at Dover. Much uncertainty prevails as to the cause
of the decadence, from time to time, of this and many other species.

Among the other branches of the Lepidoptera it may be of interest
to comment upon a few of the most noteworthy captures. A few
Choerocatnpa celerin should no doubt be considered among the class of
immigrants, though a friend of mine has reliable information of the
finding of larvse this year, and it is evidently possible for the insect to
maintain itself here for a single generation, during the summer.
Deiopcia pulchella probably falls under the same category ; at any rate,
the capture of three this season by Mr. Ernest Warne in the same
locality (near Earlsfield) may suggest, as the captor thinks, that they
really bred there, though one cannot seriously claim this species as
British. Of other casual visitors during the season, I can mention
two which I have myself had the pleasure of being called upon to
determine for their captors. One of these is the specimen of Hcliu-
phila [Leucania] l-album, taken at Sandown by our valued Secretary,
Mr. S. J. Bell, and already exhibited at one of these meetings. The
other is a fine and strongly-marked Luperina dumerilii, captured by
Mr. H. Douglas Stockwell on September 21st, on a gas-lamp in Dover,
which he is kindly permitting me to exhibit this evening. The month
of September was very productive in rare Noctuids, some species Avhich
used to be of great rarity, such as Helinplnla vitclUna, Laphminia
exir/ua, &c., appearing in considerable numbers in South Devon, and
also occurring elsewhere on our south coast. According to recent in-

RETROSPECT OF A LEPIDOPTERIST FOR THE YEAR 1901. 3

formation it seems probable that the former, at least, is really indi-
genous in the district named, thongh its comparative abundance during
the last two or three years is probably attributable to phenomenally
favourable atmospheric conditions ; the same or similar causes have
contributed to the increase of the once rare Heliophila alhijnmrta and
Caradrina amhujua, though the reports of the present season appear to
indicate that they are already on the wane. Probably, however, C
aiiibii/na was never so rare as it was reputed to be ; at least, there is
some ground for believing that it was formerly somewhat overlooked.

Of recent importations (apparently) which have successfully
established themselves, two or three deserve mention. CalUmorpha
hem — or, as we shall unfortunately henceforth have to call it, C. quad-
ripnnctaria, Poda — is still spreading in Devonshire, and there seems
now a good chance of getting a series almost anywhere between
Dawlish and Exeter, and perhaps, also, in other parts of the county.
Plima moneta is also extending its range in various directions, and one
or two of us have had the pleasure of welcoming it to our suburban
gardens. Whether IthtjKia {Xi/asia) lapponaria ought to be referred to
under this heading, and if so, how its importation came about, I do
not know ; it is, of course, possible that it has been very much over-
looked. At any rate, it is interesting to learn {Entom., xxxiv,,
p. 255) that Mr. Cockayne, of Sheffield, has found out how to work
for its larvffi in Perthshire, thus following up the success which Mr. W.
M. Christy achieved a few years ago. The insect is sometimes re-
garded as a boreal variety or race (or " Darwinian species ") of the I.
jioiiinuaria of central and soi\thern Europe, but I am not in a position
to express any critical opinion on the subject.

There are a few species which w^e know to be genuinely British,
and a few others which we think may probably be so, which yet con-
tinue exceedingly rare in collections, owing in part to our ignorance
of their habits, but perhaps also, in part, to the number of their
enemies in this country, or to some other unfavourable circumstances,
climatic or topographical, Avhich form more or less effectual checks to
their increase in the " struggle for existence," while, at the same time,
not so potent as to prevent their continuing with us, however pre-
cariously. Entomologists are always pleased to meet with these, and
they are often considered as of sufficient interest to be worth recording
in the magazines. I notice that Xyloinines compidllaris is again re-
corded this season from a few west-country localities, such as Taunton,
Tewkesbury, &c. ; I believe the four counties of Herefordshire, Wor-
cestershire, Gloucestershire, and Somerset would cover practically the
entire ascertained range of this local moth in the British Isles,
although Barrett adds that there are one or two records for Kent,
Surrey, Suflblk, and South Wales. Apparently, still rarer species
with us are Mcllinia ocellaiis, of which our member, Mr. Burrows, has
taken and shown us a specimen ; Sesia (Aet/ena) andrem/oniiix, taken
by Mr. Huggins at Gravesend on July 17th ; and Parascotia {Bole-
tnhia) fidif/inaria, captured by my friend Mr. E. W\ Bobbins, at
Walthamstow, on July 29th. Probably we have still a great deal to
learn concerning the habits of these three species ; possibly, also, we
do not show sufficient zeal in examining " the old rotten woodwork in
the cellars and other structures along the banks of the Thames " to
secure good series of the last-named, these being the favourite haunts

4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

of the fungus-feeding larvae of this interesting species. Mr. Robbins'
specimen, however, was taken out-of-doors, flitting round a sugared
post in the evening ; and on the continent I believe its occurrence in
the open is quite usual. Is this really another migrant, introduced
from time to time by shipping, and only able to thrive when protected
from our climate within walls, just as we can easily breed many con-
tinental species in our houses which fail to thrive when planted out ?

Turning now to the writings of the present year, I can mention
only a few of the more prominent, or of those which happen to have
come more particularly under my own notice. A good deal of the
most important work is done under the auspices of the entomological
and natural history societies, or through the medium of the periodicals,
and I would urge our members to support such organisations and
publications to the utmost of their ability. Especially it seems
desirable that every entomologist who takes any deep interest in the
progress of the science should unite himself to the " Entomological
Society of London," as it is very inappropriately called, seeing that it
is essentially a national, and not a local society. It is at present in a
flourishing condition financially, but with a larger income it could
still further increase its sphere of operations ; besides, there is room
for a considerable influx of new life, both in the direction of biological
research and in that of distinctively British entomology (faunistic,
&c.) ; at present a large part of the annual volume of Tramactions is
devoted to very necessary, but very uninteresting descriptions of new
species, and this kind of work needs supplementing (not supplanting)
by a great deal more of scientific work, for which at present it would
be difticult to find room in its pages. Apart from papers which are
essentially descriptive or enumerative, one finds in the volume for 1901
(so far as yet published), some very interesting " Observations on
some Species of Oreina," by Mr. Champion and Dr. Chapman, throwing
some valuable light on the early stages, especially in regard to the
viviparity of most of the species ; some notes by Mr. Elwes on
Mrs. Nicholl's " Catalogue of Butterflies met with in the Lebanon" ;
a welcome paper on " Cases of Protective Eesemblance, Mimicry, &c.,
in the British Coleoptera," by Mr. Donisthorpe, which reminds us
that we lepidopterists can claim no monopoly in dealing Avith this
very important branch of study, although we remember with pride
that our favourite Order furnished nearly all the original material for
it ; and some valuable anatomical notes on Osinia, by the Kev. F. D.
Morice, which sufiice to raise his paper above the level of the ordinary
descriptive ones. I must not omit to mention that one of our secre-
taries, Mr. W. J. Kaye, has contributed an important faunistic paper
on the hitherto totally neglected "Lepidoptera-Heterocera of Trinidad,"
and we are looking forward to other valuable contributions, on those
of British Guiana, from the same pen.

Our own Society and our sister Society across the Thames (the
South London Entomological and Natural History Society) have
each published a creditable volume of Transactions and Proceedinns
during the year, the result of our work during 1900. I need not
remind you of the contents of our owai volume, but I must spare a
word of praise for that of our South London friends, which seems
to reach the high level attained in 1899, and is much in advance,
scientifically, of most of its predecessors in the series ; our inde-

EETROSPECT OF A LEPIDOPTERIST FOR THE YEAR 1901. 0

fatigable friend Dr. Chapman is again to the fore in the volume in
question, having contributed a paper "On some Wing-structures in
Lepidoptera."

The Kntnmol<)(jlst'>i Record opened the year (and century) with a
special " Century Number," which, indeed, overflowed its banks and
inundated the greater part of the February number, thus occupying
altogether nearly 80 closely-printed pages. Naturally, the articles —
which were designed to survey, as far as possible, the entomological
progress of the Nineteenth Century — are not all equal in amplitude or in
merit, but, nevertheless, they form a very valuable resume, which will
often be consulted when the present century is older, and which — -if
one may venture to prophesy so far ahead — will be of still greater
service when the time comes for the next century review. I cannot
refrain from quoting the conclusion of Mr. Tutt's prefatory note to the
series, so pregnant is it with suggestions which we should all do well
to lay to heart. He points out that the failing points of scientific
progress are : " (1) An accumulation of wasted effort in collecting
material. (2) Want of initiative in striking out new lines of work.
(8) Want of perseverance in following up certain definite lines of
experiment and observation. (4) Ignorance of work already done.
(5) Inability to recognise the requirements of modern science in
methods of work." And he adds: "These are so self-evident that
there is no need to waste space in discussing them, and one can only
look forward to a time when the conditions of modern life, which are
all in favour just now of the sciences which are strictly utilitarian,
shall not act against the true scientific enquirer, but put him in the
same position for real scientific work, as that in which they at present
place his more fortunate brethren, the students of chemistry and
physics." I need hardly comment on this extract ; but I am optimistic
enough to believe that the real value of entomology in its modern
scientific aspects, and the bearing of these aspects upon the all-
important science of biology, cannot much longer remain unrealised,
but that we shall soon find ourselves much more favourably placed
than is now the ca?e for the pursuit of our studies. I must call atten-
tion to the "Evolution Committee" of the Koyal Society, which I
regard as a happy augury for a wider recognition of our science,
seeing that its investigations in the workings of the laws of heredity
are being carried out largely upon an entomological basis, under the
able superintendence of Mr. W. Bateson, M.A., F.R.S., F.E.S. Let
me urge all our members to put themselves into communication with
Mr. Bateson, and to ascertain in what way tJiei/ can assist in this
enquiry.

The greater part of the contents of the current volumes of our
entomological magazines is of the usual class, indispensable to entomo-
logists who wish to keep themselves up to date in their knowledge, but
I cannot dwell upon it now. We have to thank our esteemed Vice-
President, and former President, Mr. J. A. Clark, for an excellent
working-out of aberrations of the protean Peronm cristana in the Knto-
iiiold'iist'f^ Iterord, accompanied with beautiful figures of the newly-
described forms ; and the same periodical also contains some good
work on the Lachneids, by Messrs. Tutt, Bacot, and Warburg, which
is timely in view of the third volume of Tutt's BrWuJi Lepidnptera— not
yet ready, alas, for the subscribers who are so eagerly awaiting it. In

6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S HECORD.

the Entomologist one notices an attempt to work out some phases of
the variation of the genus Erehia upon the lines of the work of
Galton, and one wonders whether the articles will further lead us into
the mathematical intricacies (without doubt valuable, but somewhat
abstruse to the general reader) of Karl Pearson's Grammar of Science.

I have not had time to analyse the multitude of continental and
American periodical literature, but I judge from an examination of
Friedlander's very useful Entomoloiiiache Littcratnrhliittcr, as well as of
the magazines placed on the table at the meetings of the Entomological
Society of London, that they have contained comparative little of special
value to the lepidopterist, and I am not competent to pronounce on
the value of that relating to other orders. The principal Eoumanian
scientific society has published a two hundred-page list of the Macro-
lepidoptera of the country, by E. Fleck, and this was closely followed
by a " Micro " list from the pen of Caradja, already well-known for
his writings in Iris. Iris, which has very inconveniently changed its
title again, being now called Deiitsclie Entotnohujische ZeitscJirift :
LcpitliiptrroloijiscJu' Heftc, hardly keeps up its high character since the
editorship passed from Staudinger, but is still a very useful publication
to lepidopterists. In one or two other of the German papers, the well-
known Esthonian lepidopterist, Huene, has been amusing himself by
describing and naming aberrations of pala?arctic Heterocera, with the
same easy-going disregard for the previous Avork of nomenclators,
which Mr. Tutt has had occasion to criticise in another connection in
a recent number of the liecord. The naming of aberrations is not
without its manifest uses (provided it be not carried to such over-
minute detail that it be impossible for the possessor of one aberration
to name it without possessing the complete series of forms for com-
parison), but surely it should not be undertaken by those Avho have
not taken the trouble to overhaul the literature already dealing with
the subject. Let us hope that the appearance of the new edition of
Staudinger will do something to stem the tide of duplications in
nomenclature ; although it is to be feared its inadequate citation of
Tutt's Uritish Xoctuae will leave much room for the evil to grow in
that family.

Of separate works, several of imiwrtance are still in progress, and
have made some headway during 1901. The third volume of Hamp-
son's " magnum opus " is amongst these, and deals with the remainder of
the Arctiadae and with Agaristiilae. I presume Moore's Lej/idojitcra
Indira is still in progress, but I do not remember to have seen any new
parts during the present year ; of Grose-Smith's Ehojialocera E.iotica,
part 56 has appeared. Barrett's British Lcpidoptera is still making-
slow progress, the family now under consideration being the Laren-
tiadac. Miss Sharpe's Monoi/rajdi of the Gentis Teracdus has also
advanced by at least three parts, and Kift'arth has completed his
revision of Helicnnius, which I ought to have mentioned under the
heading of periodicals (/if'/-/. Ent. Zcit., 1901). The first lepidoptero-
logical part of Das Tierreich, namely, Pagenstecher's Eibi/thridae,
appeared early in the year, and bas been noticed in the Entoiiudogist's
Record.

But the most generally important new book of the year has been
the long-awaited Catalog of Staudinger and Rebel ; as I am discussing
this rather fully in the pages of the i-:nt. llccord, and as some of you have

RETROSPECT OF A COLEOPTERIST FOR 1901. 7

already made acquaintance with it, I need not say more about it now.
An enterprising American, S. F. Denton, has completed a book on
moths and butterflies of the United States " with 400 photographic
illustrations in the text and many transfers of species from life." We
are told in the advertisement that " after much experiment the author
has succeeded in perfecting the art of transferring from the wings of
real moths and butterflies to a prepared plate paper the millions of
tiny scales in all their perfection, fixing the gorgeous colours and
luminous iridescence just as brilliantly as when the insects were alive."
I have not yet had an opportunity of studying this new departure, but
as the price of the work is only a little over £20, perhaps you will all
like to order copies for yourselves. Some useful handbooks may com-
plete my list. Such are Kirby's Familiar Butterfiies and Moths ; a new
French edition of Berge, by the Abbe de Joannis, which I have not
seen, but which ought to be good, if that very able entomologist has
revised the text as well as translating ; a new edition of Hofmann,
commenced by Dr. Spuler, and promising very well ; and a Russian
translation of Standfuss' celebrated Handbiich.

Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 1901.

By Piioi-EssoK T. HUDSON BEARE, B.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.E.S.

I propose in the present article to deal only with the work of British
entomologists, reserving some notes on the work of our foreign friends
for a future article. In the January number of the Ent. Mo. Ma<i (vol.
xxxvii., p. 1) I gave an account of the additions to our list of British
coleoptera during the two years 1899-1900, and was then able to
chronicle eleven additions, one removal, and the confirmation of three
doubtful species. The past year has been singularly unfruitful in this
respect, practically the only genuine additions have been the varieties
and aberrations of species of the genus ApJtodiits, brought forward by
Mr. F. Bouskell in his paper on " The Variation and Distribution of
the genus Apliodins." This paper is most interesting, because it deals
very fully with the distribution and variation of the species in a genus
found in all parts of the world, and the author discusses very thoroughly
the causes of variation and the means of dispersal of insects.

In the January number of Tlte Annals of Scottish Xatural History,
p. 24, the Rev. H. S. Gorham described a species of Stcnoloplnts,
apparently new to science and to Britain, to which he gave the name
of iikijiiatiis. From the locality in which it was taken (the banks of the
Clyde) I am afraid we must consider this insect as an importation,
until it is confirmed by captures elsewhere. Other introduced species
are noted in the L'nt. Mo. Maij. (vol. xxxvii., p. 18), namely, Lathridiiis
hcnirothi, Reitt., in the herbarium of University College, Nottingham,
and Larinus scoh/iiii, Oliv., on flowers of Knautia arvensis at Colchester,
and, in the Ent. Record (vol. xiii., p. 219), in a note on " Cosmopolitan
Beetles in a London Warehouse," Mr. Newbery records the capture
of I'hthora crenata, Muls. All these are thus recorded for the first
time, and, in the case of two at least, we may possibly find they will
occur again. It is very desirable that such instances of the intro-
duction of new species by the agency of man, should at once be put on
record as a help in solving the ditficult problems of insect distribution
at the present day.

8 THE entomologist's RECORD.

Mr. Champion has again clone good work in clearing up several
doubtful points in our lists ; in the Ent. Mo. Ma;/, (vol. xxxvii., p.
255) he points out that the insects which have done duty in our
catalogue as Mdaiuln/a canaliculata, Fabr., are really M. harhata, Fabr.
Records of the capture of this rarity are given by him, and others are
added in the Eut. Record (vol. xiii., p. 377).

In the June number of the Ent. Mo. Mcuj. (vol. xxxvii., p. lU),
Mr. Champion has a valuable note on various species of Bruchm found
in Britain. As a result, B. li(tricontis, 111., disappears from our list,
being merely the male of B. rufijn's, Herbst, and B. viciae, Oliv., also
disappears, the few supposed representatives of it in our collections
being in reality B. fahrael, Clyll., a variety only of B. atomarius, L., a
fairly common British insect ; the introduced B. jiectinicornis, L., also
proves to be another species, namely, incarnatm, Boh., but the true
Jiectinicornis has recently been taken by M. E. A. Waterhouse at
Putney, it is, however, most probably also an introduced insect. By
this note Mr. Champion has completely cleared aAvay difficulties which
had been often a stumbling block to many collectors.

In the Ent. Mo. Man. (vol. xxxvii., p. 91) and in the Ent. Eecord
(vol. xiii., p. 337) are articles by Mr. Champion and Mr. Donisthorpe,
dealing with the British species of Eiinnius, a plate being given in the
Record to make clear the points in dispute. I must say that at present
the whole matter is left in a thoroughly unsatisfactory state, and it
must remain so, until some careful worker takes up this question and
both by field work and by thorough microscopical examination of
numerous specimens, settles the point as to which species of this genus
really are found in this country. Perhaps Mr. Edwards, who is
responsible for the plate, will devote himself to the problem.

The year has been, if not productive of new species, prolific in the
way in which rarities have turned up, in many cases quite commonly.
I may mention C'enthor/njnclridius nii.rtus, Muls., at Porlock, Odontaeiis
niohilicornifi, F., at Woking and Tuubridge Wells, Mcdon castaneus,
Gr., at Eichmond, Tarmtenus univittatus, Rossi, at Harwich, Lytta
resicatoria, L., in Cambridgeshire, Antlta.ria nitidida, L., A(/ribis
sinnatns, 01., A. riridis, L., I'latijdeiua violacenni, F., ] elleix.s dilatatiis,
F., in the New Forest, and Chnjwiiuia cercalis, L., on Snowdon, a
rather remarkable list for one year, due perhaps to the exceptionally
hot and prolonged summer of 1901.

The reproach so often made against British coleopterists that they
give themselves up entirely to collecting and to synonymical work,
can hardly be sustained this year, as we have had quite a crop of
valuable papers, dealing with life-histories and other problems of
beetle-life. In the Ent. Mo. Ma//, there have been notes (p. 15)
on a Braconid parasite of Anobium domesticnin, Fourc, by the Rev.
W. F. Johnson, a matter of importance from an economical point
of view, considering the serious destruction wrought by this beetle
in valuable old furniture ; on the habits of Oroc/iares amjuMatiis,
Er., by Mr. Champion (p. 48) ; on Enceji/uiliis cdinjdicans, Westw., by
Mr. C. Morley (p. 151), with his observations on the way the abdomen
is carried by various species of Braclwli/tra ; on the pairing of
Laiiijii/ris nortilnca, L., also by Mr. ]\Iorley (p. 226), an interesting
account of a number of experiments he was able to make on this point,
and lastly tAvo notes (pp. 256, 280), on the fact that Attclabu^

RETROSPECT OF A COLEOPTERIST FOR I'JOl. 9

curcnlionides, L., rolls the young leaves of the hornbeam and sweet-
chestnut as well as those of oaks. Attention should also be drawn to
a note by Mr. Morley {Ent. Mo. Ma;/., p. 64) on Harpalun frolichii,
Sturm, though I am afraid he has built up a very interesting theory
of the complete disappearance of this insect from Britain on entirely
insufficient grounds. In the Eat. Uecord several valuable articles have
appeared, notably a most thoughtful and painstaking one by Mr. W.
E. Sharp (pp. 147 et $€([.) on " The Distribution of the British Cole-
optera." This paper is too lengthy to attempt to summarise in this
brief retrospect of the year's work, I can only strongly commend it to
the attention of all those interested in the problem of the present
distribution of our fauna. The author has certainly adduced strong
evidence in favour of the hypotheses he puts forward, to account for
the many apparent anomalies which meet us on every side, when we
attempt to unravel the mysteries of this question. Mr. Tutt, in
continuation of previous notes, has gathered together from all sources
a mass of information on the " Migration of Coleoptera[" (pp. 281 ctseij.).
The author has shown again his extraordinary powers of assimilating
and presenting in an attractive form, details which in other hands
might often prove overwhelming to the student.

In the same journal Mr. Donisthorpe has given, on p. 849, the first
instalment of the work he has now been engaged on for many months,
in a paper entitled " Some Experiments with Mi/niircnjihildii^ Cideoptcra
and an observation nest of Eoniiica nifa.'" These experiments are
most instructive and are certain to prove most unportant in laying the
foundation for an exact knoAvledge of the relationship which exists
between hosts and guests in the nests of ants. Having had the pleasure
of several times seeing this observation nest, and of Avatching the
observations going on, I can personally testify to the extreme accuracy
of the records, and to the great amount of time and labour Mr.
Donisthorpe is giving to this work, which he has so specially made
his OAvn.

The Trcuifsactions of t/te EntoinohKjical Societi/ of J^(nul<ni for the
past year also bear testimony to this new line of activity. Mr.
Donisthorpe's paper on "Mimicry, protective resemblance, etc., in
British Coleoptera," read at a meeting of the Society on June 5th,
gave rise to an animated discussion, and brings together into a
convenient form for reference a large amount of information on this
point, much of it quite neAV and original, the result of the author's care-
ful notes based on his field work during many years. Another valuable
paper is one by Mr. Champion on " Sexual Dimorphism in Biijin'stis
mnijurnea, Fabr.," illustrated on p. 884 of the Tramactiom by a
beautiful plate. Interesting observations were made by the author
and Dr. Chapman on the habits of this species during a visit to Spain
last sunnner, and the paper is another warning of the extreme danger
of making colour an important specific character when dealing with
coleoptera.

The activity of our workers has not however been confined to the coleop-
tera of Great Britain, as we have had papers during the year on " The
Coleoptera of the Faroe Islands," by Dr. Renter {Ent. Mo. Mai/., -p. 8),
on "A Spanish Hciiibuliiiin," by Dr. Sharp {Ent. Mo. Ma;/., p. 87), in
which an account is given of the species of this genus, which live
habitually on the verge of melting snow-fields, and therefore always

10 THE entomologist's RECORD.

at considerable altitudes ; on " Coleoptera round about Jerusalem,"
by Mr. Swintou [Ent. Mo. Mikj., p. 156) ; on " The Coleoptera of
Madeira," by Dr. Cameron {Ent. Mo. Mag., p. 220), in addition to
descriptive papers which have appeared in the Transactions of the
Entomolofiical Society of London.

Mention must be made here of an excellent local list printed in one
of the " Handbooks " issued by the Local Committee for the Glasgow
meeting of the British Association. This handbook was devoted to
the " Fauna, Flora and Geology of the Clyde Area," and contains lists
of all the various orders. The order Coleoptera was undertaken by Mr.
A. Fergusson. Copious references are given, and many notes of the habits
of local species, and, though the list is nothing like so complete as the
Chatham list of Mr. J. J. Walker, for instance, still it is very good,
and will prove invaluable to anyone collecting in the Clyde area. In
view of a remark''' on p. 380 of the Ent. Reconl, vol. xiii., it may be
well to point out that the British Association has nothing to do with
the preparation or printing of these handbooks. The work is entirely
undertaken by the Local Committee which is always formed in each
town where the Association meets.

Looking back over the past year I think, in view of the above facts,
that we may fairly congratulate ourselves that it has been a period of
progress and general activity in the field of work we have considered
in this article — more especially in the wider view we all seem to be
taking of the true limits of our corner of the scientific Avorld.

* Due entirely to the overwhelming ignorance of the Editor, for which we
apologise. Our remarks were based on the separata from the Handbook referring
to the " Macro-Lepidoptera," and the " Tenthredinidse " ; now that we are in
possession of the whole Handbook, and the facts of publication, and understand
completely the scope of the work undertaken be the Committee, we appreciate the
action that led to the limitation of the various lists. The Handbook, as a whole,
is an excellent one, although no part will be considered sufficiently full by the
specialists who wish to use it. — Ed.

Three weeks in Spain.

By (Mrs.) MAEY DE LA B. NICHOLL, F.E.S.
Arriving in Barcelona on May 8th, 1901, I found that my friend,
Mr. Witty, would not be free to start for Granada before the 14th.
This arrangement gave me several days in Catalonia, and I resolved
to make a short excursion to the Calclas de Maravilla, a place on the
railway, about fifty miles north of Barcelona, where there is a new
hotel and a nice well-wooded country. I should have much preferred
to explore the Mont Seny, a fine range of mountains about 5000ft.
high, and about twelve miles from Caldas de Maravilla, but the snow
was still lying on their summits, so it was too early for the high
ground, and I resolved to try the low, undulating slopes between
Mont Seny and the Mediterranean. Caldas de Maravilla is a nice
place, with hot springs, surrounded by rich, well-watered meadows,
and many cork woods, with pine clad, brooray hills to the eastwards,
and several rapid streams. Birds were abundant, but not butterflies ;
there was no quantity of anything out, and my bag was a very small
one, though the weather was tolerably fine, and I worked hard for
three days. I believe that I was about ten days too early for most
species, as every one assured me that butterflies swarmed about the

THREE WEEKS IN SPAIN. ll

end of May and during June ; and, in fact, I never saw a place that
looked more promising. I took here : — Papilio podalirius var. feia-
thamdl, Thais rumina (1), KnrJdoe carda)nines, Leptidia sinapis, Vanessa
atalanta, V. io, Melitaea aurinia var. prorincialis, M. phocbe, Brenthis
ilia, Pararije eijeria var. eijerides, Thestor balhis (1 much worn J ),
Laiii/iidcs tdicaniis, Xo)iiiades melannps, N. cyllanis, Poli/onniiatits
c(ir)jd(in, P. bellarijits ( $ 1), and a few other very common insects.

Mont Seny would, I think, probably repay the attention of some
of our more enterprising entomologists, it is practically unworked,
very accessible from Barcelona, and possesses tolerable accommoda-
tion for tourists. Mr. Witty spent two days there in June last (the
23rd and 24th), and I venture to send the list of his captures. The
most interesting is Kirbia evias, a variety with only two ocelli, instead
of three, on the forewings. I possess a specimen which may perhaps
be the var. liispanica, given in the new Staudinger-Eebel ( 'ataloi/uc.
Papilio podalirius var. feistkamdi, P. brassicae, P. rapae, /'. daplidice,
Anthocaris belia, Euchloe cardainines, Leptidia sinapis, Ci)lias ediisa,
(Tim('])ter}/x rliaiiini, (j. dcupatra, Tlwda ilicis, Chnjsoplianus alciphron
var. iiordiHs, C. pJdacas, Plcbeiiis arijiis, Puh/ominatiis medoji,' P. icanis,
P. bdlarijHs, P. corydon, Cijaniris ar</ioli(s, Xomiadi's seiiiiar//i(s,
Libijthca celtis, C/iaradrs jasiits, Apatiira ilia (very rare in Spain),
Pohjiionia eijea, P. c-albini), Vanessa urticae, Vanessa io, V. atalanta, I'.
cardiii, Melitaea pltoebe, M. didyma, M. athalia, BrentJiis dia, Ari/yuuis
atlippc, A. latJionia, A. pandora, Melanaryia lacliesis, ]\yebia eeias,
Satynta circe, S. sonde, Pararye hiera, P. vieyaera, P. eyeria, Epine-
phele jiirtina (janira), E. ida, E. ])asi2)hae, L'oenonynipha areania, C.
painphilus, Spilothynis althacae, Sy)-ii-/ithiis rartJiaini, S. nmlvae, Hesperia
thaionas, and Paviphila sylvanns, a total of 54 species in two days.

Mr. Witty and I arrived at Granada on May 16th, and thoroughly
appreciated the beauty of that Moorish paradise, and the comfort of
the Hotel de los Siete Suelos, after travelling two days across the
dull ugliness of the central plateau of Spain, and sleeping two nights
in railway carriages. The town of Granada is situated rather more
than 2000ft. above the sea, and the hill of the Alhambra rises about
200ft. above the town. Our hotel is beautifully situated in the
wooded park outside the ancient palace, and immediately behind it
the hill slopes steeply up to an old fortification, which guards the
western end of a rough ridge, about four miles in length and one mile
in width, 3000ft. in height. This ridge falls in steep and well-wooded
declivities to the Darro, on the north, and in broken precipices and
rocky glens to the Genii, on the south. It is "coto," i.e., preserved,
which means that grazing and shooting are forbidden and no strangers
allowed to wander about, excepting only such as may be staying at
the Hotels Koma and Siete Suelos. A very small part of this hill is
cultivated ; insects, as well as game, find safety there, and it may be
recommended as good hunting ground, quite exceptionally so, for
Spain. We explored it from end to end, and thoroughly enjoyed its
variety — cork and pine woods by the Darro, rocky glens towards the
Genii, hollows overgrown with cistus, broom and lavender ; little
mountain meadows brilliant with flowers, stony patches on the
summit, rushy hollows here and there, were all interesting, and all
produced difterent insects. There is a good spring m one of the
glens on the south side, but it is not easy to find. We spent three

12 THE entomologist's RECORD.

delightful days wandering about this ridge, which commands splendid
views on all sides, especially towards the south and south-east, where
the range of the Sierra Nevada displays all its snowy peaks, white and
glittering, and very near, against the blue southern sky. I give the
list of our captures for May 18th, 19th and 20th : — Papilio podalirius
var. fi'isthauieli, P. machaon, Zei/ris eiiphcwc var. meridionalis, Pieria
dapli'liee, Anthocaris helemia var. i/laucc, A. ta;/is, A. helia var.
aii.wjiia, Enchloe eiiphenoides, Gonepterijx cleopatra, Leptidia
sinapis, Melitaea phoehe var. occidentalis, M. athalia var. iberiea, M.
deione, Parar(/e I'l/eria var. ei/erides, Melanar(jia ines, M. sijllius,
Lamjndes boetica, L. ti'licanua, F^uhjotmnatus baton var. panoptes, P.
astrarche, P. bdlaiym, Noiiiiades melanop>i (much larger than in
Catalonia or on the Eiviera), N. semian/ns, P. icarxs, Thanaos tai/es
var. Cervantes, Spilothijrits althaeae var. boeticus, tSi/ricthus sao var.
enerate.

May 21st we took diligence to Lanjaron, a small watering-place
on the southern slope of the Sierra Nevada, where Ave found good
quarters at the Hotel San Koque (entirely Spanish). Lanjaron is a
very picturesque place, overlooking the lower hills to the southwards
down to the Mediterranean, with fine orange orchards and vineyards
all round, ridges rising to the snow immediately behind, and steep
glens falling in precipices to the hot, lower valleys, close below the
town. Here we spent six days, three of which were hopelessly wet,
and the other three only partially fine, so we did not meet with much
success with the butterflies. We made three attempts to ascend the
ridge behind the town, but as soon as we got about 1000ft. up it, we
always came into the clouds, wbich got thiclver the higher we went,
so that by the time we reached the snow we thought it best to turn
back for fear of losing ourselves. Descending into the glens below us,
we found much the same insects as at Granada, only in smaller
numbers. 21. deiune was, however, very plentiful, and we got some
nice specimens of P. conjdon var. albicans flying in scorcbingly hot
dry watercourses, where they were scarcely distinguishable from the
white rocks they haunted. E. ida and E. pasiphae weva both common
among the cistus, and E.jiu-tina var. Inspidla was out in some num-
bers— replacing the type. A. latJwnia and A. pandora also made their
appearance, but only very few of these were seen. On the 27th we
returned to Granada, and there spent three more very wet days, im-
patiently watching the clouds, which did not lift till the 30th, when I
had two more delightful days on the " coto " ridge. I found E.
pasiphac and E. ida plentiful, also Aporia crataei/i and Tliecla ilicis just
out, but nothing very remarkable. The larvte of S. proto swarmed
on the sage bushes, and I collected several, from which two excellent
specimens were reared by Lord Walsingham. On June 1st I left
Granada with much regret, and by travelling straight through reached
England on the 4th, after an enjoyable and successful excursion, not-
withstanding the wet weather, Avhich is very unusual in Spain so late
in the spring.

Apis dorsata, Fabr., considered in the light of Domestication.

By 11. HAMLYN-IIAERIS, F.R.M.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
It is now some years since the idea was first conceived, that by the
introduction of Apis dorsata (known as the Giant Bee of India), a

APIS DORSATA, FABR., CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF DOMESTICATION. 13

valuable addition to our fauna would be obtained, yielding a larger
quantity of honey and wax, and generally more profitable than our
honey-bee, Apis mellifica and its difi'erent varieties — var. li[/ustica,
var. carniolia, etc. According to Dalla Torre : —

Apis dorsata, Fabr., occurs in Assam, IndiTl and Java ( ¥ cT 5 )• Var. hicolor,
Klug, occurs in Assam, India, Ceylon and Java. Var. testacea, Smith, occurs in
Assam and Borneo ( ? 5 )• Var. zonata, occurs in Assam, Celebes ( ? ) and the
Philippines. [The var. zonata also occurs in India, which is not mentioned by Dalla
Torre.]

About three years ago a special enquiry was set on foot to ascertain
whether or not the Giant Bee of India was really a suitable subject for
domestication. At that time I was permitted to look over various
reports at the India Office, and all these agreed that Apis dorsata,
mentioned generally under native names, could not be domesticated
on account of its intractable character. The chief points noted are :^

1. It is said to be exceedingly vicious, often attacking man or beast on the
smallest provocation. 2. It preserves the same habits and ajjpearance wherever
its habitat. 3. It has never been known to build its nest under shelter, but
mostly on isolated lofty trees or overhanging rocks. 4. After the honey season
the bees will desert their nests, and often travel for long periods and great distances,
even crossing such mountain chains as the Nilgherris in their course. 5. They
build single combs. C. And are used to approach from north, south, east, or west.
7. They rarely remain in one locality for more than three weeks, emigrating
as flowers become scarcer.

We will consider these points more in detail, to make the subject
better understood. Among the hill-men, near Darjeeling (Eastern
Himalayas), this bee is known by the name Cargoo, and is generally
an object of fear and dislike — according to Sladen. It will be readily
seen that the risk of introducing such a bee, even were it possible, into
a thickly populated country would be too great. Not only the hill-
men of Darjeeling find Apis dursata an undesirable neighbour, but all
are agreed on the subject who have had any experience in the matter.
Interesting, however, is the way in which the natives of the Malay
Archipelago, for instance, take the comb and honey, showing much
courage on their part. Perhaps, also, the Apis dorsata may be some-
what less dreaded in the islands than on the mainland of India. The
native, having located the nest (built some 70 to 80 feet from the
ground, sometimes even more"), repairs by night to the spot, and after
a wearisome climb, sometimes lasting an hour, with only the smoke
fumes of a torch, drives the bees away from the combs, which are
then severed from the boughs and let down by cords to his helpers
below. Such a rough and ready style of proceeding must necessarily
aggravate the bees, and stings, as one may suppose, are plentiful ; still
the tribesmen do not seem much concerned. It is well known that
one of the greatest obstacles to the domestication of this bee is its
natural wildness and its inability to settle permanently in one spot.
When we consider that Apis dorsata usually makes its nest in wild
and rocky country, only remaining in one locality so long as flowers
abound, we shall better realise why it moves from place to place, and
the impoi-tance of so doing to its general welfare. Therefore we see
that only by completely altering its natural habits could we hope to
domesticate this bee, or bring it into use under diflering circumstances

* This is for protection against the bears, which are (as is known) fond of
honey, and would climb the trees in search of it.

14 THE ENTOJIOLOGISt's RECORD.

from those in which it has always lived. Also on account of its size, and
the power of its flight, the Giant Bee will travel as much as a hundred
miles before again settling down to home life.'''- It is not so much
the honey gathered by these bees which is valuable to the natives, but
the large quantities of comb they produce, the latter, being melted down
into wax, forms a valuable article of industry in India. The hill-
men do not trouble much about the honey, but are said to eat the
young bees and larvne with great gusto. Another hindrance to domes-
tication is the way they build their nests, quite in the open, entirely
unprotected, and always single combs from about five feet to six feet
in length, and about two feet to three feet in depth. Some fine
specimens of these combs are to be seen in the South Kensington
Natural History Museum. When a species of insect has been used to
certain habits for endless generations, in fact has never known
any others, it will be readily understood how difficult would be the
problem presented to us did we attempt to keep such a refractory
creature in confinement. The only attempt made seems to have been
a failure. A queen bee was tied by a thread to a stick and placed in
the hollow of a tree, and after two to three months a very small piece
of comb was found, and the experiment proving useless was aban-
doned. Since this a writer to the last Government report says that
" He had seven hives all well and fed for the Avinter," but in the
spring the " little brutes " decamped by twenty and thirty a day, until
each queen in turn left its hive in disgust. Clipping the queen's
wings, as is done in modern bee-keeping, would prove fatal to Apis
dnnata. On account of her uncontrollable character she Avould prob-
ably be lost. The question arises, if we cannot domesticate Aj)iii
ilorsata itself, could Ave by judicious crossing attain the desired end ?
The best ansAver to this question Avill, I think, be found in the fact
that European bees exist which are closely allied to a species found in
northern India, Avhich never crossed Avith Apis dnrsata. All these
facts considered, there only remains Apis indica, very similar to our
European bee, with which domestication might be a success, but if
any real advantage Avould arise therefrom or not is doubtful, but no
doubt can remain that the facts relating to Apis dnrsata must for eA'er
bar the Avay to its domestication.

* A2)is dorsata is, however, inclined to fly somewhat chimsily, and to visit
flowers somewhat listlesslv.

Notes on the British Myrmecophilous fauna (excluding Coleoptera).

By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Ants' nests, as is well knoAvn, are inhabited all over the AA'orld by
many different kinds of creatures. These occur in such situations
from various reasons. Some are true guests of the ants, being fed by
them like their OAvn oftspring ; from others, such as some of the
beetles, aphides, and scale insects, the ants obtain SAveet juices Avhich
are excreted by them. Many are scavengers in the nests, feeding on
the dead bodies of the ants and their prey, waste vegetable substances
and other refuse. Others, again, are parasites in the true sense of the
word, living in, or on, the ants themselves, their eggs, or larvae.
Numbers are more or less like ants in appearance, such as some
spiders, beetles, bugs, etc., and these " mimics " are generally found

NOTES ON THE BRITISH MYRMECOPHILOUS FAUNA. 15

with ants, if not actually in the nests, their resemblance to the ants
protecting them no doubt from outside enemies. Some creatures only
pass their earlier stages in the nests, being always found at large in
the perfect stage. Finally there are the chance guests, which, though
not always occurring with ants, are very often found with them. The
myrmecophilous fauna, with the exception of the order coleoptera,
having been much neglected in this country, and such records as there
are being very fragmentary and scattered, I have endeavoured to
collect together all the available information published on the subject.
I also record for the first time my own captures, some of which are
new to this country, and my experience of the habits of the insects. I
would here especially thank Messrs. Buckton, Collin, Enock,McLachlan,
Michael, Morley, Saunders, Sinclair, Verrall and the Kev. 0. Pickard-
Cambridge, for kindly helping me in their different orders.

Lacertilia. — Amjuis frai/ilis. — My friend Mr. A. J. Chitty, tells
me that he has frequently taken the slow-worm in the nests of Formica
fasca, at Dorington, in Kent. I think this is worth recording, as the
Auipliisbaena, a blind, snake-like lizard lives in the nests of the leaf-
cutting ants on the Amazons. In Guiana, a legless lizard, Coecilia
anniddsa (sometimes called the double-headed snake, its body being
equally thick at both ends), lives in the nests of the leaf -gathering ant.

Hyjien'optera.— Fo;'/»?'e^/ac. — Sole)iopsifi fiu/ax, Ltr. — This small
robber ant lives at the expense of other large species of ants. Sir
John Lubbock says {Ants, Bees, and Wasps, p. 78), "It makes its
chambers and galleries in the walls of the nests of larger species and
is the bitter enemy of its hosts. The latter cannot get at them,
because they are too large to enter the galleries. The little Solenopsis,
therefore, is quite safe, and, as it appears, makes incursions into the
nurseries of the larger ant, and carries oft" the larvffi as food." Sharp
figures a nest of Formica fnsca with chambers of this little, ant in it
{(Jamb. Nat. Hist., Insects, pt. ii., p. 1B7). Wasmann records it from
Europe and North Africa with nearly all the larger species of ants
{Mi/rm. u. Term. Art., 1894, p. 162).

Formicoxenns nitidnliis, Nyl. {Stenamma trestiroodi, aut.). — This is
another species found with larger ants. Sir John Lubbock {loc. cit.,
p. 78) says, "The little Stenamma n-estiroodii, is found exclusively in
the nests of the much larger F. ritfa, and the allied F. pratensis.^*
Wasmann {Inc. cit., p. 162) gives the same two species as its normal
hosts, and Sharp {loc. cit., p. 160) adds F. comierens. Mr. Chitty and
I took it in a nest of Formica riifa, in the Blean Woods, in May, 1901.

Formica sawjuinea, Ltr. — This is the slave-making ant, for which
purpose it chiefly uses Formica fnsca. Sharp {loc. cit., p. 150) says
that F. cnnienlaria and possibly L. jlarus, are also utilised by F.
scnvjiiinea in England. Their expeditions to attack neighbouring nests,
and methods of obtaining slaves are too well known to be entered into
here. Many other species of ants besides F. fnsca are found in their
nests. F. Smith writes in the Fnt. Annnal for 1868, p. 91, "I have
received from a young and most observant hymenopterist, a list of
species found in a nest of F. sannninea, at Shirley ;..../''.
_/'».scrt, common ; F. ni(/ra and F. jlava, several specimens; Taj>inoina
erratica, Mi/mica rmiinodis and M. scabrinodis, common ; M. lobicornis,
the workers very abundant, but only one female ; Leptothorax acevnmm,
all the sexes, abundant in August ; L. nylanderi, several specimens."

16 THE entomologist's eecoed.

Lasius fJavus, Beg. — I found a colony of this ant using the same
tree as a nest of Laaius fulif/inoms at Lymington, both species coming
in and going out together.

Ponera contracta, Ltr. — Farren White records {Ants and Their
Ways, p. 239) that " Mr. Janson found it in company with F. fnliyin-
osHs. I have a specimen found in the same situation, presented me
by Mr. Shepherd, of Fleet Street." I took a specimen in a nest of
Formica fusca at Doddington, Kent, in May, 1901.

Leptofhorax ocevurnm, F, — Farren White records (loc. cit., p. 171)
finding it with F. sanr/Hinea on Shirley Common. I have taken it in
the nest of F. rufa at Weybridge.

Leptothorax n)jlanderi,Foerst. — F. Smith says {Inc. o?'i.,p. 94), " The
Leptothorax nijlanderi ha.s never been found in any other situation than
in ants' nests, usually those of Formica rnfa." I have taken several
specimens in the nest of Lasius fali<jinosiis at Oxshott.

Asemorhoptriim lippidiim, Nyl. { = Stenamma wcsticoodi, West.). — This
ant does not appear to be looked on as myrmecophilous, Wasmann
(loc. cit., p. 162) says, " The true StcnamiDa westwoodi, Westw.
{Asemorhoptrtim lippulnm, Mayr.) is not myrmecophilous." I think,
however, that the following notes prove that it has some claim to be
considered so. F. Smith (loc. cit., i860, p. 92) writes : " I took this rare
ant twice in the nest of Formica fiilininosa," again {loc. cit., 1861, p.
42) : " I may here record the capture of Miir))iicd lippula in the nest of
Formica fuliiiinosa hy My. Edwin Shepherd; Mr. Janson, as well as
myself, has also previously found these ants in company "; and {loc.
cit., 1863, p. 59), " This minute ant appears to be a constant resident
in the nests of other species, at least in this country ; whether it is
found invariably in such situations throughout Europe, I am not
prepared to say, but I have never found it separated from other ants.
Mr. Janson and also Mr. Shepherd, find it in nests of Formica
fulifiinnsa. I have also myself found it in company with the same
species, but sparingly. In May last it occurred in some numbers in

ants' nests near Highgate I am inclined to believe that

M. lippnla never constructs its own nest, but resides constantly with
species of Formicidae.'' Farren White says {loc. cit., p. 243), "Mr.
Janson has found it in company Avith the jet ant, F. fnliijinosa. I
have found it at Charlton, Kent, in company with B\ iniibrata."
Finally I have taken seven specimens at different times during the
last few years in a nest of Lasias fidininosiis at Oxshott.

^fi/rmica scahrinodis, Nyl. — Farren White says {loc. cit.,-g. 240), "I
have found it occupying one side of the raised mound of flara, and
also sharing with this species the shelter of the same stone." I have
found it with the same species in the Isle of Wight, and twice in the
nests of Formica sant/uinea at AVeybridge.

Myrmica laevinodis, Nyl.— Sharp {loc. cit., p. 148) says, " It some-
timeslives with F. rnfa in perfect harmony."

Myrmccina latrcillii. Curt. — I took two specimens of this ant in a
nest of Lasins niyer, at Doddington, May, 1901.

Pezomachidae. — Pezomachns rttlpiniis, Grv. — F. Smith {loc. cit.,
1861, p. 41) says that P. vidpinus and P. vncropterus were both found in
the nest of F. rufa. Wasmann {loc. cit., p. 167) says the former is a
parasite on F. rufa.

Microcrijptus niyrocinctus. Grav. — I took several ? s in a nest of

NOTES ON THE BRITISH MYRMECOPHILOUS FAUNA. 17

Myrmica laevinodis in Wicken Fen. In the same nest the beetle
Myrmcdonia collaris occuvred in some numbers. They bear a very
strong superficial resemblance to each other, both being of the same
colour.

Pnictotnqddae. — Lat/ijnodcs ixilUdus, Boh. — I have taken this
species in the nest of Lasiiis fidininmms at Oxshott.

Bctlnjlus formicarius, Curt. — I took a specimen of this little creature
in the nest of Lasins fulujinusus at Oxshott.

Litus cijmpseiis, Hal. — In May, 1901, 1 bred a number of ? s of this
species out of my observation nest of La.sn/.s niuer from Portland.
Mr. Enock, to whom I sent them, and who named them for me tells
me it is one for whose nidus he has looked everywhere. These
creatures live in the eggs of other insects, and Mr. Enock thinks it
highly probable that they bred out from the eggs of the ant.

Diajnia aeqnata, Thoms. — I took a specimen of this creature on
April 4th, 1901, out of a patch of Formica riifa at Weybridge,
" massing " on their hillock. Mr. Morley who named it for me, tells
me he took a specimen on April 2nd, 1899, by beating near a nest of
Foniiica rufa, in Bentley Woods.

Lepidoptera. — Mijniiecuciia ucli raceella , Tgstr. — Of this species
Buchanan White writes in the Scottish Natuyalist (vol. i., 1871-2, p.
2.58), " About the end of June, and in July, if w^e examine the blades
of grass in the vicinity of a nest of the hill ant, in Perthshire or other
parts of the north of Scotland, we shall probably see several specimens of
a small yellowish-ochreous moth perched upon them. Sometimes when
disturbed they get on the nest and enter some of the doors ; the ants
appear, strange to say, to be generally rather frightened of them.
The eggs are laid in, or on, the nest, and the caterpillars, which
are white with brown heads, and with a few scattered hairs, feed upon
the decaying vegetable matter of which the nest is composed. As,
however, a fat juicy larva would be a morsel too tempting to escape
the jaws of the ants, the caterpillar constructs long galleries of small
twigs, leaves, etc., fastened together with silk, and thereby protects
itself from its hosts. The caterpillar lives during the autumn, winter
and spring, and about the beginning of June assumes the pupal state
inside the gallery. The puparium is about a third of an inch in
length, slender, and yellowish-brown in colour. In Britain, ili.
ochmcedla has only been found in Scotland." Wasmann (loc. cit., p.
170) gives F. rufa and F. jiratcnsis as its hosts. I have taken it at
Rannoch, at the end of June, by stirring up the hillocks made by
Formica rufa, when the insect tlies out.

Diptera. — t'eratopof/on imjrjiiecojdiilua, Egger. — I took a $ of this
species in a nest of Formica rufa at Oxshott, in 1898. On May 14th,
1901, I bred a 3 out of my "observation nest" of 7''. rufa. This
species is new to Britain.

Plnjllouxjza securicorjiis, Fin. — In the Fnt. Mo. May., xxx., p. 14G,
Mr. Yerrall introduced this species as British, and mentions that he
took some «? s at Braemar in July, 1873, by sweeping over nests of
Formica rufa. I have taken $ s in the nests of Ladua fulii/inosus and
F. rufa, at Oxshott. In the former nest I have noticed the flies
coming out of the small hole at the end of the entrance of the nest
into the tree. On April 29th and 30th I captured J s which had bred
out of my " observation nest " of F. rufa. On May 2nd I captured
another <J which had just emerged from my nest, the wings not being

l8 THE entomologist's RECORD.

yet developed. The wings reached the natural size in about five
minutes. On May 16th, I took another $ from the La^im fulj(/i)i(isus
nest at Oxshott.

Plati/phora hihhocki, Verrall. — This creature was described by Mr.
Verrall from a specimen taken by Sir John Lubbock in ants' nests.

Phora formicariiDi), Verrall. — This species is parasitic on Lasiiis
niger. Sir John Lubbock says {loc. cit., p. 26) : "If a nest of the
brown ants be disturbed at any time during the summer, some small
flies may probably be seen hovering over the nest, and every now and
then making a dash at some particular ant. These flies belong to the
genus Phora, and to a species hitherto unnamed, which Mr. Verrall
has been good enough to describe for me. They lay their eggs on the
ants, inside which the larv^p live." Westwood {Mod. Class. Insects, ii.,
p. 575) says : " T have repeatedly observed, on disturbing the nest of
the common brown garden ant, a very minute species of Phora,
hovering over, and flying upon ants." Mr. Collin tells me he
considers this species mentioned by Westwood to be /'. forwicaritnn,
and that he has taken the species by sweeping over ants' nests in Mr.
Verrall's paddock at Newmarket.

Scatojise infumata, Hal. — I have taken this species in the nest of
Lasins fulvjinosiis at Oxshott.

Sciara, sp. ? 1. — I took a species of this genus, of which several
are recorded with ants on the continent, in the nest of Formica riifa,
at Oxshott. I have since bred this species in numbers out of my
" observation nest " of F. ntfa. I took the first specimen in my nest
on April 9th, and saw it constantly after that up to the end of July,
when I went away. It does not fly much but walks quickly dodging
out of the way of the ants, who appear to pay no attention to it.

Sciara, sp. ?2. — I took this species in the nest of Lasitis fidii/inosiis
at Oxshott, on April 2nd and 12th, 1901.

Sciara, sp. ? 3. — I took this species with F. nifa at Oxshott in
1900, and with L. fidii/inosKs on April 26th, 1901, also at Oxshott.

Trineura, sp. ?— I have taken a species of this genus, of which
several are recorded with ants on the continent, in the nest of F. rufa
at Oxshott. Westwood (loc. cit., p. 231) records that, on disturbing
neats oi F. fnsca he noticed a small species of this genus hovering
over the nest and darting at the ants. W^asmann in quoting this record
(Inc. cit., p. 175) considers that from the description of the nest the
ant must have been F. rufa and not F.fnsca.

MicroddH, sp. '? — I have seen several of the curious larva- of a
species of Microdon in the Jjritish Museum. They were taken by Miss
Simpson at Kendal, in Westmorland, in a nest of Formica fiisca, in
1900.

Erebia aethiops and its Variation.

By H. MOUSLEY, F.E.S.
I remember some few years ago receiving a letter from a corre-
spondent in which he said: "I wish you collected something more
than the butterflies, there is so very little to be done with them, and
exchanging becomes a difficult matter." I think, if we obtain a copy
of the Procccdi)if/s of the South London Fntomoloi/ical Socictij for the
year 1895, and read Mr. Tutt's interesting paper on the above insect,
and then spend a few days every August for two or three years (the

EEEBIA ^THIOPS AND ITS VARIATION. 19

same as the writer has done) netting- and examining- hundreds of this
insect for aberrations, we shall come to the conclusion that there is a
great deal more to be done with one species only of the butterflies than
most of us imagine. However, to return to my subject, the ground
on which I collected is the most southern in England, so far as I know,
where /*.'. aethiops is taken, and lies about 30 miles north of Bradford,
the elevation being some 700 or 800 feet above the sea-level, and the
grassy openings in a large wood the favourite haunts of the species.
Referring to the paper already mentioned, we notice that all the speci-
mens exhibited — some 320 — were either Scotch or European, and as
mine are all English, they should prove interesting from the point
of view of comparison.

To begin with, I may say all the specimens are very uniform in
size, the females slightly larger than the males, as a rule, and the
general colour of both sexes is of a rich velvety black-brown, with the
bands well developed. On examining the uppersides of both sexes I
find there is no specimen in which the double ocellated spot, or the
spot in section 5 of the forewings, is not present, whilst none have
more than six on the fore- and five on the hindwings, with three as
the least in both cases. On the undersides, five seems to be the most
in both cases, Avith two as the least on the hindwings only. Taking
the uppersides of the males first, only three specimens have four spots
developed on all four Avings ; two have four on the fore- and three on
the hindwings, and some in both sexes are unequally spotted, having
four on the right and three on the left, and rice versa, and these I have
labelled ab. inequcdi^. Besides these, there is a form in which the
bands on all four wings are broken up into little rings surrounding the
ocellated spots, which gives the specimens a very dark appearance
when compared with the type, and these I call ab. nvjra. In all, only four
answer to this description, with a fifth, which is a very extreme form,
and practically comes under the heading of ab. ohsoleta (Tutt, Brit.
Ihim., p. 432), and Avhich I recorded in Ent. Record, 1899, p. 269.
On the forewings the black spots and white eyes are very small indeed,
with only a few red scales appearing in sections 1 and 2. On the
hindwings the spots and eyes, with a few red scales surrounding each,
are so very minute indeed that a magnifying glass has to be used to
make them out at all clearly. In addition to this, the whole ground
colour has more of a grey tone about it, and is not nearly so rich as
in the type. This brings us to the females, and by far the most
interesting specimen I possess is the one recorded in Ent. Benird,
1900, p. 297. On the forewings the six spots are arranged in sections

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, a very rare occurrence indeed; and, as regards the
uppersides of the hindwings, and the undersides of both the fore- and
hindwings, there are five spots developed in every case, making in all
a total of 42 spots for this insect. Others have five developed in
sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and two have it in sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. These
two, with the previous one already mentioned, are the only three
examples that have the spot developed in section 1, out of many
hundreds that must have passed through my hands, thus bearing out
what Mr. Tutt says, viz., that it is more of a Continental than an
English form. Those having four spots are all, without exception,
placed in sections 2, 3, 4, 5, as also those with three spots in sections

2, 3, 5. ^Ye now come to the form corresponding with that of the

20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

males where the bands are broken up into little rings, and in which
the whole ground colour is of a much greyer tone, and these I have
called ab. pallida. Only five examples were obtained, and in each case
four spots are developed on the forewings. Before concluding the
upper sides there is still one more form to be mentioned, and that is
the ab. flarciurm, Tutt, in which the fulvous bands of the females are
of a pale yellowish, instead of orange-red. Only two of my specimens
fall under this head, and, strangely enough, they happen to be the one
containing the six spots, and also one of the two containing the five
spots in sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. With regard to the undersides of the
males, the usual form has only three spots on the forewings in sections
2, 3, 5, but I have two with four in sections 2, 3, 4, 5.''' To make
quite sure of the hindwings it is absolutely necessary to use a magni-
fying glass, as in many cases the white points are almost indiscernible
to the naked eye. I have gone carefully over some hundred or more
male and female specimens, and find that the usual number is three or
four. Nine males have five spots and fifteen females the same
number more or less developed, whilst only two females have two, and
one female six on the right wing only. Two striking aberrations in the
males are worth recording. In the one the bands on the fore- and
hindwings are almost obsolete, with the spots very small indeed, and
in the other the whole ground colour is of a very pale grey, with the
bands on the forewings higher than in the type, and more resembling
those of the females. The only two other forms that I have to men-
tion, and which both belong to the females, are the ab. nchracca, in
which the two areas that are grey in the type become distinctly
ochreous, and the ab. Icnrotaenia, Stdgr., which is an extreme form of
the type, the whole fascia becoming almost white. In this particular
locality the ab. ochracea far outnumbers the type, and I have been able
to obtain some very beautiful and striking examples. Only one
specimen comes under the heading of ab. leucotacnia, and in this the
red-brown transverse band is very much restricted and broken up,
allowing the two grey bands to join one another along the whole
length of the inner margin, and for about one-third of the distance up
towards the costal margin, and beyond this the brown band is twice
broken up, allowing the grey bands to go through and join one another
again. This gives the wings a very white and silvery appearance,
which is increased OAving to the outer brown marginal area being
somewhat narrower than in most specimens, and of a very pale colour.
Before concluding I have to thank Mr. Tutt for a series of the forms
he took at Susa, an account of which will be found in Ent. Record,
1898, p. 120. These are much larger than our English ones, and very
well ocellated. The undersides of the males are much darker, and one
interesting specimen amongst the females . has four spots developed on
the upperside of the forewings in sections 1, 2, 3, 5, a form which
certainly must be very unusual with us. Finally, on comparing my
notes with those of Mr. Tutt, I think we may safely come to the
conclusion that the species in its most southern English locality is a

* In the females the usual number is three][ancl four^in sections 2, 3, 5, and
2, 3, 4, 5, respectively, but one specimen has the four spots in sections 2, 3, 5, G.
Only one has the five spots in sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, but four have them in sections
2, 3, 4, 5, 0.

THE COUNCIL OF THE ENTOI^IOLOrTlCAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 21

well-spotted race, with a tendency, if anything, in the males to
develop broken bands, and in the females to suppress the underside
coloration of the type and develop that of the ab. ochracca.

The Council of the Entomological Society of London.

By H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., and W. J. KAYE, F.E.S.

Never since the Entomological Society of London obtained its
Charter has there, we believe, been an actual election of the members
of Council by the Fellows of the Society. For many years, neverthe-
less, there have been murmurs from various Fellows at the cut-and-
dried method of appointing the Council and officers of the Society.
Sometimes this has taken the form of a protest made by a provincial
society, many of whose members are Fellows of the premier society ;
at other times it has consisted of a personal growl from one Fellow to
the others, and then there has never been wanting the criticism of the
useful individual who is on principle " agin the government," and is
always prepared to urge the Society to do better than before, however
satisfactory the progress may have been. This dissatisfaction, how-
ever, need never have found voice, nor, in reality, has any Fellow
cause for complaint, for a glance at the bye-laAvs will show that it has
always been in the hands of a majority of the FelloAvs, to place whom-
soever they chose on the Council and to elect whomsoever they
pleased as officials. The Council of the Society has, in this matter,
a very simple duty to perform, c/c, to recommend to the Society the
names of such Fellows as it thinks might be elected as officers or
as members of the Council. The duty is a ncessary one, for it might
otherwise happen that an insufficient number of Fellows might be
nominated for the posts of officers and Council, and difficulties would
possibly arise. On the other hand any four Fellows may nominate
other candidates either as ofiicers or members of the Council, and
the election by ballot is made at the annual meeting. We are not
aware that the Council has wished to take upon itself, what is
evidently the inalienable right of the Fellows, riz., the election of
officers and Council, they simply select a sufficiency of names of
Fellows to fill the various offices, and thus prevent a hiatus. They do
not even say that the names suggested are the best possible that could
be selected, although one suspects that this is the opinion of, at least,
a majority of the Council.

It may happen, therefore, that the opinions of the Council
and of the Fellows generally, may differ widely as to the fitness
of particular individuals selected to represent them, and the
latter may reasonably be excused if they prefer to select their
own representatives in their own way, and, many may wish to do
this, in spite of their general acquiescence in the selection made
for them, unless some more active individuals take the necessary steps
under the bye-laws to nominate other candidates. At this time of day,
progress is rapid, the requirements of science are imperative, and it is
absolutely necessary if a Society is to progress and to remain successful,
that only the best men be selected. At the present time entomologists
comprise a heterogeneous combination of specialists — lepidopterists,
coleopterists, hymenopterists, dipterists, orthopterists, hemipterists,
&c. — and it is evident that representatives of the workers in these

22 THE entomologist's record.

orders should be chosen in some sort of rough proportion to the
number of Fellows studying the various branches, but whoever the
men selected they should be the best available, men who are known to
their fellow- workers at home and abroad, men who have done all in
their power to forward the interests of the Society (1) by increasing its
membership, (2) by reading papers, (3) by making exhibitions of inter-
esting material, (4) by joining in discussions and preventing the
monthly or bi-monthly meetings becoming rather less than the
dreary funerals they often would degenerate into were it not for a
few individuals who are prepared to prevent it. To select these
men is imperative. Social standing, personal friendships, personal
pique, and other weak humanities must be swept aside, and the most
active, energetic entomologists, who possess the good opinion and
confidence of the Fellows throughout the whole country, must be
chosen, irrespective of wealth, position, age, personal friendships,
anything — except their standing as entomologists.

Now what underlies the dissatisfaction that at present undoubtedly
exists in the mode of selection of the Council of the Society ? Is it
due to the fact that the Fellows recommended are not all in the first
rank of active, eager, and capable entomologists, who have raised, are
raising, and are still able to raise entomology as a scientific pursuit in
the eyes of the entomologists of the world ? Is it that these active
entomologists (some old, others young), do not feel themselves
adequately represented by the method hitherto relied upon for the
election of the Council ? Is it that there are Fellows, who, being
elected on the Council, care so little for the success of the Society that
they attend the Council meetings badly, and the ordinary meetings not
at all ? Is it that there are members of recent Councils who never
make an exhibition of entomological specimens themselves, and never
offer a word of information, or criticism on the exhibits made by
others ? Is it that Fellows may be elected who have no exhibits to
make, and are entirely incapable of making any useful observations,
or giving any useful information on any branch of entomology? These
are some of the questions that any observant Fellow naturally asks
himself Avhen he hears dissatisfaction openly expressed.

Are our meetings a success ? Look at the Proceedimis for the last
few years and note their gradual deterioration. These are the official
reports of the meetings, and on their success must largely depend the
ability of metropolitan Fellows to attract their friends. Scan the
names of the exhibitors and compare with the names of the members
on the Council. A very short study of the Prdcet'dint/s may give a
hint that will answer some one or other of the above queries in the
negative or affirmative. We have heard of a Fellow resigning his
membership of the Society because the President elected was not the
candidate whom he favoured, and who returned after the elected Presi-
dent's term of office was over ? We have heard of members, who, from
ill-health, could not attend the ordinary meetings, although retaining a
seat continuously for years on the Council ? Do such push the Society
forward ? Could not such be spared for more effective men ? Purely
entomological experts are not necessary to the success of a Council
for the more technical papers are now given to specialists to judge
and decide upon as to whether they shall be printed quite apart from
the arbiter having a seat on the Council. What is wanted is a

NOTES ON COLLECTING.

23

Council of go-ahead eutoinologists, who will double in two or three
years our membership, raise the standard of work done at our meetings,
elevate the discussions to those worthy of a living scientific assembly
of experts, and thus increase the force that the Society is able to wield
for the advance of our favourite study.

After writing the above, we, with others, took steps to have a
friendly election this year. Eighteen names are before the Fellows,
fifteen of whom will be elected by ballot on Wednesday, January 15th,
at 8 p.m. The Fellows themselves, being entomologists, are the best
judges of the position of the respective candidates as useful entomologists.
We would urge all Fellows to select those whom they think are the
best men. If there be any candidate whose position in the entomo-
logical world is unknown or uncertain, such surely cannot prove a
satisfactory member of the Council of a learned Society. Above all
w^e appeal to the provincial Fellows to attend the Annual Meeting,
and, by taking an independent part in the election, show that they
have as keen an appreciation of the true position of entomology in
this country, and are as jealous of the honour and success of the
Society as are those who, mainly by the convenience of their places of
residence, must of necessity largely be called upon to govern it.

:iE^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Autumnal work at Boscombe. — Both sugar and light failed in this
district in the autumn of 1901, and ivy was very little better. The
only good insects I took were four Leucania vitellina and one />.
albiptmrta, tAvo of the former at sugared trees and two at sugared
sunflowers. These latter I find a very attractive bait. — E. B.
Robertson, Forest View, Southborne Road, Boscombe. Xoveinbcr
11th, 1901.

Sphinx convolvuli at CnixaFORD. — I have to record that several
Splthhv conrolntli were taken during the past autumn at Chingford. — A.
J. Croker, Connaught Road, Chingford. Xucoitbcr loth, 1901.

Autumnal Lepidoptera at Oxton. — Sjihin.v conculcuU was common
during the autumn. On November 9th I bred a 2 Zvnowiim jiorata
from ova laid by a ? taken in north Devon, the rest of the brood
showing no sign of emerging. The first Asteroacojuis upldiuc occurred
in the light traps on the morning of November 5th, and on the ] 1th
I had sixteen, then the frost set in, and I have had none since. — E.
F. C. Studd, M.A., F.E.S., Oxton, Exeter. Xovewher 19</t, 1901.

Pcecilocampa populi near Southampton. — Poecilocaiiipa popidi w^as
common on the lamps on the night of December 1st in a suburb of
Southampton, apparently quite recently emerged. Among the dozen
that I boxed was a $ , which laid a large batch of ova. — F. C.
WooDFORDE, B.A., F.E.S., IMarket Drayton. Devewhcr 23;v/, 1901.

Lepidoptera at Marlow in 1901. — Eniitniia polj/chloros was
unusually common in the spring, but scarcely seen in the summer.
Vanessa to and Paran/c ci/rria were not seen at all. At the end of
May and beginning of June Jhipta (niiianilata was almost what the
late Mr. Stamton would have called a pest. Leucania stiaininea was
common amongst reeds at the end of June, Lithosia tnesoniella and
Coreiiiia ijiiailiifasriaria were taken in July and early in August,

24 THE entomologist's record.

Mdanarijia (jalathea made its lirst appearance in the district, and on
the third of the month a soHtary specimen of Iheda ir-alhnm was seen,
Coliax liijale was fairly common from the middle of August until the
middle of September, on the same rough hillside which it frequented
last year, and so far as I can learn nowhere else in the neighbourhood.
It was very restless, and, on the rare occasions when it settled, seemed
to prefer ragwort. C'olias ediiaa was not observed. Two Denms cnryli
Avere taken early in June. They were buzzing along not far from the
ground very much after the fashion of an ovipositing Cosmotriche
potatoria.—A. W. Clarke, F.E.S., 109, Warwick Road, S.W.

Spread of butterflies into suitable localities. — It is curious
how butterflies manage to discover for themselves congenial localities.
The hill on which Pohjimivmtini bellari/va appeared for the first time in
1899, and on which it now'seems to have established itself, was, when
1 first knew it, covered Avith trees and dense underwood, on the outskirts
of which Brenthis eiijJtivfii/iie and Knodia Jn/pi'vantlnis used to roam,
and Dry as papJda was occasionally seen. In the seventies the
place was converted into cornland. Then the bad years came and
corn was no longer sown. Other crops were tried but nothing seemed
to answer, and for the last six or seven years the land has been left
uncultivated, and is covered in some places with heather, but princi-
pally with coarse grasses, bramble, marjoram, thyme, wild strawberry,
burnet, ragwort, and here and there Hipporrepis comosa. Brenthis
cnplirosyne, Enodia hyperanthns and JJryas jxiphia all disappeared
with the woods, and have not come back, although the two former, at
any rate, are common enough half a mile away. The first local butter-
fly to colonise the place was, strangely enough, Xisoniades taycK, which
must have travelled at least two miles. In 1899, a single specimen
of I'olyuiiniiatus curydon was seen, now it is abundant, P. hdlaryns
appeared as above stated in 1900, and is extending its range. In 1901
the place was prospected by Mdanaryia yalatlua, and it is to be hoped
that it will be found suitable. — Ibid.

CoLiAS near CAMBRiD(iE. — Paying a visit to some chalk-pits near
Cambridge on a sunny forenoon last September, I did iny best to net
a light-coloured Colias that was flying about the edge of a sainfoin
field, but it would not settle, nor could I get near enough to strike it.
I afterwards saw another when fishing near Upware in the Fens, but
whether they were C. var. helice or ('. hyale I could not be sure. I
made the acquaintance of C. edum in numbers last year at Weymouth
for the first time, and was struck by the diflerent behaviour of the
insect in the morning, compared with that of later in the day ; in the
forenoon a few were caught by the expenditure of much energy and
a considerable drain on one's adipose tissue, owing to their indisposition
to settle, later in the day, however, they were constantly visiting the
clover heads and their capture was easy. — W. D. Carr, Sandhurst,
Oaklands Road, Wolverhampton. Novc))dH'r 29t/i, 1901.

Luperina dumerili at Dover. — In the latter part of September
last, I had the good fortune to take a specimen of this rare Noctuid at
rest on a gas lamp in this town. The specimen, which I am told is a
female of the typical form, is now in the collection of Mr. Eustace R.
Bankes. It is best to mention this, to prevent any possible mistakes
in the future as to the whereabouts of the specimen.- — H. Douglas
Stockwell, 2, Albert Road, Dover. Deccvibcr l(jt/i, 1901.

CnUlKNT NOTES. 25

(pURRENT NOTES.

The Daihj Xcivr of December 30th, 1901, published a long article
and a short leaderette on the unusual and unexpected procedure of the
authorities at the Natural History INIuseum in not appointing a suc-
cessor to Dr. Butler as deputy- keeper of the Insect Department at this
institution. The article is headed, in true newspaper fashion, " The
story of a snub — Butterflies and a Baronet — Mr. C. 0. ^Yaterhouse
r. Sir G. Hampson." The facts appear to be somewhat as follows :
Dr. Butler retires on a pension of about £880 a year, two-thirds of his
final salary — £600. Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse, the senior assistant, is at
his maximum as assistant of £500 per year, and has two years' service
to complete before reaching the retiring age. Mr, W. F. Kirby, next
to ]\fr. C. 0. Waterhouse, is also a first-clasa assistant of longstanding.
Mr. C. Gahan, one of the best of entomologists, was till a few months
ago the senior of the second-class assistants, with Messrs. Arrow,
Austen. Heron, and Sir G. Hampson, as his juniors. A few months ago
Sir G. Hampson was promoted to be a first-class assistant, Mr. Gahan's
claims being apparently overlooked. A good deal was privately said at
the time as to the possible object of this promotion, and it Avas gene-
rally assumed that, on Dr. Butler's retirement. Mr. Waterhouse would
succeed for a couple of years, and that Sir George Hampson was
intended to succeed him. It would appear, however, from the state-
ments in the Daily News, that the Government, on account of the war,
are not prepared to appoint a deputy-keeper to succeed Dr. Butler at
£520 (the minimum salary for this post) per annum, although it would be
only ariseof £20for theseniorassistant, Mr. C. Waterhouse. On the other
hand, without payment, /.c, at no increase of hisexistent salary, £800, Sir
G. Hampson is stated to have accepted the responsibilities and duties of
the post, and Mr. Waterhouse is thus effectively shelved. That Mr. Gahan
has in the opinion of entomologists been rather ill-used goes with-
out saying, that Mr. Waterhouse is now also considered by them to
be baclly treated is obvious, and all feel particularly that his position,
especially pecuniarily, ought not to sufi'er by his being passed over, so
that when he retires it should be on the same terms as if he had been
at the head of the Department. As to which man — Hampson or
Waterhouse — would ultimately prove the better head of the depart-
ment, nothing can decide but the result, and much would depend on
the view taken as to the use to which the collections are to be put,
viz., whether the assistant-keepers are to be custodians of the collec-
tions in the best sense, for the use of all specialists, or to do entirely
technical work based on comparatively small sections, the rest of the
collections being left largely in a state of chaos, without additions, &c.
As to w'hich would do the more work as head one cannot say. One
doubts very much whether Sir G. Hampson would or could do more or
better work than he is doing now ; on the other hand Mr, Waterhouse
would have little time in two years to do anything very new before the
time arrived for him to retire. Giving weight to this fact renders it the
more unjust not to fully compensate him before his chance passes. No
doubt Sir G. Hampson is indebted in some degree for his position to the
confidence that the wealthy lepidopterists who are active members of
the Council of control feel that the collections which they have made,
and which they have already added, or ultimately intend to add, to
the national collections, would be in sympathetic hands, and this view,
although it must be granted to be a class one, must be accepted as

26 THE entomologist's recoed.

being the well-considered outcome of deliberate thought by experts
personally much interested in the welfare of the collections ; but at
the same time it must be conceded that, although Mr. Waterhouse and
Mr. Gahan are coleopterists, there is no evidence whatever (rather the
contrary) that they are not men of equally broad, if not broader views
than Sir George Hampson, and would not be equally jealous for the
good keeping of those parts of the collection other than those relating
to the order to which they are, by the nature of their work at the
Museum, supposed to be more specially attached. We still trust
that, as a matter of justice, the claims of Mr. Waterhouse will obtain
due recognition, and that the just aspirations of so excellent an ento-
mologist as Mr. Gahan will meet with due consideration and reward.

As will be seen from one of our leading articles there will be a
ballot for the whole of the members of the Council of the Entomological
Society of London this year. We understand that the election is to be
conducted on absolutely friendly lines, and with a view of allowing
every Fellow to make a choice for himself, and we trust that no paltry
personal considerations will be allowed to influence the result. It
appears to us that the strong claims of some of the younger men to a
seat on the Council cannot long be delayed, and we are at one with
those who think that only those who have done something for entomo-
logy, who attend the meetings regularly, and do their best to make
them a success now, should be elected. The older men (entomo-
logically, not necessarily by age) whose active interest in entomology
is past, and who are merely names to the workers of to-day, will, one
suspects, naturally give way gradually to their more active successors.
We particularly look forward to the chance that such an election will
give to the provincial entomologists to express their opinions. The
eighteen names before the Fellows are : Eevs. Canon Fowler, F. D.
Morice, Colonel Swinhoe, Professors T. H. Beare and E. B. Poulton,
Dr. Sharp, Messrs. Adkin, Burr, Champion, Chitty, Distant, Godman,
Goss, Lloyd, McLachlan, Eowland-Brown, Saunders and Tutt. Of
these, fifteen are to be elected. We trust that those who are able and
willing to do most for the Society will be chosen. Men who do not
attend the meetings, or those who do attend but do nothing to make
them successful, should certainly be passed over.

Lord Walsingham writes {Ent. Mo. 2Ia(/.) with regard to his well-
known collection of Micro-lepidoptera : "With a view to avoid
misconception and enquiry, it may be well to state for the information
of our readers, that by a deed dated November 23rd, 1901, between
the Trustees of the British Museum and myself, all my collections of
Micro-lepidoptera have now become the property of the Trustees, upon
the condition that I am to retain them in my care and custody so long
as I may desire to do so. This will in no way interfere with the study
or improvement of the collections during my lifetime, but will rather
enhance the interest with which I shall endeavour to render them as
complete as possible."

Our readers should see the January number of Science Gossip. In
it are excellent photographs of Miss Winstone and Mr. J. T. Carrington,
and their editorial staff. What many lepidopterists who are now past
their first youth owe Mr. Carrington for the kindly help that was
always freely given them during the time that he was editor of 'The
Entoinolof/ist (a critical time when the new entomology was struggling
hard for due recognition), one can scarcely tell, certainly none owes

PRACTICAL HINTS. 27

more to him than the writer of this note, which he is here grateful
to acknowledge. The present excellent condition of Science Ciosnij) is
a living testimony to the editorial ability of the staff, who have made
it quite the most interesting and useful of all magazines on general
scientific subjects.

Mr. Claude Morley describes (Ent. Mo. Mai/., p. 4) a new species
of Microijaster, M. sitjfolcioisis, bred from among larvae of Nothris
verbascella, from Bury St. Edmunds. Its nearest ally is probably M.
f/lobatKs, Nees.

Mr. J. Edwards adds {loc. cit.) another species of the Cicadina,
Stictocoris Jiareola, Bohm., to the British fauna. The specimens were
taken by Mr. W. West, in our south-east London district in
September, among long grass in damp places. Such an indefatigable
worker and naturalist as Mr. West deserves all the good fortune the
gods will give him.

Mr. Wallington records {loc. cit.) that Mr, T. Wright, of Warring-
ton, a " new beginner," captured OpJiiodes litnaris at sugar in Delamere
Forest, on .June 1st, 1901.

We have heard with much regret of the death of Mr. H. W. Vivian,
of Glanafon, on November 17th last, at the age of 33. He was a
collector of the pure British type, fond of out-door exercise, keen on
getting a good thing, but publishing little or nothing of the facts
gleaned or observations made.

We regret to announce the death of Thomas Pigg, M.D., of Easi
Grinstead, in his 77th year, on Monday, December 9th. Many years
ago he was an enthusiastic coleopterist, but was better known in the
north ot England than in the southern counties. He was a friend of
T. J. Bold, and was present with him in 1853, when the latter dis-
covered Anisolabis iiiaritiina near South Shields. He was also a friend
of James Hardy and John Hancock. In 1843, with Bold and Hardy,
he founded the Wallis Society, a kind of entomological club, meeting
alternately in each other's houses. In the " fifties" he was secretary of
the Tyneside Field Club, after which he set up in practice in Man-
chester. His entire collections passed many years ago to T. J. Bold,
who in his turn handed them over to the Newcastle-on-Tyne
Museum.

J§>R ACTIO AL HINTS.*

Field Work for January and February.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

1. — To force Macrothylacia rubi and Spilosoma fuliginosa, place the
larvae (after having been exposed to the weather for part of winter) in
a box with damp moss, and the box in a warm greenhouse or kitchen,
keep temperature up to about 80"^ F., the larvfe will spin up almost at
once without further feeding, and the imagines will emerge in from
two to four weeks (Moss).

2. — The cocoons of SaUirnia pavonia are easily found on the moors
when the heather is wintered ; they are either on the heather, or on
the ground loose, the latter situation being almost as common as the

* Practical Hints fob the Field Lepidopterist, recently published, contftins
1,250 similar hints to these, distributed over every month in the year. Interleaved
for collectors own notes). — Ed.

28 THE entomologist's kecord.

former ; the important factor for succeRS is to search for them when
the vegetation is dead (Arbnthnott).

3. — Cocoons of Satitrnia jmronia may also be found in whitethorn
hedges in winter, spun up on the lower branches about a foot from the
top of the bank on which the hedge grows. They are most dil^cult to
see when the foliage is on the trees, and, although exposed when the
leaves fall, the colour is so like that of the surrounding branches that
it would be easy to miss them (Ransom).

4.^The haunts of Scuta iiiaiitima are usually coincident with those
of Nona;/ rid (jcmiuijiiincta, the larva? of the former wintering in the old
burrows of the latter. The larvje are easily obtained in a hard
winter, when one can more readily examine the dead reeds that fringe
the sides of lakes and moors. They have also been found in the old
galleries of Nuna(jyia animliitis und N. cayinaem Tijiiha latifolia (Dadd).

5. — During the first week of February I searched the stone walls
and dykes that separate the fields in Aberdeen, etc., for cocoons of
Arctoinjsris var. jin/ricac, and in a few hours picked up a dozen around
Pitcaple ; the snow, however, was very deep and the cold intense, and
these factors much interfered with a more successful hunt (Reid).

6. — Imagines of Ni/fisia lds}ndaria are to be taken in late February
and March, newly emerged and drying their wmgs between 4 p.m. and
5 p.m. on the lower part of the trunks of oaks.

7. — In February and IMarch Hybernia Icucoiihaearia, Phifialia
pedaria, Xr/^sia liiapidaria, Amjdn'dasys stratan'a, are found commonly
by trunk-hunting on the outskirts of the London district — Richmond
Park, Chingford, itc.

8. — Imagines of Hyhcrnia Iciicnphaearia are common on trunks of
oaktrees, in February and March, some drying their wings during the
forenoon in the sunshine, the lantern revealing them, however, still
freshly emerging after dusk. Phhjalia jiedaria may be found at the-
same time and are often seen hanging with limp wings on the oak
trunks at about 8 p.m.

9. — The spring Hybernias are all common in Epping in February
and March ; very fine aberrations of male Hyhi'tnia leucuphaearni and
also ? s, are to be obtained on fences and tree-trunks in the daytime ;
H. rtipicapraria on every hawthorn hedge, the ? s about an hour after
dark are found at the bottom of the hedges, latter on they get higher,
and are seen on the outside as well as towards the middle of the
bushes ; the $ s of H. nmryinaria are to be found freely on tree-trunks
after dark with a lantern, some of the 3 s are very fairly dark.

10. — ^The larv;t of Boanuia roburaria may be beaten from oaks
when beating for larva) of L'leora lichcnaria in February, before the oak-
buds show the slightest sign of leaf. They must loose hold of their
silken pad surprisingly early ; the larva) also feed on sallow, white-
thorn and birch, feeding up well in confinement on sallow (Moberly).

11. — Early hatching larvjc of Poccilocawpa popxdi may be fed up
on lettuce ; eggs often hatch out-of-doors before the food-plants are
available.

12. — At the end of February place your cocoons of Diiiiorjdia
versicolor a in the sun during the day, and in a warm kitchen at night
and during dull weather ; few pupre will then go over to a second
year. The imagines will only pair in the sun or in a fairly high
artificial temperature, but given these they will do so and lay well.

Vol. XIV.

Pl. I.

Structural details of Oeoyia splendida.
Kntom. Record, etc., l'.)():l.

BUTTERFLY HUNTING IN GREECE IN THE YEAR 1900. 29

Butterfly Hunting in Greece, in the year 1900.

By MAEGARET E. FOUNTAINS, F.E.S.

For several years I have traversed the countries of central and
southern Europe, a somewhat grotesque figure, armed with a butterfly-
net. I have wandered along tlae glorious shores of the Mediterranean,
on the French and Italian Rivieras, and up the mountain gorges of
the Bassos-Alpes, where, in the neighbourhood of Digne, at least, the
butterfly-catcher is no longer an object of idle curiosity to the natives,
who have long since grown accustomed to him as " a figure in the
view," Digne being a locality of such vast repute in the " butterfly
world." Then, too, I have trod the dry arid hill-sides of Andalusia,
where the dwarf palm grows in clusters, and vegetation does not seem
to flourish. I have climbed to the lofty alpine pastures of Switzerland
and North Italy, and penetrated through the dense mountain forests
of Hungary, so still and soundless, save for the silent droppings of
the beech-nuts, and the faint whisper of the summer wind among the
tree-tops. I have also visited the Island of Corsica, which might be
a small item from another planet, for all the resemblance its ways and
customs bear to any other spot on earth, possessing, moreover, a separate
fauna, as it shares with its neighbour. Sardinia, the interesting fact,
that many of its animals, birds and various insects (butterflies by no means
excepted), as well as plants, are peculiar to these two islands, and not to
be found onthemainland of France or Italy, or, indeed, any other country
in the world. Sicily, too, is a glorious spot, one vast flower-garden in
the month of May, a fruit-orchard in June, and in July a parched-up
wilderness. All these countries do I know, and knowing, love. The
happy hunting-grounds of the Red Indian could not have been pictured
in more glowing colours to the eyes of imagination than must these
southern lands — the happy hunting-grounds of the entomologist — for
ever remain in the memory of those who have visited them in order
to enjoy the pleasures of "la chasse aux papillons ! "

In the year 1900 I spent the months of May and June in Greece,
and it is my humble hope that the experiences herein recorded may
possibly claim some slight interest from at least a few of the readers
of this journal. Now I am not going to write about Athens, to enlarge
upon the sublime beauties of the Acropolis, and so on, because that
is the archaeologists' province, upon which I fear to tread, besides,
most people know all about that already. Ordinary tourists will
almost invariably take their passage on board an Austrian Lloyd, or
Italian steamer at Brindisi, spend a few days, or a week, in passing,
on the lovely Island of Corfu, proceed by boat to Patras, or perhaps
the Piraeus, en route for Athens, where they probably remain a week
or two, and then, bidding farewell to the Hellenic shores, they sail foi-
other lands, and consider that they are now in a position to say they
have "seen Greece!" But merely to have visited Athens and its
immediate neighbourhood is, in my humble opinion, by no means to
have " seen Greece ! " and it was into that fascinating, half-civilised
region, generally spoken of amongst the English colony in Athens,
as " the Interior," that my inclinations, as an entomologist, prompted
me to explore. Of the various hardships and inconveniences I had
been led to suppose I should have to encounter in so doing, I do not
think, on the whole, I had received at all an exaggerated description.
February 15th, 1902.

30 THK entomologist's RECORD.

The Greek roads bore in many places a striking' resemblance to the
partially hardened surface of a ploughed field, and frequently there
were no roads at all, but only bridle-paths, for the principal mode of
locomotion in Greece is on horseback. This threw my bicycle com-
pletely " out of work ; " but horses were to be hired everywhere, at
from five to seven drachmas for the whole day ; though of course such
a thing as a side-saddle, was an absolutely unknown item of civilisation.
The inns in the country towns and villages are rough to a degree, and
hemiptera, other than those to be sought for outside by the entomolo-
gist engaged in the study of that class of insects, were in some of these
inns extremely plentiful. In fact though the food was bad the accom-
modation was worse. The Greek innkeeper often seemed to think
that to have two sheets on a bed was an unnecessary luxury ; and
sometimes they provided none at all. Luckily, owing to the kindness
of a friend, I was prepared to meet this contingency. Towels also
were not visible unless specially ordered. But they manage to provide
their guests with a greasy hair-brush and comb, and also with an old
clothes brush ; to say nothing of a piece of untempting looking scrub-
bing soap ; all of which articles of luxury (?) I used to collect in a
heap, telling Marcus (my Greek courier) to cause them immediately to
be removed from my presence and never to let them appear again.
Nor were these all the contingencies to be provided for in choosing a
room in a Greek Hotel, as I would perhaps be told that the charge
was one drachma (6d.) a night, and then, while I was inwardly con-
gratulating myself that travelling in " the Interior" was at all events
not ruinous, I Avould l^e shown into a good -sized room, barely fur-
nished, but with perhaps two or three beds in it. I remember at
Tripolitza, deciding upon an apartment of this description, when I
happened to remark (of course through the medium of Marcus), that
those other two beds might just as well be removed as it would give
rae more space, to which the prompt reply was : — " Oh ! but you see
someone else may arrive ! " — and then I grasped the full horror of the
situation ; the one drachma a night was for the b^J and not exclusively
for the room. As matters stood I should be liable to return from one
of our long butterfly-hunting expeditions into the mountains to find
some objectionable Greek female established in another corner of mi/
room. The idea was intolerable, but the way out of the difficulty was
obvious ; I must hire all the three beds in order to prevent anyone
else from doing so. But all this and more must be endured by the
butterfly collector in Greece, with just as much patience and resignation
as he may happen to have at his command. Yet there was a pleasing
variety in the quality of these discomforts, and at Delphi, though the
so-called hotel was only a little bungalow-dwelling in the main street,
with not so many as half-a-dozen rooms in it all told, the landlord of this
unpretentious little habitation who was, I had heard, celebrated as the
ugliest and most honest man in Greece, proved himself to be quite
worthy of both epithets, and also was so far comparatively accustomed
to provide for the English tourist, as to be aware that one of our
indispensable little weaknesses is the demand for cleanliness in all
things. For Delphi being a place of great archaeological interest is on
this account occasionally visited by travellers.

There are not very many railways in Greece, and the trains are
extremely slow and leisurely in their movements, so much so that

BUTTERFLY HUNTING IN GREECE IN THE YEAR 1900. 31

there is no sort or kind of objection raised when the passengers walk
along the footboards outside the carriages while the train is at full
speed, should they be disposed to do so. I did this once myself on the
little branch railway from Dhiakopto up to Kalavryta, when I found
my quarters in the small first-class compartment next the engine, a
trifle too warm in consequence of the hot smoke which was constantly
pouring into it. As I knew there was no stop till Zachlorou, and that
there were several long tunnels, I considered it just as well not to run
the risk of being suftbcated in one of them. With Marcus it was a
common practice also to get in after the train had well started. The
first time I saw him standing coolly on the platform, as we were slowly
steaming out of the station, I naturally thought to myself " Why,
that fool Marcus has been left behind." But he soon set my mind at
ease on this point, by shortly afterwards appearing at the window of
my carriage, to have a few minutes' friendly conversation during the
journey, a little habit of his to which I soon became quite accustomed.
I once asked him if he had carried on these practices during his trip
to England, to which he replied " Only once, and then I was told if
I ever did so again 1 should be fined."

Having found the country round Tripolitza so dry and barren as to
be apparently utterly unproductive from an entomological point of
view, we were returning on the line of railway between that place and
Corinth, when the train suddenly stopped in the midst of the moun-
tains, nowhere near any evidences of what could possibly be mistaken
for a station, and IMarcus appeared to inform me that the cause for
this was "the grasshoppers." So many of them were there that to
proceed would be impossible, without running the risk of the engine
slipping off the rails. I looked out and saw that the ground was
covered with one moving mass of orthoptera. There was not a square
inch of earth or visible blade of grass that was not densely populated
with these creatures, but as I am a lepidopterist and not an orthop-
terist, I am unable to say to what species they belonged. Impromptu
brushes had to be made of the scrub and brush wood, and these Avere
placed in front of the engine, and by this means the line was swept
clear enough for the train to proceed in safety.

The Greek butterflies that I was most anxious to obtain were Pieris
kri'fpcii, P. enjane, Eiirhloc (/nmeri (E. damone I knew must be over
long ago, as it only flies in the early spring), CoUas heldreichi (most
especially), Mdananjia larhsa, Chrysojilianits ottomamis, C. thetis, and
Satj/rus (jracca. All of these I succeeded in taking with the exception
of the two last-named species, both of which I should imagine to be
July insects, as I left Greece at the end of June without seeing any
specimen of them.

Pieris kriiperi was common just outside Delphi in May, on a
southern slope of the mountain near some red rocks, about 100ft. above
the ruins, but the ground was difficult, and krhpcri is a rapid flyer ;
it was easier to take it in the partially dried up bed of a stream a short
distance from the village, on the left of the main road going towards
Arakhova, which was a favourite drinking fountain and place of rendez-
vous for all thirsty butterflies. The spring brood — var. rernalis — ^Avas
flying with the summer brood the year I was in Greece, though most
of the specimens of var. vemalis were worn, especially the females,
which was remarkable as they had probably emerged a week or ten

32 THE ENTO:\rOLOGIST's RECORD.

days later than the males. Delphi is about 2000ft. above the sea
level ; and a few days later, down at Loutraki, a comparatively modern
place, on the shores of the Gulf of Corinth, I found kriiperi only, but
in excellent condition. They were up a gorge not more than 100ft.
from the level of the dried-up, arid plain, where, in the month of May,
the barley harvest was being cut and carried on the backs of mules to
be thrashed shortly afterwards beneath the feet of some five or six
horses which were made to trot round in a circle over the scattered
ears. In this plain I also found Satynix awaltJico ; the females being
equally common with the males (which is so rarely the case with any
butterfly), though they were somewhat dissimilar in their habits, as
the latter were generally only to be found down on the open plain,
while the females preferred to haunt the lower slopes of the mountain.
These latter remained in hiding during the hot hours of midday under
the grateful shadows of the huge rocks and boulders at the foot of
the gorge, from which seclusion sometimes six or eight at a tiine
would, on being disturbed, fly out lazily from beneath one rock, while
they seemed supremely indifferent to, and independent of, the little
males, who were besporting themselves in the glaring heat of the
plain below, where the oleander bushes grew in the dry stony bed of
the torrent. Pieris eruanc, which was common enough near Delphi
and in the neighbourhood of Kalavryta, did not apparently occur so
low down as Loutraki, whilst Euchlvi' (jr'nneri seemed to be exclu-
sively a mountain butterfly. It flew in certain localities (no doubt in
the immediate vicinity of its food-plant) accessible both from Delphi
and Kalavryta, but it was practically over by the third week in May.
Melanarfiia lariaaa seemed to be fairly widely distributed, from the
middle of May and throughout the month of June, though the Lout-
raki specimens in May were much finer and more deeply coloured
than those I took later at Kalavryta in June. The Lyca?nids in Greece
were, as a whole, distinctly disappointing. However the var. helena
of Nomiades semianiiis was extremely interesting. It occurred plenti-
fully all round Kalavryta in May, and most of the specimens were
very marked ; the orange band on the upperside being remarkably
broad and distinct in nearly all the females captured. The var.
parnasxia of this same species occurred near Delphi, but no Iwlcua
appeared north of the Gulf of Corinth. I also took a few specimens
of Poh/onunatiis zepln/nis near Kalavryta in June ; and an interesting
form of Pnli/owmatKs cuiiicdon near Delphi in May, without any traces
of the arrow mark on the underside of the hindwings, except, indis-
tinctly, in the case of one female.

In order to secure ('Iiri/Miphanus ottomannsl had been told that
I must visit Mesolonghi, another place on the sea-level, but very
different from Loutraki. Instead of the dry, arid shores of the Gulf of
Corinth, Mesolonghi lay surrounded by low, damp meadows, and
unhealthy marshes — a perfect fever-bed of snakes and mosquitoes.
Marcus did not appreciate the snakes at all, though he was never so
vehement in his protestations that he was " not afraid " of them, as
when he had just jumped half a foot off the ground at the sight of
one ; or possibly on no greater provocation than the rustle of a lizard
in the grass ! 13ut C oWnnaniis had to be captured, so snakes and
mosquitoes alike must for the time being be put up with. And this was
the chosen haunt of this brilliant little butterfly, flashing like a spark

BUTTERFLY HUNTING IN GRBlECK IN THE YEAR 1900. 83

of fire amongst the tall green reeds and luxuriant flower-mingled
grasses, but it was not so easy to find, and some days elapsed before
we came across it at all. But at last Marcus, to his great joy, secured
a magnificent female. Still we had not really discovered, so to speak,
its headquarters, till one day, when Marcus had gone off for a holiday
to Patras, and I was out alone, I encountered what appeared to be a
rather evil-disposed person, and in order to disembarrass myself of this
individual I gave him the slip by pretending to go in hot pursuit after
some imaginary butterfly -rarity. Once out of sight I lost no time in
taking refuge in flight, by making oft" in an opposite direction ; nor
did 1 halt till I had covered some considerable distance ; and by this
means I came upon a spot near a little chapel, which we had not pre-
viously visited, where ('. otUnnaniis (at least the males) flew in some
abundance. So the evil-disposed person did me a good turn after all.
I was much surprised to find Para vac roxdana also in this neighbour-
hood. It seemed such a wonderful contrast to the grand Hungarian
forests in the Carpathians, where I had hitherto met with it always at
a certain elevation, to come across it here in these moist meadows and
marshes, down at sea -level.

Lord Byron is the hero of Mesolonghi, as indeed he is of the whole
of Greece, his statue in the Public Gardens is almost worshipped, and
the little mound hard by, encased in a covering of cannon balls,
beneath which lies the heart of this wonderful man, is also a spot ever
to be looked upon by the Greeks with the deepest veneration. Another
public erection at Mesolonghi, situated in a central position in the
town, is a large square, solid block of l)uildings, detached on all sides,
upon which the pitiless glare of the southern sun pours down merci-
lessly and relentlessly from morn till eve. This building is the common
prison, the wretched inmates of which were herded together like cattle
in a pen, but were allowed the privilege of sitting at the barred
windows of their prison-house, if they were so disposed, and getting
what solace they could by attracting the attention of the passers-by.
Some of the countenances of these men were savage and repulsive,
others were sad and worn. Many wore the national dress, the folded
white linen tunic, looking as if it had never been removed since the
time of their arrest, as indeed in many cases it probably never had ;
some few of them looked cheerful and resigned, almost as though they
found a sense of humour in their present surroundings. It was with one
of these last that I once held (of course through the medium of Marcus)
a short conversation. I began by expressing regret to see him where
he was, for which he thanked me ; so I went on to say that I hoped
he would soon be released. " In two months," was the reply, " and
I have already been here ten." Finding that he by no means resented
the idle curiosity which prompted my friendly inquiries, but on the
contrary seemetl rather gratified by it, I waxed bolder, and told Marcus
to ask him what he had done to merit this term of imprisonment.
This was apparently quite the most fetching question I had yet put to
him, for he smiled sweetly, and said he had " tried to kill a man,"
which crime, he explained on further inquiry, he had attempted to
effect by shooting at him with a pistol in a fit of rage, adding (unasked)
that his only regret was that he had not succeeded in the attempt.
Still I could not help feeling sorry for this man, and I would generally
give him a friendly nod and smile as I rode by on my bicycle. A

84 THE entomologist's rkcord.

week or two later, when I was up in the mountains at Kalavryta, and
the thermometer was standing, even at that elevation, at from 80^ to
90° F. in the shade, I used to think of these wretched prisoners, and
what their sufferings must be, pent up day and night, in that swelter-
ing oven down at Mesolonghi.

There were two monasteries in the neighbourhood of Kalavryta,
both celebrated for patriotic reasons. The monastery of Hagia Lavra
is distinguished for having been the first place in Greece from whence
waved the flag of freedom after the occupation of the Turks, and the
monastery of Megaspelaeon, still more celebrated for having been the
only place in Greece, which, owing to its absolutely impregnable situation,
never surrendered to the Turks at all. The word Megaspelaeon implies
" built into the rock," and this is exactly what it is. Several hundred
feet of precipitous rock rise up immediately above this wonderful
structure, which is only approachable from below by a zigzag bridle-
path winding up the steep mountain side. The monks and priests of
the Greek Church are not close-shaven like their Catholic neighbours,
but on the contrary they seem to prefer the cultivation of long patri-
archal beards, so that their appearance is altogether a great deal more
pleasing, not to say picturesque. The expression of their faces is often
sad, and they give one the idea of men who have grasped the responsi-
bility of life, and are trying to act accordingly. Their hospitality to
travellers and strangers is charming, and though their fare is simple,
and their mode of living of the roughest, their courtesy and simplicity
is ever calculated to command respect. On one occasion when we were
out collecting beyond the monastery of Hagia Lavra, a bright sunny
morning had clouded over to end in a downpour of rain, accompanied
by thunder and lightning, such as seldom occurs save in these hot
southern countries, and though we rode as quickly as was possible over the
rocky mountain paths, I arrived at the monastery drenched tlirough
and through. At once the kindly monks were ready to render me any
service that lay in their power. They had a kind of open stove filled
with hot smouldering cinders placed at my disposal, and also provided
me with a cassock, with many apologies that they were not in a position
to offer me a more strictly feminine garment, while my own dress was
being dried. Then later on they placed before us a simple luncheon
of poached eggs and a kind of sweet confiture, very palatable at first,
but which I afterwards found was quite the reverse to an acquired
taste. This stuff is made from rose leaves and sugar, and is invariably
placed before the guest who visits these monasteries. Marcus hastily
told me in English that to offer any remuneration for the hospitality
received would be considered as an insult. My best thanks, expressed
through the medium of himself, he said, was all I was in a position to
bestow. None of these monks spoke any language but Greek, so that
on one occasion when I was purposing to pay another visit to Megas-
pelaeon, Marcus being away at Patras again for two days, I was glad
to secure the companionship of a " gentleman from Turkey," who
spoke a little P^ngiish, and Avhom I happened to meet in the train
returning from Zachlorou. He told me he was a Greek, but had come
from Turkey to sell bibles (he himself belonged to the Keformed
Church) and was now on his way to Kalavryta with that end in view.
1 suggested that it might perhaps be more to the purpose if he stopped
in Turkey, and tried to convert a few Mahometans ; to which he replied

RETROSPECT OF A DU'TEKIST KOK I'JOl. 35

in his broken English " They are very fanatic," and dismissed the
subject evidently as though it were rather a sore point. I happened to
say that I purposed going to Megaspelaeon on the morrow. " Perhaps
I shall come too," he remarked composedly, and I, seeing my way to
an impromptu interpreter, replied "Perhaps you shall — we will see
about it." The result of which was that, shortly after I had returned
to the inn in Kaluvryta, he arrived " to see about it." So I arranged
matters from the wooden balcony outside my window, while the Bible-
seller stood in the street below. And a very pleasant and useful com-
panion did he prove himself to be ; and he certainly supplied a want,
though his conversation at times was rather like that of a methodist
preacher. But it was gratifying to show Marcus on his return how
well I had managed to get on during his absence.

It was not only in the monasteries that I received hospitality, the
same feeling, with a few exceptions, was shown by the peasants, more
especially by the shepherds, who were always ready to supply us with
milk or cream cheese, if they had it ; and, on being asked what payment
they required, would, as a rule, spread out their hands saying " Tipote !
Tipote ! " (Nothing! Nothing!) But the few exceptions to this rule
were perfectly exorbitant in their demands, and had to be dealt with
accordingly. I do not recommend anyone to travel in this interesting
country if he is at all anxious to receive his letters with any sort or
kind of regularity or certainty. The postal arrangements appeared to
me to be almost without any organisation whatever. I would some-
times receive no letters for two or three weeks, and then, suddenly,
some ten or twelve would arrive all together, and this in spite of my
invariably causing Marcus to send telegrams to Athens and elsewhere,
whenever I changed my address. I heard the same complaint from
all whom I met, except from the Greeks themselves, and they main-
tain that their postal arrangements are admirably managed, and in no
way different from those of " Europe." They always spoke of Europe as
a thing apart from Greece, as though they considered themselves to
belong to another continent.

{'Tu be concluded.)

Retrospect of a Dipterlst for 1901.

By J. E. COLLIN, F.E.S.

The amount of work done during the past year (1901) in attempt-
ing to forward the study of diptera was, as usual, small in volume com-
pared with that done in other orders of insects, but the quality and
usefulness of at least some of the work cannot be denied.

On the continent valuable Monographs have been published — of
the European Pluiridac by Becker {Ahh. k. I,-. -^ooL-hot. (res. If'tV«.,
i., 100 pp., 5 pis.), of the Xi/cteribidac by Speiser {Arch. Xutiin/.,
68 pp., 1 pL), and Kietter has begun a " Monograph of the European
and Algerian (Jcridouij/idae" {Ann. Soc. Ent.Fr., 1900, 292 pp., 80 pis.),
which, although appearing in the Annales for 1900 was published in
1901. Wagner has continued his " Aphanipterologische Studien "
{Home Soc. Ent. Itossi.), and Enderlein has also contributed a short paper
on the same subject {Zool. .lahrb. Jena) ; Pandelle has continued his
"Etudes sur les Muscides de France " (published in connection with

36 THE entomologist's reookd.

the llev. Knt. France), and among other authors of short papers on
various families of diptera may be mentioned the names of Hendel,
Strobl, and Czerny,

Papers on morphology and histology have been published by Noack
" Beitriige zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Musciden," and by Wahl
" Ueber die Entwicklung der hypodermalen Imaginalschreiben im
Thorax und Abdomen der Larve von Eristalis, Latr," {Zeitschr. Tl'/.ss.
Zool. Lci})zi(j); and by Escherisch "Ueber die Bildung der Keimbliltter
bei den Musciden " {Acta Ac. German, 69 pp., 3 pis.) ; while among
other writers on the same subjects may be mentioned the names of
Vallc, Enderlein, Meijere, and Miiggenburg.

The interest taken in the question of the dissemmation of malaria
by mosquitoes has induced people to closely investigate the anatomy
and physiology of the mosquito (AiKijilwle!^), and the results have been
published in such papers as those of Christophers {Rep. Malar, ('ovi)n.
Fioi/. Soc), and Nuttall and Shipley {Joiirn. Hygiene Cambriihie), while
the whole question of the mos(]uito-malavial theory has been attacked
from all sides and a quantity of literature published upon the subject.
It is probable that the interest this question has caused people to take
in mosquitoes will be the means of the Culicidae becoming one of the
best worked out families of the diptera. F. V. Theobald's " Mono-
graph of the ( itUcidae or Mosquitoes " (London : 8 vols. Printed by
Order of the Trustees of the British Museum) is a step — and a good
long one — in that direction.

Kertesz in the Termes Fnzetek, and elsewhere, has published several
papers on south Asiatic diptera, and he has also published a useful
catalogue of the described species of Pipunculidae of the world. Miss
Ricardo, in the Annals of Xat. Hi^t., has given further notes on the
I'angnninae in the British Museum collections, and Stein has written
on Walker's Antlicnnyidae in the British Museum (Zeitschr. Ili/ni.
Dipt.). Among American writers, Coquillet has published various
notes and a " Systematic Arrangement of the Families of Diptera "
[Proc. U.S. Xati())i. Mas.), while Doane, Tyler- Townsend, and others
have contributed towards a knowledge of the north American fauna of
diptera ; Hunter's ('atalmjue of Snntli American Dijitera, of which he
has published a continuation, should prove a useful compilation.

As far as the British Isles are concerned the most important work
published during 1901 was Verrall's volume on the Plati/iiezidar,
Pi])nnciilidae, and Syrphidae of Great Britain ; by its aid it should be
possible for the British collector to name his captures in those families
far more easily, and it will form a foundation upon which the British
student can build, while the continental entomologists will undoubtedly
find it of considerable assistance in the study of their fauna of diptera.
The small band of British workers have added several species to their
" List," among which may be mentioned Atlierix cra^isipes, Mg.,
Lophosia fasiiata, Mg., and Pachyyaster iiiero)iielas, Duf. ; Austen has
published a descriptive paper {Fnt. Mo. May.) upon the last species,
founding a new genus Neopachyyaster for its reception, and calling the
species Xeo/)ae/iyyaster ineroiiielaena. In the same magazine I have
endeavoured to distinguish the three British species of Heteroinyza,
while Wainwright has given some notes on British TacJtinidae,BvAd\ey
notes on British Trypetidae, and Henderson has written on the
Tipulidae in the west of Scotland.

NOTES ON THE BRITISH MYRJIECOPHILOUS FAUNA. 37

It is to be hoped that more attention will be.sfiveu to this nej^'lected
order of insects during the coming year, and that by careful and con-
scientious work greater progress may be made in 1902 than has taken
place in 1901.

Notes on the British Myrmecophilous fauna (excluding Coleopteraj.

By HOKACE DONISTHOKPE, F.Z.S., E.E.S.
{(Jontinued fr(»ii p. 18).

Orthoptera. — Ahjrwcroplu'la accrroniin, Pauz. — Burr (Knt. Itecnnl,
1899, p. 187) calls attention to the fact that Westwood recorded
this insect from Netley, where it had been taken in moss, but that
further evidence is necessary to confirm it as British. Wasmann [lor. rit.
p. 176) records it from north and mid-Europe. The big form ( $ adult)
and medium ( 3 ?) with Formica fiisca and F. san;/iii)iea ; also with
Lasiiis niijer, L. alicnus, MyrDiica laeviuadis, and Tctramoriiiiii caespitinn.
If ants' nests were only more thoroughly worked in this country, it is
possible that this interesting httle species would be found, and so
confirm the old record.

Neuroptera. — Neuroptera-Planipennia. — Heiiierobiiifi, sp. — I
took several specimens of the curious larvfe of a species of this genus
in the nest of Tmsjus fidiiiinosKx at Oxshott. They cover their bodies
with the remains of their prey. As they feed on Aphidae it is probable
that they were after the plant-lice of the ants.

Pseudoneuroptera. — PsociD.E. — CacriUns fiavidiis, Steph. — Early
in the year I took the very young larvae in the nests of Las'ms fulifii-
■nosKs and Foiiiiica rufa at Oxshott; later I took the nymph in the same
nest of the former, and in October a fair number of the perfect insect
in the same nest. The $ s laid their eggs shortly after capture in the
tubes in which they were confined ; this suggests that the eggs would
be laid in the nest. I have been told that this is a common insect and
has nothing to do with ants, but it seems to me worthy of record, as
the creature passed its earlier stages in the nests. Hagen has
described a Psocid, Atropos formicaria, with this same ant in Prussia.

Rhynchota. — Heteroptera. — Ali/dtiR cidcaratKs, L. — Saunders
{Hrmip. fJcttrop. of the Ih\ Isles, p. 52) says this species is often found
in company with Formica rufa. Wasmann {loc. cit., p. 179) records it
from the nests of F rufa and /•'. r)ijiharl)is in Holland; the larva with
Myrmica ndjra and the nymph with /''. sawjidnea in Finland.

Piezostet/iKs formicetornm, Boh. — White {Scot. Xat., 1871, 2, p. 2(50)
records this species from the nests of Formica rufa at Braemar.
Douglas in quoting this record {Fnt. Mo. Marj., 1874-5, p. 174) remarks
that it was a similar habitat to that in which it was first taken by
Boheman. Wasmann {lor. cit., p. 181) gives its normal hosts as /• . rufa,
pratensis, and truncictda.

Ml/rmedohiacoleoptrata, Fall. — Douglas {Inr. rit., p. I'M) writes: " M.
adeoptrata was found on a bank at Highgate in company with small
black ants, but not in their nests. Neither sex is like an ant, and the
apterous female resembles the coleopterous Alexia pilifera which was
found at the same time and place. But as Herr Fieiienbach found the
bugs in the ants' nests, it is certain that this want of similarity is no
bar to the safety of the lodgers." I took a J in the nest of Lasixs
fulijinosus at 0>iii\iott. Wasmann (/nc r/7., p. 181) mentions as its hosts

38 THE extojiologist's recokd .

Fnniiica nij'a, /•'. pratt'iisis, Mi/niiica lavrinudis and Lasiiis t'ldiffinnxHs.

VilujthorKfi bifasciattiii, F. (=Caiiiaro)iutiis cinncanaptcrus, Kir.). —
Douglas (loc. rit.) says " Caniarowitiiscinnamaptenis, which in both sexes
is very like a small I'onnica rufa .... is constantly found on
trees, Ac, in company with that ant." Wasmann (loc. cit.,]). 182) records
it with Formica iiratcnsis as well as 7*'. riifa.

Pilophorui^ perplcxna, D. and Sc. — -Norman [Knt. Mo. Ma;/., 1878-79,
p. 253) says " I saw some larvte of this species running up and down
the stem of an apple tree among a number of Formica /W.srrt." Was-
mann {loc. cit., p. 183) in quoting this record, which he attributes to
Douglas in error, suggests that I.asins nii/rr, L., was the ant he found
them with and not F. fiisca. I have taken it at Chiddingfold in 1898 run-
ning about in the "runs" and on the trunk of an oak stump inhabited
by Lasiiis fiili(/inosi(s. On September 18th, 1901, I took several
specimens by beating aspens swarming with Lasiii-'i niijcr at Bexley.

Si/stellonotKs triijiittatuR, L. — Douglas {Iw. cit., 1865-66, p. 30) records
the capture of this species (J s, $ s, and pup*) in numbers with
Formica fiisca at Weybridge. Saunders {Fnt. Mo. Mai/., 1892, p. 290)
records it freely running amongst a colony of T,asins nit/cr at Chobham.
Wasmann {loc. cit., p. 183) gives the host as Lasiittinii/cr, suggests that
Douglas' record referred to L. ni<jcr and not F. fuaca, and points out
that the male is neither so like an ant, nor so truly myrmecophilous
as the larvte and females.

Nabiti latircjitris, Boh. — Sharp {loc. cit., pt. ii., p. 556) figures the
young of this bug and writes : " One of our indigenous Nabides is of great
interest from the curious resemblance it has to an ant. The likeness
is brought about by the sides of the base of the abdomen being very
pallid in colour, except a dark mark in the middle ; this mark is in
shape like the pedicel of an ant. Viewed in profile it is found that on
the base of the abdomen there is an elevation like the " scale " in this
position in ants, and that the abdomen is extremely ant-like in form.
This resemblance is quite parallel with that of an Orthopteron to an
ant (see, vol. v., p. 323) ; the insect is by no means uncommon, and
it is strange that this curious case of resemblance should hitherto have
escaped notice. The bug runs about on plants and fiowers, and is
frequently met in company with ants, but we do not know whether it
preys on them. Not the least remarkable of the facts connected with
this insect is that the resemblance is confined to the earlier instars,
the adult bug not being like an ant." Wasmann records the larva
(loc. cit., p. 181) with Lasiiis fiilii/iitnsiis in Holland, and with a Mi/rmica
species in France.

Dictijoiiota craasicornis, Fall. — Mr. Morley took a specimen of this
insect in the nest of Mi/rmica rubra at Covebiltre Broad, Suftblk.

Sti/i/ntis pcdcstris, Fall. — Mr. Keys took a specimen of this bug
in the midst of the ants in a nest of Mi/rmica ficabrinodis at Plymouth.

Trojiistet/nis lioloscriccus, Schultz. — Saunders (h>c. cit., p. 87) says that
Dr. Puton records this species with ants, but he is not aware of its
having been captured under such circumstances in this country. Mr.
Jennings tells me he took it in an ants' nest at Dorking in 1897.

Homoptera. — C'ercopid.e. — TypJdocyba cratactji, Douglas. — I took a
young larva and later the perfect insect in the nest of Lasiusfidii/inosu.'i
at Oxshott. It is perhaps worth mentioning that Belt has recorded
the fact that in Nicaragua the larvfr of c«M-tain Jlnninptrra were assidu-

NOTES ON THE BRITISH MYKHEOOPHILOUS FAUNA. 39

ously attended by ants for the sake of a sweet juice excreted by them.
Mr. E. Green {Ent. Mo. Ma^/., 1900, p. 185) gives a note on the
attractive properties of certain larval ILeiniptera.

Aphidid.e. — Forda fonnicaria, C. Heyd. — Buckton (MiDKy/ra/i/i nf
British Apliidae, vol. iv., p. 84) records specimens taken by Mr. -J.
Hardy from Mi/niiica nests in Berwickshire, and by Sir John Lubbock
at Beckeuham. He considers that there is abundant proof that l-'ania
is a common companion of ants. Wasmann (lor. fit., p. 187) says it is
found in the nests of most small species of ants, especially with Lasiu^t
riai-Hs. He points out that all the old records of plant-lice with ants,
such as Huber, Spence, F. Smith, &c., refer to this species. I have
taken it in the nests of Lcxsiua jiarns in the Isle of Wight.

Forda viridana, Buckt. — Buckton [loc. rit., iv., p. 85) records it as
being found in small companies in ants' nests covered by tufts of various
grasses, and that the malachite-green variety may often be taken in
quantity, nesting with Formica fuliijinosa. Wasmann {loc. cit., p. 187)
records it with L. Hams, in Bohemia.

ParaiietKs cimicifonnis, C. Heyd. — -Buckton {loo. cit., iii., p. 67) says
that this Aphid has been taken in the nest of F. rufa, and then usually
in company with another underground species, Fnrda fonnicaria. New-
stead {Knt. Mo. Mail., 1893, p. 115) records a colony of this species
from a nest of i*. jiava at the Loggerheads, near Mold, North ^\'ales.
Wasmann [hn-. cit., p. 187) says, "in a nest of F. rufa in Germany."

Tychaca nctariae, Pass. — Buckton (bjc. cit., iv., p. 88) writes:
'* Taken in ant-hills at Beckenham." Wasmann [Inc. cit., p. 187)
captured it in a nest of Tetramorinin caespitnm in Bohemia.

Tychaca triviaUs, Pass. — Buckton [loc.cit., iv., p. 86) says, " Taken
in ants' nests at Beckenham." Wasmann [Ivc. cit,, p. 187) took it
with Formica sanyuinea in Holland.

Tycliaea sctidosa. Pass. — -Buckton [loc.cit., iv., p. 87) says Sir John
Lubbock took it in ants' nests near Beckenham.

Tychaca eraynjstidis, Buckt. — -Buckton [loc. cit., iv., p. 89) records
it from ants' nests at Beckenham, and also at the Cheviot.

Trama troylodytcs, Heyden. — Buckton (loc. cit., iii., p. 69) states
that Sir John Lubbock found it in ants' nests at Beckenham, and Mr.
Hardy in similar localities on the Grampian Hills. He further says
it is common in the nests of M. rahra and F. fuliyinosa on the high
moors in Berwickshire.

Fndeis formicina, Buckt. — Buckton {loc. cit., iv., p. 91) writes :
" In May they were numerous in the ant-hills under roots of Carex
dioica. They mostly affected those nests of Formica umhrina, which
were located on the dry slopes."

Endcis jicllitcida, Buckt. — Buckton (loc. cit., iv., p. 92) writes:
" Taken under tufts of grass, such as Poa annua, covering the nests
of ants. . . . They were found at Beckenham in February."

Endcis carnota, Buckt. — Buckton {loc. cit., iv., p. 92) records it in
an ants' nest at Beckenham with several other Aphides, including
Trama and Faraclctiis.

Laclinus formicnpliiliis, Buckt. — -This new species to Britain and to
science was described by Mr. Buckton {Science (jossip, Feb., 1901)
from a S taken by me in a nest of Formica rufa, at Oxshott, in 1900.

Coccid;e. — Lccanopsis furmicarum, Newst. — Newstead {Ent. Mo.
May., 1893, p. 138) records two specimens sent him from a nest of
Ijasius niycr, on the Chesil Beac-h, by Mr. Bale.

40 THE entomologist's record.

Ripcrgia subtenanea, Newst. — Newstead {loc. cit., p. 79) records
this species from the nest of Lasius flavus on a raised shingle beach
at Ingoldisthorpe, near King's Lynn.

Iiipersia to)nlini, Newst. — I first discovered this species in Britain
on April 19th, 1901, in the Isle of Portland, where I found it in
numbers in the nests of Lasiii>i lu'iicr. It was first described by Mr.
Newstead from species taken by Miss Tomlin in nests of Tetraworium
caespituin and Lasius alienns in Guernsey. I introduced specimens
into my " observation nest " of F. ntfa ; the ants paid no attention to
them beyond touching them with their antennse. I forced several
ants to take hold of specimens of the Coccid, but they always dropped
them without hurting them. They lived in the nest for some time,
but died from the want of proper food, grasses, etc., to suck.

Thysanura.— PoDURiD.E. — Bevkia alhina, Nicol. — Sir John Lubbock
{loc. cit., p. 74) remarks that this insect belongs to the class of guests
which reside actually in the galleries and chambers of, and with, the
ants, but which the latter never touch. He continues, " It is an
active bristling little being, and I have kept hundreds, I may say,
thousands, in my nests. They run about in and out among the ants,
keeping their antennae in a perpetual state of vibration." Wasmann
{loc. cit., p. 189) refers to it as " Absolut panmyrmekophil." I have
taken it with Fonnica rufa at Oxshott, Weybridge and the Blean
Woods, with Lasius fulif/inosus at Oxshott, with Fmiuira sa)t;/uinea at
Weybridge, and with Mynuica sulcinudis at Woking, and have often
seen it running about in my " observation nest " of /•'. rufa. I last
observed a specimen on January 8th, 1902, running about under a
dead ant.

Orchesella riiicta, L. — I have often found this species in numbers in
the nests of Futinica rufa and Lasius fuli(/in»sus at Oxshott.

{To he cotitinued.)

On the systematic position of Gelastorrhinus, Brunner.

By MALCOLM BURE. B.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., F.L.S.
In 1893, Brunner established this genus for a new species from
Burmah, with the remark, " Ce genre affecte completenient la livree
de certaines Tryxalides, notamment du genre americaiu Arhurum. La
presence d'une dent minime sur le prosternum m'engage a le placer
parmi les Mcsopcs. J 'en connais trois especes, dont une du Japon, une
de Madagascar et de Ceylon, et la troisieme de Birmanie." This
latter is described under the name G. alholineatus, and so becomes the
type species. The species from Madagascar has been since described
by de Saussure under the name (i. edax; a little over a year ago I
had the opportunity to study these insects, and found also a new
species from Java and from Sikkim, so there are five species in the
genus, of which two are already described. V'eiy closely allied to
Gelastorrhinus is JUiaiiinotatuui, McNeill, with the single species, Jl.
brevipemw, Thos., but this genus is next to Achuruiu, Sauss., in
position, also an American genus, containing a couple of species. But
Achurum is ranged by Brunner in the group Hi/alojitcri/i/cs, that is, in
the Truxalidac, and, on a close comparison, it will be found impossible
to separate Gclastorrliinus, so that, in spite of a minute tubercle upon
the sternum, it miist be removed from its unnatural position among the

NOTES ON THE HARTTS AND T.lKPMTTSTOnY OF OBGYIA SPLENDTP.N. 11

Mesopes in the Acridiidac, and take its place with Achiirum and
Rhadinotatum in the Tnixalidae.

It is so " Truxaline " in appearance, that it has long been a
temptation to effect this move, but orthopterists have always said, " it
has a tubercle on the sternum, therefore it must be of the Artidiiilac.'''
But this tubercle is an arbitrary character, which must be treated as
a servant and not as a master ; these genera are so Truxaline in every
other character that the accumulation of other points must outweigh
this little tubercle. I have proposed this change to Brunner himself,
and it has met with his emphatic approval.

The order of the genera occurring in the first group in Brunner' s
arrangement of the Tni.mlidar in his llevision in 1898, will therefore
be as follows: — Airida, Htal. { = Tni.i-alis, Fabr.), then the three
genera AcJuirum, Rhadinatatum and (Telastnrr/iiniis; these are followed
by Hyaldptt'rijx, Charp., and 'J'nixalii^, Fabr. {:^Metaleptca, Brunner)
together, following which are CalaiiiHs, Sauss., with Karsch's African
genera, (Tli^phodonns Sjiid Aid phi(re)iuia, with Odo)itonidi(K,'Bo\.; then
Oxijolena, Karsch, and finally Aniyrus, Stal., and Machaeridia, Stal.

Notes on the habits and life=history of Orgyla splendida {in'th plate).

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

During the visit of Mr. Champion and myself to the Albarracin
district of Spain last summer, we found at Cuenca a cocoon of ()n/(/ia
duhia var. splendida, under a stone, and another, together with a larva,
at Tragacete. I believe we saw the moth on the wing at Cuenca, at
Tragacete, and at Albarracin. On a wooded ridge, near Bronchales, a
good many moths were seen Hying, but none were captured. Noting that
my first cocoon contained a female moth that had laid some eggs in
her cocoon, and that she seemed to be an On/i/ia, I concluded that she
belonged to the (K splendida of which we had seen several males on
the wing, and of which I had taken one or two. This called to my
mind something I had heard or read about the pairing of some of
these Orgyias, but when or where I could not remember. I have tried
to find out where I had read this, and to discover some reference to
the habits of 0. splendida, but have failed. The only reference I have
unearthed is an account by Dr. Breyer in the Belgian Entomological
Society's Anncdes of the history and pairing of fh-iji/iaerieae. As others
may be as ill-informed on this matter as I was myself, it may not be
useless to record my observations on O. splendida, and, though I think
it probable that the facts are already somewhere reported, a confirma-
tion of them may not be altogether superfluous.

O. antiijua, as everyone knows, has a female with well developed
legs and rudimentary wings. She emerges from her cocoon, which
she never leaves, and lays her eggs on its oixter surface. In (>. (/<>n-
ostiijnia the history is the same, with the interesting difference that there
is an outer loose cocoon, or netAvork of silk, beneath which the female
moth remains, laying her eggs on the inner, true cocoon. This is a
step onwards towards the habit of (>. ericae, which, according to Dr.
Breyer, emerges from her chrysalis sufficiently to make a small open-
ing in it, but does not emerge from it, but reverses her position in the
chrysalis case, so that pairing takes place through this opening, the
male outside, the female inside the cocoon. He does not say bow the

42 THE entomologist's record.

cocoon is pierced, but I gather that he believes a weak place exists,
such as is left for the emergence of the moth in the cocoon of so many
species, and that the ovipositor of the moth penetrates this. He care-
fully notes that the moth preserves the pupal covering of the head,
which still covers her anterior extremity Avhen she has reversed herself
in the chrysalis case, and specially dwells on this as showing that
before her reversal she has thus provided an opening in the pupa-case,
but he says nothing about the cocoon.

To return to our (>. Hphndida. Finding in the examination of my
first specimen that I had an Ori/i/ia whose female did not emerge from
the cocoon, I concluded that it must belong to the same species as the
males we had observed, and the idea occurred to me that my other
two specimens might give me the opportunity to observe something
of the pairing habits of the species. The cocoons are quite sufficiently
transparent to enable one to see the enclosed pupa against the light,
and my second cocoon appeared to contain an undisturbed pupa. The
first specimen showed that the pupa-case is exceedingly flimsy, and
that the moth, in emerging from it, or afterwards, breaks it up into
small fragments, retaining, however (as Dr. Breyer records of <K
en'cae), on her head, the pupal head-coverings. I waited, therefore,
until some changes occurred in the cocoon, suggesting the emergence
of the moth from the chrysalis case, and this seemed to have occurred
when we were atTragacete on July 24th. My idea was that the moth
flew in the evening, as I had met with it on the wing towards dusk.
I afterwards, however, saw it flying in the afternoon in bright sun-
shine. On the evening of July 24th I, therefore, took the cocoon to
the hillside and laid it on a stone. The cocoon is of yellow silk,
rather soft, but nevertheless not very flimsy, and I specially noticed
that though the moth inside was more or less free from the chrysalis,
which was, in fact, somewhat broken up, the cocoon itself was quite
intact. I had not to wait more than a few minutes before a male
moth came up, although I had not previously seen one that evening.
I captured this one, and one that came up just after, and think that
had I simply captured each as it came up I might have made a con-
siderable bag. My object, however, was observation, and not speci-
mens, and the next moth that came just after, I did not disturb. He
soon found the cocoon, and walked very busily all over it, examining
carefully, especially by trailing the extremity of his abdomen over it. I
take it that this portion of his procedure would have been much simplified
had the cocoon been in its natural position under a stone, and but
little of it accessible, beyond what I must call the emergence ex-
tremity, but, lying loosely on a flat stone, it clearly took some time
to satisfy him which was the place where an opening might be
expected. Some of the procedure was, howevei', almost certainly
directed to informing the enclosed moth of his presence, and it may
be that he ascertains the right spot of the cocoon by the movements
of the female within. After some minutes he became quite quiet and
uiotionless, Avith his head applied to the extremity of the cocoon, and
so remained foi" a space of about ten minutes. What was occurring
during this period '? The next step noticed, combined with the fact
that the cocoon was uninjured just before, renders it almost certain
that the moth inside is occupied during this period in making an
opening in the cocoon. The male is certainly not doing so, as he is

NOTES ON THE HATilTS AND T.TFR-TIT'^TORY OF ORfiYlA SPLENDIDA. 18

perfectly quiet, but with an aspect of attention. Suddenly he becomes
quite active, thrusts his head into an opening at the end of the cocoon,
just where it had been resting, and in less than half a minute disap-
pears entirely into the cocoon, his wings being pressed and folded
against his sides, so as to occupy little or no space, so that one reckons
that their splendour must be absolutely and permanently destroyed. I
then took home the cocoon, now containing two moths instead of one.
The opening by which the male had entered was very small indeed, but
quite evident, though its margins had closed together again. This was
at 6.45 p.m. ; at 9 a.m. the next morning matters remained in the
same condition — the cocoon still contained two moths. On returning
home at B p.m. I found the male moth had come out of the cocoon
and was at rest in the box. The curious part here is that his wings
seemed little the worse for the severe treatment they had received.
He is not a very fine fresh specimen, but a fairly good one, for all I
can say possibly as fresh as when he first presented himself to my
observation. The female then lays her eggs inside the cocoon. They
are very large white eggs, and quite free from any adhesive material,
but with a similar admixture of wool from the moth to that which Dr.
Breyer says O. ericae mixes with her eggs. Seeing the destruction that
the moth makes of her pupa-case, and having been lucky in making
a fairly satisfactory observation on the second cocoon, I devoted the
third to obtaining a specimen of the female pupa, and so did not repeat
the observation. My two cocoons and one larva were thus all three
free from any parasites, which Dr, Breyer says destroys more than four-
fifths of O. ericae.

The ? moth has no head-parts uncovered by the permanently
worn pupal head-cover, she has no trace of wings, bat she possesses
six curiously short thick legs, with very strong well-developed claws.
I was not inside the cocoon whilst the male was waiting outside, but
short of the certainty that might be attained, were such a position
possible, I entertain no doubt that the female is tearing the opening
in the cocoon with these powerful claws during this interval. After
she has laid her eggs she is very Haccid, but still contains a good deal
of some material of a fluid or jellylike character, and has a skin of
very great toughness. She remains alive for a number of days, and
out of the cocoon in a dry pillbox she retains some sort of life for two
months, for at the end of that time she was by no means dried up,
but was still a flaccid bag with some little fluid contents. How long
she naturally retains this condition within the cocoon I do not know,
possibly all the winter, for I believe the eggs do not hatch till spring.
Nor with the small material at my disposal can I say how this fact
operates for the protection of the eggs, but I have little doubt that the
body of the mother operates in some way to exclude intruders from
the cocoon, or possibly to prevent too dry air reaching the eggs.

The 5 chrysalis is of a very pale brown, not much darker than
straw colour, with a length of 14mm. and a width of nearly 7nnii.
The whole dorsal region is clothed with a sparse coatmg of pale yellow
hairs, which are placed in some degree, as a dorsal patch on each side,
and a row along the posterior margin of the segment, and smaller
patches above and below the spiracles. It has at first sight an abso-
lutely maggot-like aspect, and none of the ordinary appearance of a
lepidopterouspupa. The segmentations are visible from end to end of the

44 THE entomologist's record.

pupa in all aspects. The following features, however, may be observed : —
The front of the head and thorax occupy a length of less than 2-Omm.
(pi. i., fig. 1). The front of the head presents four transverse elevations
in succession, which appear to be the labrum, mandibles, maxill!i:>,
and labium. Of these the second is the longest and about -Sram. in
length, the first and third shorter, and the 4th shortest. Above the
first the front of the head is marked off by an encircling groove at
this aspect. Below and beside this joint, and a little beyond the end
of the ridge marking the labrum, is a rounded elevation, the antennae,
and in the mature pupa some dark eye pigment, just farther out than
this. Its disposition suggests, perhaps, rather the larval than the
imaginal eye. Just below the antennte the second ridge has, at its
outer extremities, two elevations, which probably represent the jaws.
The third ridge has the maxillary palpi very obscurely if at all repre-
sented, and the fourth has at each end an actual labial palpus,
projecting from the pupal surface and apparently of two minute joints.
Below these are the thoracic legs, each as an appendage at the end of
a central transverse elevation, following on as a series those of the
head, the first depressed in the middle and suggesting that it repre-
sents the trochanters of each side, the third comparatively large. The
legs are each about 1mm. in length and consist of a minute coxa, a
short femur, a tibia which is much the greater part of the leg, and a
tarsus small and not obviously jointed. The legs lie flatly on the
pupa, but are quite free, not adherent to the pupa or to each other.
Of wings there are no traces, but there are on the thoracic segments
some irregularities, ranging with those representing the lateral flanges
on the abdominal segments.

The prothoracic spiracle cannot be made out (in the preserved
specimen) but the flrst seven abdominal spiracles are very distinct, and
of a definite brown colour. The pupa terminates in a very definite
cremastral knob, almost a little globe (-Smm in diameter), carrying
some ordinary hairs and several stronger browner ones diverging to
either side. The texture of the pupal skin is extremely flimsy and
delicate. It cannot be removed from the moth except in bits, and
the moth itself breaks it up in this way when escaping it. The
representation of the mouthparts as four segments (pi. i., fig. 1), pre-
cisely comparable with the thoracic ones, in a moth so high as On/i/ia,
is especially worthy of notice.

The $ moth is of similar form to that of the pupa. Her head is
invisible, only that of the pupa-case which continues to cover it being
seen. 8he is of a rather deep blackish-brown, owing to a continuous
pile of short hairs. I do not know where the hairs come from that she
deprives herself of to place amongst her eggs, but I fancy they come from
the whole surface, rather than altogether from the seventh segment. If
this be so, then she has a long set of deciduous hairs mixed with the
shorter persistent ones. The legs (pi. i., figs. 2 a, I, r) are very short,
thick, and strong, barely a millimetre in length, including their attach-
ment ; they have a femur •2.5mm. thick, and the tibia is over •2mm. They
consist of a good wide basal plate, lying flat on the body of the moth,
rising a little to the articulation. This is probably the trochanter.
The coxa can hardly be made out distinctly, but is, apparently,
present. The femur is barely twice as long as thick, swollen irregu-
larly in form ; the tibia is not twice as long as thick, it is flask-shaped,

NOTES ON THE HABITS AND LIFE-HISTORY OF ORGYIA SPLENDIDA. 45

tapering to the tarsal end. Beyond this is apparently only one piece,
equal to the tarsus and claws ; it is a solid knobbed mass carrying two
very strong, very curved claws, more than 0-12mm. in length, if
measured along the curvature. There are a few bristles on the femur
and tibia, the colour of the legs is darker than the rest of the moth,
but not quite black.

The cocoon is brown, with admixture of larval hairs, it is quite
soft. On cutting one open late in November, the moth, much
shrivelled, but not absolutely dried up, was near the opening. The
eggs, being quite loose, fell out at once, leaving the cocoon filled with
a light brownish wool, which a mere breath of air at once diminishes
much in quantity.

One cocoon contained about 130,another ITOeggs. Theseeggs (pl.i.,
figs. 3-1) are very large, and look as if made of white porcelain. They are
a little flattened, especially at the base. Their diameter is l-7mm., and
height l-2mm. Taking the egg of (>. antiqna for comparison, that of (J.
splendida is more than twice the diameter, viz., l-7mm. against 0-8mm.
That of 0. antiqna (pi. i., figs. 5-6), however, is of a height equal to its
width, notwithstanding the cup-like flattening of the micropylararea, so
that the egg oiO. splcndida isonly halfas high again as thatof <>. antiqna,
viz., l'2mm. against 0-8mm. The micropylar rosette is 0-03mm. in
diameter, surrounded by an area 0-4mm. in diameter, in which the
cells of the surface netting are very small, viz., O-OlTmm. in diameter,
outside this they are about 0-03mm. The network is not very
strongly marked, and the lines little raised, more so within the micro-
pylar area than outside. At this date the greater number of the eggs
are unchanged, containing only yolk material like those of (>. antiqna,
but one or two having a darker appearance were found to contain a
mature, but dead caterpillar.

The dorsal area of the abdominal segments of the young larva is
fully occupied by tubercles i, ii, and iii, ii being very large, and
encircling i posteriorly ; iii rounded ; i and iii with about twelve long
hairs, ii with about twenty. The prolegs have two very long crochets
marking each end of the semicircle of hooks, the intermediate ones very
minute and hardly developed. On the 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments
the tubercles are in one transverse row, of which ii is the largest, each
with many hairs. On the 1st thoracic there is a row of tubercles in
front and a thoracic plate behind them.

Explanation of Plate I.*
Diagrammatic notes from camera sketches :

1. Anterior extremity (front view) of pupa of Orfin'ia iiplciidida ? , showing eyes
and antennse, mouth-parts apparently arranged as four successive segments, and
thoracic legs. No trace of wings x 11.

2. Legs of 0. splendida ? , magnified x 24. h. Eight first leg. c. Right
intermediate leg. a. Left posterior leg. The differences are due more to aspect
than to structure.

3-G. Eggs of O. i^plendida and O. antiqna to show relative form and size :

3. Egg of O. splendida from above x 15.

4. Egg of O. splendida from side x 15.

5. Egg of O. antiqna from above X 15.

6. Egg of U. antiqna from side > 15.

* PI. i. published with the .January number is hereljy i-ancelled, owing to inac-
curacies in the drawing. That published with the current (Feb.) number is the
one to which reference should be made.

46 THE entomologist's record.

Entomological Souvenirs.'

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Twelve months ago, when our leading entomologists wrote the
series of interesting and informing articles published in the Century
nos. (Jan. and Feb.) of the Kntotn. Record, one was at once struck with
the distinct line of cleavage, showing, more or less, two distinct types
of mental training in the writers, that appeared not only in the line
taken by the writers, but also in their evident views as to the broad
bases on which, in their opinion, entomology should be studied. On
the one side was the satisfaction expressed at the facts amassed and
the work chronicled of our knowledge of things ; on the other was an
implied dissatisfaction that so many evidently capable thinkers and
observers largely wasted their best efforts by species- describing and
mere reference work, and did not, therefore, add anything at all, com-
mensurate with the time spent, to our knowledge of the vital
activities of the organic beings they studied, and hence brought us no
nearer to the problems bearing on the phenomena of life.

Amongst those entomologists who have taken a foremost place
in drawing our attention to the functional activities of insects and
their variation under different external stimuli, is Mr. Merrifield, and
it is to him that we largely owe the translation of Fabre's earliest
work. He has long wished to bring the observations of our
illustrious neighbour under the immediate ken of British entomolo-
gists, recognising that if our collectors were once brought under the
influence of the methods of such a naturalist — if they once understood
that in the open fields real science was to be studied in more interest-
ing and complicated forms than is possible in the closet, museum, or
library, from the dried bodies of the victims we profess to love — a force
would be brought to bear on our favourite pursuit that would be
irresistible in the advance it would make, and would turn to real
scientific purposes much of the more or less useless collecting that
takes place, perhaps, nowhere so extensively as in this country,
although the disease seems very generally distributed in Central
Europe.

Fabre, " that inimitable observer " as Darwin called him, obtained
his earliest inspiration from Leon Dufour, and his first published ento-
mological work, that gained the honours of the Institute of France,
was the complement of Dufour's marvellous account of the manner in
which Cercerif: btiprentica fed its progeny on Bitjtrestis hifamata. His
account of how he was led to become an entomological observer is
graphically told. He relates how, one winter evening, beside a
stove where the ashes were yet warm, while his family slept, he was
forgetting, while he read, all the cares of the morrow (as professor of
physics he was then earning the princely salary of £Qi per year), when
he chanced to light on the entomological pamphlet by Leon Dufour,
to which we have just referred. He says : "Certainly, long ere this, I
had felt a great interest in insects ; from childhood I had delighted in
beetles, bees, and butterflies ; so far back as I can recollect I see
myself enraptured by the splendours of a beetle's elytra or the wings

* " Insect Life," by J. H. Fabre, D.Sc. Edited by F. Merrifield, F.E.S. , with
a preface by Dr. D. Sharp, F.E.S. Price, Gs. (Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1901.)

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOUVENIRS. 47

of a swallow-tail butterfly. The luaterials lay ready on the hearth,
but the spark to kindle them had been lacking. The accidental
perusal of Leon Dufour's pamphlet was that spark. I had a mental
revelation. So, then, to arrange lovely beetles in a cork box, to name
and classify, was not the whole of science ; there was something far
superior, viz., the close study of the structure, and still more of the
faculties of insects." One cannot doubt that the perusal of a book
like that of Fabre will open up to many a young naturalist horizons
whose very existence he had never guessed, and will throw wide open
the gates of a new world where henceforward he will use his mental
powers, possibly in a direction in which they have hitherto lain
entirely dormant.

To mention in a haphazard manner a fact here and there in the
book would be purposeless, and leave probably an entirely wrong im-
pression. The author's detailed observations made upon Scarabaeus
mcer are excellent. He criticises clearly and concisely the conclusions
of Blanchard, shows that Scambaois saccr does not call his friends to
help him in difficult places, and proves that there is neither com-
munity of labour nor community of family, that the eager fellow-
worker, under pretence of giving a helping hand, cherishes the project
of carrying off the ball of dung at the earliest opportunity. He has seen
pillagers and pillaged, and nothing else, and if a number of beetles
surround the same ball it means battle, and he concludes that, outside of
the cares of maternity — cares in which it almost always shows itself
admirable — the insect, unless, indeed, it lives in society, like bees and
ants and some others, thinks of and cares for nothing but itself. His
account of the cells in which the young Scarabaeus is reared is alto-
gether admirable.

But it is in his description of the habits of the Hymenoptera that
Fabre excels. The thrilling way in which he carried out his experi-
ments on the habits of Ccn-eris buin-estica, the manner in which he
proves that Dufour was wrong in his views that the poison injected
into the Buprestids was an antiseptic preserving the latter from
decay till the larva of Cerceris had devoured it, and how he him-
self shows that the poison does not kill, that life is still there —
life latent and passive — vegetative life, the destruction of the nervous
centres that control movement and volition, yet allowing the functions
of the viscera to proceed sufficiently to maintain a deep slumber,
which will never be broken, and yet which is not death, ceasing
only when the intestine is empty, are all equally delightful. His
account of the hunting of Cfrccris tubcindata, which preys on the
weevil, CleonuK opldJiahnicm, the mining feats it accomplishes in
storing its prey for its young, the reason why ('leoniiH oplitliahnivuH is
almost exclusively chosen (one ( '. alternant and a single Jjot/ii/rodercs
albidus torm the only exception), the more varied larder of Ccrccris
arcnaria, Ccnrris aiirita, Ccrceris frrreri, ('. ijuadyicincta, ('. labiata,
and ('. jidii, whilst Cerceris ornata brings up its family on Hymenop-
tera, are exceedingly interesting. The stored weevils, like the stored
Buprestids, remain for days (sometimes for weeks) perfectly fresh,
though permanently motionless. No less stimulating is his description
of the habits of Spltcx jlavipennis, which hunts field crickets, and here
one meets with another robber, Tachijtes nii/ra, which he found to lay
its eggs in the store laid up by the Sp/tcr, the latter evidently afraid to
drive it from the burrow it had usurped. Tar/ii/frs dhxnlfta, banded

48 THE entomologist's record.

white round the abdomen like Sjiluw albmcta, is supposed similarly to
utilise for its own egg-laying the stores laid by the latter. To follow
the author through his account of the ways of .S. jiavipennh is impos-
sible. As to the conditions of the food stored, Fabre says : "Crickets
sacrificed by S. fiavijioutis are no more dead, in spite of all appear-
ances, than are Aveevils- struck by a Cera-ris. The flexibility of the
integuments displays the slightest internal movement. If one closely
observes a cricket stretched on its back a week, or even a fortnight
or more after the murder, one sees the abdomen heave strongly at long
intervals. Very often one can notice a quiver of the palpi and marked
movements in the antennae and the bands of the abdomen, which
separate and then come suddenly together. By putting such crickets
into glass tubes I have kept them perfectly fresh for six weeks. Con-
sequently, the ^pliex larvte, which live less than a fortnight before
enclosing themselves in their cocoons, are sure of fresh food as long
as they care to feast."

It is quite beyond the space at our disposal to give any further
details. His notes on A)umupli'da hirsuta, A. sabidom, and A. holo-
sericea, Bembex rostrata, B. tarmta, Cerceris tnberciilata, Chalicuduitia
wiiraria and other mason bees, are all equally delightful and interest-
ing. To those who are interested in the so-called intelligence of
insects, and who draw conclusions as to their actions based on the
human standpoint, the book is absolutely necessary as a corrective.
The conclusion of his chapter on " The Ignorance of Instinct " is
delightful, and the author's views are proved, one feels, most com-
pletely. He says: "Instinct knows everything in the unchanging
paths laid out for it ; beyond them it is entirely ignorant. The sub-
lime inspirations of science, the astonishing inconsistencies of stupidity,
are both its portion, according as the creature acts under normal con-
ditions or under accidental ones."

The Entomological Society of London honoured itself in electing
M. Fabre one of its honorary Fellows recently. To Mr. Merrifield's
insistence on procuring an English translation, and to the talented lady
who has translated the diflficult Provencal so excellently, every field
naturalist owes a debt of gratitude. The book is clearly printed, well
illustrated, and the contents are altogether delightful. We hope that
when fathers have read and re-read the book they will hand it on to
their children, for in such books as this lies the training of our
future naturalists. To our educationalists we commend pp. 271-274 ;
we suspect that in some districts of England things are not much
better even now, and if Cockertonian views are to prevail, as seems
all too likely, in a few years' time things may even be worse.

:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Lepidopteka at Seathwaite. — I had long anticipated spending a
week in the neighbourhood of Seathwaite, the main object being the
capture of Mdampias cjn'phrou. I had already made three or four
unsuccessful attempts to do so, and considered that a week must give
me at least one fine day in this, the wettest place in the kingdom.
With Mr. J. Malcolm, I left Carlisle on the afternoon of June 15th,
1901, for Keswick, where we were fortunate in getting a ride to Lodore.
A\'e, however, still had several miles to walk in the hot sun, hampered

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 49

by the necessary impedimenta for a week's collecting, but, in spite of
the fatigue, we took lenilia maculata, Drepana falcataria, and Brenthis
selene on the way, finally reaching our destination by 8 p.m. After a
good meal we set out to collect in a wood about a mile away, and
unexpectedly met Mr. Thwaites, who was also collecting here. We
found Abraxas sylvata plentiful, and in good condition, and many
insects occurred at dusk, the best being Ci/niatop/iora jinclHosa and C
duplaris. We left Mr. Thwaites applying sugar to the trees, and this
was the last we saw of him during our stay. The locality around
Seathwaite proved to be a very good one for many of the mountain
species. We made two ascents to Sprinkling Tarn, but both days were
unfavourable, and, after a long search among the grass, only one
Crawhna furcatelhai was taken. At Styhead a better state of things
existed, this place being rather sheltered, and we took a few dark forms
of Coenonympha pamphilus, and further down the mountain, at various
times, captured among the rocks Larentia salicata and Mdanippf
galiata, also the pretty little Fi/rausta piirpuraiis and Ennijchia cin-
gulata. Fortunately, we came across a man who assured us that we
might get any quantity of M. ciiiphron in the Honister Pass. Accord-
ingly, we went there, and found it very common, and although it was
only the second week in June they showed unmistakable signs of
wear. The species proved to be extremely common in various places
above a certain altitude, not confining itself altogether to boggy places
on the mountain-side, as some writers assert, e.g., we found it common
on very dry ground at the top of Honister Pass, yetiwdplnla planta-
gmis ab. Im^ipita and Crambiis fiitratcUiis were also taken, as well as
a few larv8e of Characas //raininis, on our return, and a fine specimen of
(JuculUa unihratira. Two or three excursions were made later to Honister
Pass, and on two occasions we had the company of Mr. Mousley, of
Bradford, and Mr. Glenny, of Wisbech, Avho came specially to take il/.
epiphron ; they were lucky enough to get two fine days, and made a
good haul. We had a few fair nights at sugar, when we took the
following species : T/u/atira bati.^, t'lpiiatophora jiid-tiiosa, Triaena psi,
Pharetra ruwicis, Crairiophora Ivjustri, Hadoia tJialassina, II. cunticjua,
H. oleracea, H. dentina, H]ipi>a rectilinea, Aplecta pramia, Xi/lophasia
rurea, Enphwia liicipara, Noctna jilecta, and liimina tenehrom. The best
night I ever remember at sugar was the Friday night of this week, when
moths literally swarmed, the predominating species being Kuplexia liici-
para ; even the sugaring brvxsh, which was stuck up in a stone wall, was
covered with this species. We filled our boxes on the first round and
had to go back to the farm to empty them into ammonia bottles. On
our return the same lively state of things existed. Having gone
round half the trees, an unfortunate accident happened — Mr. Malcolm
stumbled over a stone and broke the paraftin stable-lamp, which we
had borrowed from the farm, and abruptly ended the most successful
night I ever had at sugar. We returned home on the following
Saturday with our spoil, and on our walk to Keswick took An/ynnis
aylaia and a nice lot of Aylah urticae, and also Spihmnna nient/ia.itri,
which were in evidence all along the road. Towards Keswick we took
a few webs containing larva of IJypimoinciita padclla, which form very
conspicuous objects near the main road. On the whole, we had a
fairly successful week, considering how noted the place is for rain. —
Malcolm Dixon, Carlisle. January 9th, 1902.

60 THE entomologist's record.

Epunda ltjtulenta in Herts. — Last autumn I spent three days —
September 10th to 12th — at Weston Vicarage, five miles from Stevenage.
Whilst watching some tobacco plants between 6.30 and 7 p.m. for
Plilcficthontiiin convolfidi (of which I saw several, but captured only
one) I noticed a black speck in the centre of a tobacco flower. I
thought it could not be Plasia (/amnta, as it was settled, and quite
motionless, but was hardly prepared on boxing it to find that it was a
fine male Epunda lutulenta — a species I had never taken before. As
Mr. A. E. Gibbs, of St. Albans, who is making out the Hertfordshire
list of insects for the Victoria County History, informs me that the
species is new to the county, perhaps you may deem the record worthy
of insertion in your magazine. — (Rev.) G. H. Raynor, M.A., Hazeleigh
Rectory, Maldon, Essex. Jamianj 8tli, 1902.

Autumnal Lepidoptera in Merioneth, etc. — I spent the last week
of September and the first week of October, 1901, at Aberdovey, in
Merionethshire. Though so late in the season there were more insects
about than I expected to find. My captures included a worn example
of Sphin.r cimntlruli at rest on a wall, Epunda niiira going over, E.
licltoiea, X}ilina ornitnpux [rJii^olitlia), Calocaiiipa rctitsta, Peridrtniia
aancia, P. ypsilon, AncJiocclis Difina, A. hnios<a, A. niacilrnta, (Jrrliodia
liipda, &c. I also saw two specimens of Pobpiunia c-albiini and one
Pi/raiiieis cardiii. X. ornitojitis was very plentiful at sugar, also at rest
on stones on the mountain-sides, in this respect the species has much
the same habit as Pali a cJii. The capture of a larva of Ciicullia asteris
was interesting. After my return, a visit to Delamere produced only
two examples of Kpunda Intulcnta worth taking. A rather small,
very dark and perfect specimen of Acherontia atmjxis, was brought to
me in the beginning of October, caught by a dairymaid in the dairy
at Earl Egerton's place, near Knutsford. — G. 0. Day, F.E.S.,
Knutsford. Xnreinber Vdt/i, 1901.

Lepidoptera in 1901, etc.-— For a novice I had very fair success
last year. Among other species, I found ADijdiidatii/s strataria plentiful
in Epping Forest, 30 examples captured on April 1st and 3rd ; Aleucu
jiictaria in Epping Forest from April 22nd to May Bth, and I was
pleased to take (for the first time there) at Broxbourne, Xola strvpda
and Zqdii/nis qiieycus, on July 13th ; Colias hyale occurred at Hackney
Wick, on the banks of the canal, June 25th ; and Sphinx convolvnli
(which I see has been common) in my own garden on September 21st.
In north Devon, amongst my captures for the first time were imagines
of Eiiniidesia tacniata, larvfe of ('iirnllia ahsintliii, Eupitln'cia jaaioneata.
and many other interesting species of Eiipithecia. I also took Leucania
alhipuncta for the first time in the Isle of Wight. During December I
have bred (in kitchen), from one batch of eggs, laid by an Isle of Wight
$ , 140 specimens of Caradrina ainhipua, after giving away many larva?.
The species is evidently prolific, and no trouble to force ; the larvie
were fed on dandelion. In Epping Forest last night I found all the
Hybernias — rupricapraria, leucopJiaearia, one only, aiiiroitiaria, mar-
(linaria, and drfoliaria. I have never taken all at one time before. I took
also PJdpalia pedaria (several), and of course Cheimatohia bniiiiata,
which is still in countless thousands, chiefly pairs. — John E. Gardner,
204, Evering Road. Januaru IQth, 1902.

Spread of butterflies into suitable localities. — Mr. A. H. Clarke
in his note in the Ent. Htrnrd for January, on the spread of butterflies

CURRENT NOTES. 51

into suitable localities, mentions Poh/omwatus bdlarj/tifi as one of the
species which has recently arrived at a locality near Marlow. This is
of much interest to us here because the same thing has happened on
the chalk downs to the south-east and east of Oxford. In former days
all the Reading collectors went to Folkestone when they wanted the
species, as it was utterly unknown in their district. About I89i or 1895,
after I had left Reading, a boy took a specimen at Streatley, and indi-
viduals in small numbers were taken in succeeding years. In August,
1899, I was collecting on the downs between Streatley and Blewberry,
when I suddenly came on P. bdlariim flying in abundance, and on
ground which I used to visit regularly from Reading without ever see-
ing the species. Here and there in spots among the hills I met with
them in plenty. Probably in the earlier days the species existed some-
where on the Berkshire downs, but beyond the reach of our visits, and
has gradually increased its range until it now occurs right up to the
point where the chalk is covered by the tertiary strata towards Reading,
and also at Hard wick, in Oxon, having apparently crossed the river.
In this way it may have continued along that side of the river, through
Henley to Marlow. — W. Holland, University Museum, Oxford.
Jannarii 28th, 1902.

POLYOMMATUS BELLAKGUS ON THE OXFORDSHIRE ChILTERNS.— I am

told that a record of my experience of the appearance of Polijommatna
bellarf/iis on the Oxfordshire Chilterns may be of interest. My home
is within a mile of the little town of Watlington, and within a mile
the chalk hills rise from the plain. Till I came here in 1890 I had
never seen P. bdlarfiits alive, and was anxious to make its acquaintance,
I thought it likely to occur on the chalk, and, accordingly, was on the
lookout for it, taking, I doubt not, hundreds of bright P. icarns on
suspicion, but I never came across it, and was convinced that it did
not occur with us. So matters went on till 1899. In that year, after
being away for a holiday for the month of August, I came back at the
beginning of September, and a few days after, looking over the catch
of a schoolboy, who lives on Pyrton Hill, I saw on his board several
specimens of P. bellari/ns, and in answer to my enquiry he told me that
" they are all over the hill." I went out and almost immediately
I came across a " blue " on the wing that I knew I had never seen
before, and shortly afterwards others of the same species. Returning
with my net I speedily caught half-a-dozen, and found them to be P.
bcllatyKs, both sexes. I could have taken many more but they were
getting worn. Now I cross that particular hill about once a week on
the way to another part of the parish, and had the butterfly been there
in previous seasons I am sure I could not have failed to see it. I then
went to two other localities on the hills, a mile or so off, which I
thought likely, and found it in both. Every year since 1899 I have
found P. bellan/tis in these spots in fair abundance. — (Rev.) John W.
B. Bell, Pyrton Vicarage, Watlington, Oxon. Jamtanj 2Ht/i, 1902.

®^URRENT NOTES.

We have to apologise to some of our subscribers for an overcharge
of postage on the last number. The number was of the usual size,
and, as was thought, weight, but it appears that whilst most went
through the post all right, others were surcharged as being " over

52 THE entomologist's record.

weight." We are exceedingly sorry. Errors also in the drawing of
Plate i issued with the January number have made it necessary for
us to duplicate it this month with an accurate one. Will our sub-
scribers please cancel pi. i as inaccurate ?

A most successful and enjoyable meeting of the Entomlogical Club,
founded in 1826, was held in the Entomological Salon of the Holborn
Restaurant on January 14th. It was the sixteenth gathering over
which Mr. G. H. Verrall has presided as host, and a large number of
guests was present. Among others we noticed — Professors Meldola
and Poulton, Colonels C. T. Bingham, C. Swinhoe and J. W. Yerbury,
Revs. E. N. Bloomfield, A. E. Eaton, F. D. Morice, C. F. Thornewill,
Dr. T. A. Chapman, Messrs. F. C. Adams, R. Adkin, H. W. Andrews,
E. E. Austin, C. G. Barrett, W. F. H. Blandford, W. Borrer, F.
Bouskell, W. C. Boyd, R. C. Bradley, H. Rowland-Brown, E.
Brunetti, H. A. Bryden, M. Burr, A. Cant, G. C. Champion, A. J.
Chitty, F. Noad Clark, J. E. Collin, W. L. Distant, H. St. J. K.
Donisthorpe, H. Willoughby Elhs, C. Fenn, F. W. Frohawk, C. J.
Gahan, H. Goss, A. Harrison, M. Jacoby, 0. E. Janson, J. H. A.
Jenner, A. H. Jones, W. J. Kaye, W. F. Kirby, G. Lewis, H. Main,
A. H. Martineau, F. Merrifield, C. Morley, B. G. Nevinson, W.
Nicholson, P. Skinner, R. South, E. Step, J. Stevens, J. Tatham, W.
H. Tuck, J.W. Tutt, C. J. Wainwright, C. 0. Waterhouse, E. A. Water-
house, and others.

Departing from his usual custom, the host discussed very fairly the
election of the Council of the Entomological Society of London, by a
ballot of the Fellows. He summarised the position of the Society by
saying, " The Society as a whole is progressive, the Council is
fossilised." He dubbed those who had taken part in the nomination
of Messrs. Burr, Swinhoe and Tutt, " rebels," and offered to become the
"arch rebel," if the rebels would withdraw from the contest and move
the Council to amend its ways. Professor Meldola also urged with-
drawal. Professor Poulton drew loud cries of dissent from the "rebels"
when he insisted that the movement was a vote of want of confidence
in the Council, and Mr. Goss Avas moved to sorrow rather than anger,
at the rashness of his "rebel" personal friends. The "rebels"
meanwhile, possessed their souls in patience.

There are two modes of being nominated for a seat on the Council :
(1) To be nominated by the Council itself. (2) To be nominated by
four other Fellows. Why the carrying out of these byelaws must be a
"want of confidence vote" is difficult to imderstand, but so it was,
and the insistence of this was very unfortunate, for it converted a
straight-forward ballot for the best men, into what might have
proved an intensely personal matter, for which certainly the " rebels "
cannot be held to blame.

The contested election brings out in the result a point or two that
must be noted, if the affairs of the Society are in the future to go smoothly.
As the list drawn up by the Council was not adopted, it is clear that a
majority of the Fellows, and possibly a considerable majority, looking to
the curious way in which votes were split, were dissatisfied with the
mode in which the Council had been hitherto elected, but suffered in
silence, till a few bolder spirits took the bull by the horns. The
Council must afford the Society at large a voice in the nomination,
this may be done under the present bye-laws, provided the Council
bear it in mind every year at the proper date. But the Council would

CUKREXT NOTKS. 53

do well to consider whether something further, involving alteration of
the bye-laws, may not be necessary.

The movement was represented as a rebellion of the younger
Fellows against fossilisation, but the ballot may, and possibly will by
some, be held to show that younger Fellows had no chance against the
older and best known names. It was also clear that the younger Fellows
themselves strongly supported some of the Council's nominees, and it
simply became a contest between the weakest of the Council's nominees,
and the strongest of the " rebels," and here the voting was near enough.
We hope the Council will devise means of avoiding such a contest in
future, since, however desirable it may have been from some points of
view, it is to be very much regretted, that as omelets cannot be made
without breaking eggs, so the cost here involved making a scape-goat
for the Council of a gentleman who was personally in no way to blame.

The Council might be fairly asked why — as all the nominations
were strictly legal — they were not printed alphabetically in a single
row. It is surely not well to ear-mark any Ixdui tide candidates by
separating them as " goats " from the Council's " sheep."

Another point comes out in the matter of nominations. The
bye-laws direct the Fellows Avho wish to make a nomination to strike
out one of the Council's nominees and replace with the name of their
own candidate. This makes an election personal at once, and we were
grieved to hear that one of the first entomologists of the day had a
suspicion that some animus had been shown because his name had, to
satisfy the bye-laws, been struck out. We want some simple rule by
which Fellows can add names to those proposed by the Council, the
whole to go to ballot, without any individual being prejudiced by the
mode of his nomination.

The Council did a commonsense, but possibly illegal, thing in not
putting up all the nominees to the vote, including officers. To say
that the officers, as such, were not objected to is beside the question.
The latter hold their posts for a year, they are nominated for a seat on
the Council, and must be elected thereon before they can be elected as
officers. Failure to be elected on the Council might render it impos-
sible for their nomination as officers to stand, and the appointments
would have to be filled by the Council. This only for consideration
when an alteration of the bye-laws is being considered.

We have no doubt that the members of Council will be on their
mettle this year. We would only ask that they attend the ordinary
meetings as well as make an attendance at the Council meetings
whenever at all practicable.

The following gentlemen were elected Officers and Council for 1902.
President, the Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A., F.L.S. ; Treasurer, Mr.
Robert McLachlan, F.R.S. ; Secretaries, Mr. Herbert Goss, F.L.S.,
and Mr. Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A. ; Librarian, Mr. George C.
Champion, F.Z.S. ; and as other Members of Council, Mr. R. Adkin,
Professor T. Hudson Beare, F.R.S.E., Mr. Arthur J. Chitty, M.A.,
Mr. W. L. Distant, Mr. F. DuCane Godman, D.C.L., F.R.S., the Rev.
Francis D. Morice,M.A., Professor E. B. Poxilton, D.Sc, F.R.S., Mr.
Fjdward Saunders, F.L.S., Dr. David Sharp, M.A., F.R.S., and Colonel
C. Swinhoe, M.A., F.L.S. The President announced that he should
appoint Mr. F. DuCane Godman, F.R.S., Professor K. B. Poulton,
F.R.S., and Dr. D. Sharp, F.R.S., as Vice-Presidents for the Session
1902—1903.

54 THE kntomologist's record.

The Presidential Address delivered by the Rev. Canon Fowler,
dealt chiefly with the question of Protective Resemblance and Mimicry
in the case of the Coleoptera, a branch of the subject concerning which
l)ut little has been recorded, although Mimicry in this order is quite as
important as in the case of the Lepidoptera ; as a matter of fact
beetles are protected in many ways : P>y a hard integument — by the
assimilation of colour or form to environment — by adopting colours in
strong contrast to environment (warning colours) — by protective atti-
tudes— by warning attitudes — by warning sounds — by the secretion
of distasteful juices or odorous substances^-by resemblance to un-
pleasant substances such as the droppings of birds — by resemblance to
well -protected insects other than Coleoptera such as ants, bees and
wasps — by imitating other genera and species of the same order which
are plainly distasteful. In the course of the Address it was pointed
out how easily it can be proved that beetles form a large part of the
food of birds, as their hard elytra or wing-cases remain for some time
entire in their stomachs ; in this way it can be proved which species
are most liked, and which are disliked or rejected ; it is an interesting
fact that many of the rapacious birds devour large numbers of beetles,
and that a systematic examination of their stomachs proves that the
damage done to game is much less than is usually believed, for many
of the most persecuted species are mainly, or to a very great extent,
insectivorous ; it would be well, therefore, on all grounds, that the
indiscriminate slaughter of our few remaining birds of prey should be
rigorously discountenanced.

Professor Sven Lampa, the well known President of the Swedish
State Entomological Department, in one of his valuable articles on
economic entomology, takes occasion to point out {l\)it. Tvlshrift, xxii.,
p. 180) "that Linne's and Bjerkander's descriptions of the appearance
and mode of life of their Noctiia tritid agree entirely with those of
HuiJoia hasilinca, Fab.," and on the strength of this he uses the
synonymy Hcuhna fr/7/r/, L., Bjerk. = />((.s/7/;/rt/. Fab. et Auct. It is
highly probable that Professor Lampa may be right with regard to
Bjerkander, but as we cannot reconcile Lmne's description of tritici in
the Si/iitciiia Xattirac with any known form of Ajiaiiica hasilinca, and as
the extant Linnean type is a normal Atimtis tritici, we think it would
be very rash to accept the correction (?) without much stronger evidence
than has yet been offered.

The Annual Meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological
Society was held at the Royal Institution, Liverpool, on January 13th.
The following Officers were then elected to serve during 1902 : — Presi-
dent, Mr. S. L. Capper, F.L.S., F.E.S. ; Vice-Presidents, Rev. R.
Freeman, M.A., and Dr. H. Dobie ; Secretaries, Messrs. Frederick
Birch, and E. .1. B. Sopp, F.R.M.S., F.E.S. ; Treasurer, Dr. .J.
Cotton, F.E.S. ; Librarian, Mr. F. C. Thompson; Council, Messrs.
R. Wilding, F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., A. Tippins, H. Tonkin, and W. A.
Tyerman. In the absence of the President the retiring Vice-President
Mr. R. Wilding, delivered a most interesting address, reviewing in an
exhaustive manner the general entomological work and literature of
the first year of the century, with special reference to several matters
of local importance.

We learn that Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse has " seven," not " two, "years
to serve at the Natural History Museum before reaching the retiring age.

PKACTICAL HINTS. 55

Jp>RACTICAL HINTS.*

Field Work for February and March.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

1. — By the middle of February, the pupae of iJimor/iha rirsicolora
kept in a "warm room, will commence to emerge from their cocoons,
often coming right out and lying exposed for a few days before the
emergence of the imagines. Many pupa? go over to a second or third
year. All those that will emerge this year are fully formed some time
before emergence ; the rest are still fluid.

2. — The females of D'unoriiha versicnlom should be allowed to pair
more than once, otherwise a fair number of eggs will be sometimes
found to be infertile ; the ova should be kept in the shade or not
exposed to the full rays of the sun until they begin to hatch.

3. — In confinement place fertilised $ s of THumviiha rcrsimldra on
birch twigs ; they bungle badly sometimes in attempting to lay in a
cardboard box, but go ahead steadily, laying their eggs in little batches,
on a large fresh birch -twig.

4. — The eggs of Diiiion)ha irn^icolora found in the woods, are laid
in little batches of six to eight or so, in double rows on small outside
twigs of birch, 2ft. to 4ft. from the ground ; the eggs are pale yellow
at first, but after a day or two, darken to a purple-brown colour, just
the tint of the birch twigs.

5. — Brephos notJia occurs in March on the outsku-ts of a wood near
Broxbourne, in which are a few aspens, they begin to fly about
10 a.m., at which time they are, like B. parthcnias, very sluggish and
easy to capture ; at midday they retreat into the wood but about
2.15 p.m. they appear again in numbers on the sheltered side of the
wood (Battley).

6. — The sap exuding from freshly-cut dogwood stems proved of such
superior attraction to the usual sallow-loving insects, that the sallows
were practically blank, and each stem of cat dogwood was covered
with moths (Thornhill).

7. — The larvfe of Lrurania alhi/nijicta feed only at night, but may
be found by day concealed on the ground, under leaves of low plants —
mullein, hemlock, teasel, etc. (Brahin).

8.- — Pnlia niiirocincta is reputed to be difficult to breed in confine-
ment in the south, but has been fed up in the open on potted plants of
narrow-leaved plantain (Whittle), and on sallow (Bower), the moths
emerging in September.

9. — As a substitute for the usual food-plant of larvR? of Tiliacea
uiirago, which sometimes hatch very early, it may be noted that
sycamore buds are very acceptable, the larvse feeding on them without
hesitation (Butler).

10. — The larvae of Geometra papilionaria, sleeved out on birch,
nibble the bark and buds in March, as do those of Boa nit ia mboraria.
They want removing to a new branch early, as their nibbling often
tends to kill the twigs.

* Pkactical Hints fob the Field Lepidoptehist, recently published, contains
1250 similar hints to these, distributed over every month in the year. Interleaved
(for collectors own notes). — Ed.

56 THE entomologist's record.

11. — The ? s of Phigalia pedaria and Nyssia hispidaria, which are
comparatively seldom seen in the daytime, may sometimes be taken
freely by examining the trunks of trees in woods Avith a light after
dark in February and March (Porritt).

12. — Boaiiiiia repandata is a very interesting species to breed, the
larvie may be found on mild evenings in early spring, feeding on all
sorts of low-growing plants — ivy, honeysuckle and bramble appearing
to be those most frequently selected (jMason).

13. — Roots of Achillea jitannira growing in a damp spot in Epping
Forest in early March, contained larvie of a bone- white colour with light
brown head, the imagines from these appeared in June, and proved
to be IHclirorhainplia alju'strana (Thurnall).

14. — Lepto(iraiiiiiia scutiDta is to be found on birch trunks in spring;
by sleeving the ? on birch trees long series may be bred. It is a
mistake to let the larvie spin up in the muslin, as they are long in
turning and ichneumons sting them through the meshes.

la. — The larva' of ( liri/siipluimis jildcwas are sometimes very
common on lUoiux jnilcln-r, in February and March ; they are difficult
to see as their bodies are about the same size as, and the crimson
dorsal line and broader spiracular stripe render them very like, the
young curled-up leaves in the centre of the plant (Bate).

J^CIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Emergence ok Ci-,(jstera hybrids. — For some years now I have
bred a good number of the hybrid (lustcra rn-liisa <? xenrtitla J , and
have always had a good percentage emerge in the late autumn from
September to October, and even November ; this year, however, they
have beaten all previous records. From a large brood, they started
emerging in September, about ten during the month, in October about
the same number, whilst November produced five, and December eight.
Three fine specimens emerged one day when there were twelve degrees
of frost. All the pupn9 have been kept out of doors. On the 6th of
January three fine specimens of the hybrid ('. ciiitulo S X reclusa $
emerged, these likewise have been out of doors all the winter. — L. W.
Newman, Bexley, Kent.

Preservation of Eucis of Lepidoptera. — Can any lepidopterist give
me any directions for the successful preservation of the eggs of lepi-
doptera '? or references to any suggested methods of preservation in
the periodicals ? — J. W. Tutt.

^ AR I ATION.

Aberration of Lasiocampa QUERctis. — I have recently acquired a
fine 2 Lasiocampa quercus, which measures just Ih inches from apex
of wing to centre of thorax. The colour is dull chocolate, darker
within the band, with just a little warmth of colour in band of hind-
wings. I understand that the larva (found at Shoeburyness) was of
the same colour as the moth. — F. G. Whittle, 3, Marine Avenue,^
Southend. December 7th, 1901.

Vol. XIV.

Pj.. II.

/.

N):\v Neauc'TIc Fucas.

Kntoiii. Becord, etc., l'.)0:i

THE TYPE SPECIMEN OF PHAL.T:NA-B0MBYX ATRA, LINN. 57

The type specimen of Phalaena-Bombyx atra, Linn.
= Acanthopsyche opacella.

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Mr. Prout called my attention to the type specimen of Bomhy.v
atra in the Linnean collection at Burlington House, and suggested
that it should be examined. He informs me that it is the only
Psychid of any sort in the whole collection, carrying a Linnean label.
My examination of the specimen affords the following facts : The
specimen has a small label " atra " in the writing of Linne, a-nd a
larger one of Sir J. Smith's, " atra 823," 828 being the page in the
Si/stema yatarae, ed. xii., in which B. atra is described.

As a cabinet specimen, the example is in deplorable condition, few,
if any, scales are left on it, the left wing apex is gone, the abdomen
is eaten away by mites or otherwise, so that only a few hollow rings
are left. On the head are empty shells, either of mites or of Tineid
eggs. As a type specimen, however, to be recognised and identified,
the specimen is excellent. Except for some damaged pectinations,
one antenna is perfect to the tip, all the legs are present, and the
front ones well displayed, and the neuration of both upper and lower
wings is as easily seen as if the wings had been specially mounted for
the purpose.

The specimen belongs to the species we at present know as Acan-
thopsijche opacella, H.-S. It has the same robust structure as com-
pared with any Oreopsycht' [anyustdla ov plnmifera). The antenna has
29 countable joints, as opacella, H.-S., has. The front tibia carries a
spur precisely like that of opacella, and, what is distinctive and final,
the neuration agrees in every detail with that of opacella. This
neuration is widely different from that of (h-eopg;/che, and 'distinct
enough from that of any other Psychid, except probably some other
species of Acanthopxijche, with regard to which no question can arise.

One other point may be referred to. Linne says his specimen was
taken near Upsala by Thunberg. A. opacella occurs throughout a
large part of Sweden, but I have not heard of any species of (hwopsj/c/ie
having been taken in Scandinavia. The identity between atra, L.,
and iiliniiifera, 0., was assumed by Dr. Heylaerts, who, in his essay on
the Psychides (Amiales Sue. h'nt. Heli/ique, xxv) remarks that the true
Phalaena-Biniihi/.r atra, L., has been found, and refers to a short paper
of a couple of pages on the matter, which he contributed to the
Stettiner Knt. Zeitmui (1880, p. 186).

In this paper he recites that hicracii, Thnb., has been identified
with plumifera, 0., and proceeds to the point that interests us here,
riz., the identification of atra, L., with liieracU, Thnb., an identifica-
tion that has since been accepted.

His position amounts to this, that Thunberg captured Iiieracii,
Thnb. — somew^here — . Linne says that his atra was captured by
Thunberg at Upsala. Thunberg having captured both insects, there-
fore they are the same. In the absence of any better information,
there is a certain plausibility about this that might make it acceptable,
though one cannot help thinking that Thunberg must have known
that his insect was not atra, L., and, for that reason, gave it a separate
name. Now that we know what atra, L., is, it is easy to see that the
argument is of the flimsiest nature. It may be also that acceptance
March 1oth,]^1902.

58 THE kntomologist's record.

of this conclusion came more easily, because plumifera, 0., is not only
one of the blackest Psychids, but also preserves its blackness in the
cabinet better than most.

It is not to the credit of English entomologists that this identifi-
cation comes so late in the day, and it is to be regretted that it was
not made before the publication of Tutt's Hn'thh Lepidoiitera, vol. ii.,
and of Staudinger's r'rtfrtZr*//»(', 1901, since they involve that present-
accepted names will be dominant for another decade or two. That it
comes even now is not to my credit, but to Mr. Front's, who recog-
nised the existence of this type specimen, my share being merely the,
as it happens, very easy one, of determining what the insect is. Mr.
Prout will, I hope, take his fair share of the odium attaching to
alienating a name with half a century's recognition from a well-known
insect. Luckily the present determination seems to lie likely to be
definitive, and leaves no loophole for further revision.

Accepting the synonymy given by Staudinger (1901), the changes
required are :

4446. Atra, L.S.N., ed. xii., p. ^2?,. OpaceUa, H.-S., 102, ii., p. 20, &c.

4478. Plujiifera, O., iii., 175; H.-S., 103, *c. //u'ram, Thnb., Diss., iv.,
5;-5, nee Fb. Atra, Heyl., Stett. Ent. Zeit., 18«0, p. 186, nee Linn.

A fifth season among the Swiss butterflies.

Bv G. WHEELER, M.A.

A very late and prolonged winter caused the season of 1901
to be somewhat backward, and, in some instances, insects appeared
at most unusual times, though in other cases they were well up
to time, or even a little early. My own season was a short and
mostly uneventful one, and the principal interest of my notes for this
year must, I regret to say, centre in other people's successes. When
the frost and snow at last left us, I found it impossible to do anything
worth noting till well into May, though a fortnight's visit to Aigle,
beginning on April 20th, gave me the opportunity of visiting Leysin,
Vernayaz, Martigny and Charpigny, only to return in each case
without any captures worth mentioning. A visit to Bouveret on
May 13th produced only a single specimen of Polyenn matu.s icanis $ ,
of the form known here as var. nrcita, which has on the inner margin
of the underside forewing a long curved black streak bordered with
whitish, uniting the last of the antemarginal spots with the lowest of
the basal spots. This form, which is not confined to the $ , is to be
found throughout this portion of the Rhone Valley, and is common at
Charpigny and elseAvhere round Aigle (Can anyone inform me
whether it is identical with the " ab. 5 melanotoxa " of Staudinger's
last CatahKjHc .'). ('iipidn ncbriis was unusually abundant this year, and
swarmed, for instance, on the Charpigny road near St. Triphon
station, on May 15th, and was common at Veytaux and in good
condition till the end of the month. On May 20th, I took a short
expedition up the Rhone valley. Leaving Veytaux early, I went as far
as Martigny, walking thence across the valley to Branson. Here
PolyommatuR oriov was out but not in great numbers, though Mr.
Fison on the some day took a good supply further on towards Fully ;
it is to be found principally on the rocks at the side of the meadows
and vineyards. Everes ab. coretas was also in fair numbers, but little

A FIFTH SEASON AMONG THE SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 69

else was to be seen. A flying visit to the ColluUa, however, showed
that the bushes had all spriinu- up again quite thickly in spite of their
complete scorching up during the previous summer. In the afternoon
I went on to Sion in the hope of iinding Nomiadefi vidanops or
Anthocaris helia, the former in consequence of a letter from Mr. Elwes,
and the latter because of Trapp's reported capture, though I cannot
help a suspicion that, in the former case, N. ri/llari(s var. blac/iinu', and,
in the latter, A. var. ausoju'a were the actual captures. In the former
case I should have no doubt, had it not been that Mr. Elwes was
himself the captor, and it seems too presumptuous to suggest that so
high an authority is mistaken, though on the other hand I believe his
captures were made before N. var. blachieri had been described. Soon
after arriving at Sion the sun went in, and I took nothing of any
importance. After spending the night at the Hotel Terminus (which,
though rather primitive, I strongly recommend for its admirable
cooking and glimpse of real Swiss life), I went down to the Rhone
meadows again and searched for some distance, but only found
Melitaea auniia in some numbers, the specimens being larger than
those from Visp, and a few X. cyllarifs, after which I took train to
Saxon and walked across the valley to Saillon in search of X. var.
blachieri on the higher ground above. It is a most interesting old place,
but, entomologically, the expedition was unsuccessful, a matter of less
importance since I afterwards took the variety both at Veytaux and
Aigle. It is like X. welanops ! but the much greater amount of l)lue
on the underside, and the absence of the baiely visible lunules from
the outer margin of the underside hindwing distinguish it. On the
23rd I went over to Bouveret in search of the brown J of Flebeius
avi/us, almost all those farther up the valley being blue ; P. aetjon was
out in great numbers, and, as usual in this locality, of large size, but
as yet P. anjus was not. On the following day, an expedition to
S. Maurice and Lavey produced only the usual species of that locality,
but included among the abundant specimens of Ciipido sehrus and
N. cyllariis, one specimen of the wholly brown $ (ab. onderniyii) of
the latter.

On June 1st began a five days' stay at the top of the Rochers de
Naye, just then a mass of gentians large and small, anemones of
various kinds, yellow auriculas and purple violas ; but amidst this
wealth of flowers there were but few insects — a single Paranjc Iiit'ta,
a few ( allap/iri/s ruhi including one ab. itinnaeulata, several h'rrbia
lappoua, mostly ab. pollK.c, and none with the stria^ w'ell-marked,
and magnificent specimens of Pieris ab. hrijoniae of the form known as
flaresccns, being the entire bag. On the 7th, the day after my return,
CoenonynipJia arcania was out at Veytaux, and was fairly common, for
the first time since 1897. On the 14th we went for the summei' to
Aigle, but before taking leave of Veytaux I have still two things to
note, first, that the early brood of Lr/ititlia sina/yis almost universally
tended this year towards the form which Staudinger now teaches us to
call ab. siibyrisra, and, secondly, that, at the beginning of May, 1 took
a specimen of ('lin/sapt/ianns dtnilis^ , having small purple spots on the
uppersideof the hindwings, inside the orange spots, exactly corresponding
with C. phlacas ab. raenilenpinictata : in this particular specimen the
underside is brightly coloured and the disc of the upperside forewing
is just perceptibly tinted with copper, but on these points I lay no

60 THE entomologist's recorp.

stress, the small purple spots being the distinguishing mark ; I have
seen two other specimens, one a <? taken by Mr. Sloper near Les
Avants this year, and the other a ? , with the purple spots larger and
lighter, taken some time ago by Mr. Fison ; for this aberration I pro-
pose the name pnrptireopnuctata (and I should be greatly obliged if any
collector possessing specimens would let me know). These forms of
C. doril'is and ('. pJdaeas are to me most interesting as showing the
close connection between these species and <'. coiijihidauias ; I regard
them as instances of " reversion to type." < '. amphidamaa, by the way,
has twice been taken this year in this neighbourhood, viz., on the
Rochers de Naye not far from Caux by Mr. Lemann, and above Clarens
by Mr. Fison. While speaking of this insect it may be worth while
to mention that Frey was quite mistaken in supposing that it was extinct
on the Moleson in 1880. I have seen, in Professor Pdachier's collection
at Geneva, an excellent series from that locality taken in 1895.

At Aigle my searches both for Thccla lunni and T. acaciae were
again this year unsuccessful, but, while looking for them on the 21st,
I took a pair of Puli/onnnatits t'sclwri near Ollon, the first, I believe,
found in any Swiss Canton except the ^'alais'■. On the previous day I
had been to Vernayaz, and found, amongst other things, a few Brcnthis
daphne, and the usual abundance of Chrt/suphanus qordius and Puhjoin-
matus amanda. Those who are interested in the "Tigers" may like to
hear that I took on the same day Calliuiorjdia domimda ab. bithy-
nica, in which all the spots on the forewing are yellow. A search for
Lycaena iolaa at Branson, on the 22nd, was disappointing, but my wife
took one ? so small that it was not until I came to set our captures
that it was recognised. This was the only specimen seen at that
time, but on visiting the same spot on July 27th I found both 3 and
? in some numbers and quite fresh ! On this latter date I took one
Lampides boetica $ . On June 26th, a second visit to Martigny pro-
duced Brenthh daphne, one Eiebia ><tyyne ? , and some much-worn
Melitaea herisalcnsis. Here, also, I saw Mr. Sloper's captures of this
year, the most interesting of which were a I'aran/e vieyaera ab. alberti
and (J. phlaeas ab. schnudtii, both from Martigny. There was much
rain during the summer, and when the sun came out afterwards, much
steamy mud, which accounts for the fact that, on July 6th, on the
Sepey road, I took six Apatina iris (all 1 saw that day) and one A.
ilia, which is very scarce in that locality.

The next week was by far the best of the season. On Monday,
the 8th, we went to Berisal, and by leaving the " diligence " at the
second refuge (Schallberg) I renewed my acquaintance with Polyom-
matiis lyridas, which was still in good condition. Pnlyominatiis tscheri,
Syrichthiis earthami, and many other things were to be found at the
same spot, and thence to the Ganter Bridge. Tuesday was spent at
the fifth refuge, where at last I obtained J'arnasdns delius (^ s only,
that day) ; I also took Polynnnnatiis p/ieretes, a very fine specimen of
Coliaa palaeno J , with the ground colour quite as bright as in the
^ , PolyommatuA eras, g" and ? , and various commoner things. On
Wednesday we drove to Simplon village, over the appalling scene of
desolation caused by the fall of half the Rossboden Glacier last March,
and then walked on to the Laquinthal to look for Erebia chnsti, but

* Found in Ticino, in the Grisons. — T.A.C.

A FIFTH SEASON AMONCr THE SWISS BUTTERFLIES. 61

this search was destined to go unrewarded, a few Erebia mnestra being
the nearest approach found. Krebia crto var. ob.scura and a form of
Coenoiujmpha arcania, closely resembling R;itzer's var. insubrica, were,
however, abundant. Thursday was spent in the Steinenthal. On the
way up K. veto (type) was swarming, and a number of belated K. crias
were also in evidence, some in fairly good condition ; I'lebeiim a>7/?fs
var. ai'i/idiou and P. aeijon var. aljnna were also abundant, and fji/cacua
alcon, very fresh, was also in fair numbers, both 3 and $ . I'oh/uin-
matits orbitiiliis was not quite so numerous as it no doubt would have
been later, but ('. palaeno, in all its Swiss forms, and Picris callidive,
were abundant, and I also took some large specimens of Parnas^inK
mneiiiosi/nc in excellent condition at this unusual height (some 7000ft.),
though at Berisal they were beginning to be worn, Friday I spent
again at the fifth refuge, where my captures were much like those of
Tuesday, except that I took several /'. rhliiis $ . On Saturday, by
walking down early to Breig, and, taking train to Leuk, I got some
hours in the Pfynwald, my object being to find Li/cacna meleaaer and
Apatura ilia J ; I took two of the latter and three or four of the
former, but the Orobns nir/fr was not yet in blossom, and so there was
no special attraction to bring mdca<jpr together in any numbers.

After my return to Aigle I did but little. The usual species were
there in their usual abundance, but I saw no specimen of Dryas var.
ralesina this year. At Villeneuve, in the middle of August, I took a
very good $ A. iri^i on the wing ; Zeplujrin^ hctulae was common there,
but very difficult to get, as it flew^ unusually high.

Soon after my return to Veytaux I saw Mr. Fison's captures of this
summer in the Grisons. They included a number of Mditaca
maturna var. wolfcnsberf/eyi from Davos, several Arr/i/ninx adippe var.
cieod()xa,d>A\Ci a few TAmmitix impuli from Poschiavo, five lAbijtlu'a celtis
from Brusio, a number of Krebia rrijdu/lr, and a set of seven E. flam-
faaciata from the neighbourhood of Pontresina, six ^ and one $ , all
but the last being in splendid condition. On November 13th I again
examined his collection, in company with Chanoine Favre,and M.Wull-
schlegel ; one of the most interesting specimens is a hybrid between
C. palacno and (.'. phicoinunc, taken some years ago, but the locality of
w^hich he has unfortunately not noted. In the same week I had also
the pleasure of seeing the magnificent collection of Colonel Agassiz, at
Lausanne, in company with Mr. Sloper.

A visit to Geneva at the end of the month procured me the
acquaintance of Professor Blachier, who most kindly put both his own
collection and that of the University Museum at my disposal for
examination, notes, &c., and who also gave me much information and
offered lists and dates of his captures. One piece of information
received from him is of special interest to collectors in Switzerland,
viz., that a few Lampidcs tclicaiins are now taken every year in the
gardens in and near Geneva.

May I add that I should be greatly obliged if any other readers of the
Ent. lii'conl would send to me, at the Pension Masson, Veytaux, lists of
localities and dates both for Switzerland and the other Alps of Central
Europe, as I hope, if possible, to include the latter in the handbook
on which I am at work. Varieties and local forms have a special
interest. Resident entomologists, both native and foreign, have been
most kind. Much of the pleasure of the entomological year has been

62 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

due to the hours spent with Chaiioine Favre, Pi'ofessoi- Blachier,
Colonel Agassiz, Messrs. Pison, Sloper, Wullschleyel, Lemann, and
others, who have put time and information and collections at my
disposal.

Some New Nearctic Fleas {ivith plate).

By The Hon. N. C. ROTHSCHILD, B.A., F.L.S.

Pitlex ursi, sp. nov. (Fig. !•). — The rostrum reaches to the middle of the
trochanter, and the end segment of the palpus is about twice the length of the
preceding one, being a little longer in the male than in the female. The head,
which is clothed with short hairs, is feebly but evenly rounded in the male, but
angled in the female. There are four long bristles between the eye and the maxilla,
standing in a row, preceded by a series of three shorter ones. Near the posterior
edge of the head there is a series of long bristles, and between these and the
antennal groove there are two series of four and three (or three and two) somewhat
shorter ones. The prothorax bears no comb, having only a subapical series of
bristles ; the meso- and metanotum bear in addition to the subapical bristles, a
postmedian series. The metathoracic episternum bears a number of bristles, and
the epimeron is furnished with a subapical series of nine, which are placed close
together, the series being preceded by one or two less regular rows. The plates
of the abdominal segments are small, the tergites bear two rows of bristles,
sometimes exhibiting some irregularly placed hairs in addition ; the series is
reduced in number, however, on the distal segments. The seventh tergite lacks
the dorsal apical hairs usually present in so many species. The eighth tergite of
the female is completely divided in the mesial line, it is, moreover, large, dilated
ventrally, and rather densely clothed with hairs above and below the stigma, as
well as upon the broader ventral portion. The anal tergite of the female lacks
the two processes usually present in Ptdc.r and other genera. The eighth
sternite of the male does not essentially differ from the seventh, while in the
female it is I'educed to a mere chitinous strip. This resemblance between the
seventh and eighth sternites in the male of the present species is most peculiar ;
in fact, in this character, the present species differs from all other members of the
group Siphonaptera that I know of. The sternites bear a single row of hairs.
The mid- and hind-coxa? are densely clothed with hairs in front. The femora
bear two stout spines at their ends, and in addition to the rather long hairs on
their dorsal edges, there is a more or less regular longitudinal ventro-lateral series
on each side. The tibiae bear six pairs of very stout spines at their dorsal edges,
and exhibit, besides, a lateral row of bristles. The tarsi are clothed with stout
bristles, their segments being short, except the apical one — the fore-tarsus, the
first four segments gradually decrease in size, the first being a quarter longer than
it is broad ; the bristles on all of these four tarsal segments are subapical ; the
first segment, moreover, has, in addition, an externo-lateral pair of bristles in the
middle ; the for.rth segment is calyx-shaped, with strongly rounded sides. The
iiiid-tar;;u3 is similar to the pro-tarsus, except that its first four segments are
somewhat longer, the first segment being about half as long again as it is broad.
The basal segment of the hind-tarsus is about twice as long as it is broad, the
fourth segment is barely different in size and shape from that one of the mid-
and pro-tarsus. The end segments of all the tarsi are of nearly equal size, being
about twice as long as they are broad ; they have four stout spines on each side and
an apical hair, with two apical ventral bristles in addition. A portion of the genital
armature of the male is drawn in fig. 1. The clasper (c) is broad, roun<led ventro-
distally, and covered with numerous bristles at its ventral and distal edges, with a
few on the disc as well. The manubrium (m) curves slightly downwards at the
end, while the movable finger (f) is small and shaped like half a crescent.

I have received a large series of this fine new species from Mr. G.
F. Fippie, taken from the Grizzly Bear [Ursun hurribilis) on April 29th,
1901, -45 miles west of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Ti/jjItlopsyUa ijrdiulU, sp. nov. (Fig 3). — A very large species. The head, the
frontal and dorsal portions of which are covered with short hairs situated in
punctures, bears two genal spines of unequal length. The pro-notal comb consists
of 20 teeth. The first four abdominal tergites bear rudimentary combs of two or

SOME NEW NEARCTIC FLEAS. 63

three spines on each side dorsally. The other tergites bear, in addition to the
usual two rows of hairs, a third anterior row of short bristles. The seventh tergite
has — placed on each side at the apical margin — three long hairs; in the female
the middle hair is the longest, the uppermost hair being longer than the hairs of the
subapical row. (In the male they a)e, unfortunately, broken off.) The sternites are
rather hairy ventrally, the hairy area extending basad beyond the middle on each
.segment. The legs are very characteristic, having 7 or 8 pairs of spines at the
dorsal edges of the tibiae.* The first pair is short, consisting of a spine and hair,
while the second one consists of one long and one short spine. The'longer spines
gradually increase in length distally, the last being by far the longest. There is a
single intermediate spine between the sixth and seventh pairs. The first segment
of the fore-tarsus is equal in length to the fifth, the first segujent of the mid-tarsus
is about one and a half times as long as the last, while in the hind-tarsus this
segment is twice as long as the last. The eighth sternite is large, being clothed
apically with thick hairs. Process (p) of the ninth tergite (fig. 3, ix) is tongue-
shaped, with numerous hairs at its edge, the ventro-distal hairs being prolonged.
The process (p. 1) is less projecting, bearing long hairs besides several small ones.
The manubrium (m) is slender, long, and not dilated at the end, though slightly
curved, while the movable finger (f) is boot-shaped, with the apex rather truncate,
its ventro-distal margin being compressed cariniform and clothed with hairs (fig.
3). The ninth sternite is boomerang-shaped, bearing numerous hairs ventrally of
varying size, the more apical ones being spiniform,

I have received several specimens of this very distinct species from
Mr. G. F. Dippie, taken on Taiiiias stn'atiia, at Branchtown, Ontario,
Canada, on September 20th, 1899.

Uijutricliopai/lla dippiel, sp. nov. (Fig. '•^). — This distinctly new species is
allied to H. talpae (Curtis) (which is figured in Fnt. Eec, xii., p. 257, 1900)t.
The present American species differs from //. talpae in its smaller size, and in being
generally less hairy, and, moreover, in having the genal spines six in number. H.
dippici bears two small pre-oral spines at the anterior ventral angle of the head in
the male, and one in the female. The genal region, moreover, is more prolonged,
and the genal spines are more ventral in position. The pro-thoracic comb consists
of 36 teeth. On the second, third and fourth abdominal tergites there are also
combs, but these are markedly different from the combs similarly placed in IF.
talpae, as they consist of 8, 4, and 3 teeth respectively on each side. The teeth of
these abdominal combs are very small, stout, and wide apart, the first comb differs,
moreover, from that of //. talpae in being incomplete, i.e., in there being no spines
towards the mesial line. The sternites are not quite so hairy as they are in i?.
talpae. The eighth sternite of the male differs from that of H. talpae in not being
so strongly dilated distally, and in being much more hairy (fig. 2, viii). Tlie ninth
tergite (fig. 2, ix) of the present species, as opposed to that of H. talpae, lacks the
short, strongly chitinised spines on the inside of the upper distal angle ; the finger
is broader and more conical in shape than it is in H. talpae (fig. 2, f). The
ninth sternite is similar to that of H. talpae, but smaller, the spine at its ventral
edge, some of which are short, are arranged in six pairs (fig. 2, ix. c).

I have received a male of this peculiar species from Mr. G. F.
Dippie, taken on Piitorius Innnirainlatiai, at Alberta, Canada, on
September 21st, 1900, and a female from Mr. Allan Brooks, at
Chilliwack, British Columbia, taken from Lutreola enenjamos^, on
January 2ud, 1900. The Hystrichopsylla described by Mr. Baker as
nmen'caua (Hut. Xeus, x., p. 37, 1899) is said to have 14 genal spines,
and about 50 teeth in the pro-notal comb. The abdomen of this
.species, moreover, appears from the description to be very different from
that of H. di lipid.

Description ok Pi.ArK II.

1 . rulcx urni, sp. nov. j . Clasper.

2. HijKtrichopnylla dippiei, sp. nov. j . Genital armature.

3. Typhlopsjilla grandis, sp. nov. c^ . Genital armature.

* 7 fore-tibise, 8 hind-tibiae.

t In consequence of a regrettable oversight on my part, the fore-tarsus of H.
taJpae is drawn a=; having only four segments. — K..T.

64 THE KNTOMOLO(tISt's RECORD,

Butterfly Hunting in Greece, in the year 1900.

By MAEGARET E. FOUNTAINE, E.E.S.
{Conchided from p. 35).

To the butterHy collector in Greece Coliax hddrciehi is the one
prize before all others, to be sought after and looked out for. And
this buttertiy I had been given to understand only occurred on the
high and lofty mountains— such as the Parnassos — always above the
tree-line, at an elevation never lower than 7000ft. Judge, therefore, of
my surprise and delight, when one day about the middle of June, not
more than a few hundred feet above the village of Houdena, on the
lower slopes of Mount Chelmos, as we were riding steadily on, intend-
ing to reach the summit, I saw a large dark Colias, hovering rapidly
over the scrub and brushwood, but, as I found, on consulting my aneroid,
that it was only an elevation of about -iOOOft., I was not sufficiently
sceptical of the information I had received, even then, to dismount and
catch one, till one of the men who had come with the horses, and was
amusing himself by brandishing about my net, suddenly brought for
my inspection what I saw at a glance was unmistakably a magnificent
female of Colias Juidrcichi. I was soon on my feet and in hot pursuit
of every one I saw, which was no easy task over this rock-strewn
mountain-side, but the males of this lovely butterfly were flying in
every direction, so that I had soon secured several, not to mention
another fine female. A day like this is a day to be remembered in the
life of an entomologist. It is one which stands out quite distinct,
leaving an impression never to be forgotten. The long, toilsome
climbs of other and less successful days beneath a blazing sun, the
long hours of thirst and fatigue, which have so often brought in the
end little or no results, are all compensated for in the joys of the one
day, when the enthusiastic buttertiy hunter meets for the first time a
treasure such as this, flying everywhere in wild reckless profusion,
alluring the excited biped to run heedlessly over ground of the roughest
description, now jumping, now slipping, maybe even sometimes
falling, but never pausing \n the hot pursuit of the fascinating little
insect, that will make such a grand acquisition to the collection at
home.

My companions on this occasion (an American gentleman and a
Greek, who spoke no language but his own) were neither of them
entomologists, but fortunately both were extremely good-natured, and
also apparently supplied with a good stock of patience ; otherwise —
well, otherwise — I suppose I should have been left behind. 1 have since
been told that I am the first British entomologist who has ever taken
Colias liddrcichi, or seen it alive ; and may I add that it is a sight
worth seeing. It began to appear, as I have already said, at about
IOOOft. and ceased above 5500ft., at least, such was the case with this
colony of them in the month of June. In July I have no doubt that
it would occur, as Herr Kriiper had said, above the tree-line and over
7000ft. To reach this much favoured spot was a three hoars' ride
over the mountains each way from Kalavryta, that being the nearest
village that could boast of an inn of any sort or kind. And they were
long tiring days ; but they left nothing to be regretted when, in the
late afternoon, beneath the lengthening shadows of western mountains,
Marcus and I would be riding home both with our pocket-boxes well

BUTTEKFIiY HUNTING IN fiKEECE IN THE YEAK 1900. 65

filled with hddreichi : at least, nothing to be regretted, as far as I was
concerned ; but, as is the case with most things, people are either born
entomologists, or they are not, and with Marcus I fear this was no
latent undeveloped gift. I could never get him to be more than
spasmodically interested in the pursuit, or to take a really serious view
of it and realise the importance to be attached to a new capture. He
always persisted in treating the matter more or less as a joke, but
unfortunately the boys of Kalavryta turned the joke against himself, and
he was so grievously ujiset that, I believe, for a short time these children
made his life almost a burden to him. They would persist in follow-
ing him down the street, calling after him "Pettalutha! Pettalutha!"
(Butterfly! Butterfly!). They also tormented him with samples of
crushed specimens which they had spent the whole of their playtime
in catching, till, I regret to say, Marcus completely lost his temper,
and was constantly appealing to me to devise some means of relieving
him from an annoyance to which, through following in my steps, he
had found himself exposed. It was in vain that I begged him to treat
the whole affair with the indifference due to such an insignificant
matter as the ridicule of a few children, he would nevertheless work
himself into a state of agony, concoct all sorts of unnecessarily strong
measures to be adopted, all of which I vetoed as being only calculated
to make matters worse. " You don't know Greek," he would tell
me " so you don't understand what they say. Why, what do you
think two grown-up men remarked to each other as we rode into
that village to-day ? ' Surely it is not so hot yet, but those two
people seem ready to go to Corfu.' " This required an explanation,
which was that the Island of Corfu is the chosen site for a large
lunatic asylum, and is, in fact, quoted in Greece, in the same way as
in England we should mention Bedlam for an insinuation of this
kind. It was useless to tell Marcus that it was their ignorance in
not recognising a scientific pursuit, not our madness in pursuing it,
that prompted these remarks, the few sparks of enthusiasm which I
had hitherto been able to ignite in him were now entirely extinguished
by the ridicule of his own countrymen, and what little love of the
thing I had been able to inspire in him completely vanished after
"this business with the boys," as he was pleased to term it, till it
became extremely evident that Marcus, though a most excellent
courier and interpreter, would never develop into a full-blown ento-
mologist.

Notwithstanding, it still remained an unsolved problem in my
mind — as I believe it to be, more or less, in the minds of all entomo-
logists— why everyone in the world is not of the same persuasion as
themselves, for, to them, indeed, is life worth living, spent in long, sunnv
hours of healthy exercise, inhaling the pure mountain air, free from
the ties and tyrannies of civilised society. For all day long the song
of the summer wind is in their ears, the very soul of the summer is
theirs ; they have felt the slow pulsations of her warm, throbbing
heart. Then comes the evening, and as they watch the day dying
over the mountains, and the sun which has shone unceasingly all
through its long bright hours, sinking beneath some distant summit,
and the warm, short twilight of the south, spreading her shadowy
arms across the valley, there comes, may be, into the hearts of these
travellers of science a wonderful sense of gratitude for this glorious

66 THE entomologist's RECORb.

earth, over which it is their privilege to wander, and whose unknown
loveliness unfolds itself before their eyes, in the pursuit of their chosen
pastime, as the hidden secrets of nature — so reserved and reticent in
her revelations — are revealed to them one by one.

The following is, I believe, a complete list of the insects captured :
P«r«rt.s.sn/.s mnemosyne, L., only on Mt. Chelmos above 5000ft., in
June. Aporia crataci/i, L., common on all the mountains. Pieris
brassicac, L., at Delphi, etc.. May and June ; a very fine form. P.
kriiperi, Stgr., near Delphi, in May, 1st and 2nd brood flying together ;
at Loutraki, in May, 2nd brood only, also up a gorge near Kalavryta,
in June, worn specimens of the first brood only. P. rapac, L., near
Delphi, &.C., in May and Juno ; some of the specimens very large. P.
rrijane, H.-G., in the mountains above Kalavryta and near Delphi in
May. /*. daplidirc, L., generally distributed ; some of the females
were numerous. Antlioraris brlia var. atisonia, Hiib., just outside
^Egion and at Delphi in May, remarkably large and fine. Euchloe
r(irdaiiii}ies, L., near Kalavryta in May. K. ijn'nu'n', H.-S., in certain
localities on the mountains near Kalavryta and Delphi in May. ( '.
////aZc, L., fairly common in most places. ('. hddvcichi, Stgr., very
common on IMount Chelmos the last fortnight in June ; three speci-
mens of the white form were taken. ('. edusa, F., widely distributed,
also the var. Juiicc. (io)u'pti'ri/.r r/iannii, L., Kalavryta in June, not
very common. G. diopatra, L., near Loutraki, Xc, May and June ;
much commoner than the preceding. < 'allopJinjs nihi, L., worn speci-
mens near Kalavryta in May. ( '/n-i/sd/duimis ottoiiianiis, Lef., near
Mesolonghi, second week in June. ( '. iddaras xar. cIchs, F., near Meso-
longhi, &c., in June. I'dJi/oiiiiiiatii,'^ zcphi/ms, Frv., on the lower slopes
of Mount Chelmos (4000ft.) : fairly common end of June. /'. baton,
Berg., near Kalavryta in May, not common. /'. aHtmirJte, Bgst.,
generally distributed. P. ican(s, Rott., common in most places. /'.
fioncdini var. pvivata, n. ab., only on one spot in the mountains above
Delphi ; it differs from the type in having the arrow mark on the
hindwings underneath entirely, oi- almost entirely, missing. I', auuoida,
Schn., near Kalavryta in IMay, also at Delphi, less common.
Xoiiiiadcs st')iii(in/iis var. IicIciki and var. jianiassia, Stgr., the former near
Kalavryta the latter near Delphi in ^lay ; I also took one typical
scHiiari/tis at Zachlaton, a short distance from Kabivryta, at a lower
elevation. IVdi/t/diiia I'lica, fairly common in several places. F.iKjonia
polychluros, L., near Kalavryta in June. Ai/lais urtirac var. tnrc'ua,
Stgr., I only took one specimen of this variety on Chelmos in June,
all the rest I saw appeared to be typical ; they were flying at an elevation
of 6000ft. to 7000ft. KiiraiK'tina antiopa, L., common near Mesolonghi,
kQ., in June. Mtiltaca ciit.ria, L., Kalavryta in May. .1/. /diochr var.
cdii-dsicd. Stgr., only one worn specimen, near Kalavryta, in June.
.1/. diilijiiia \iiv. 1 1 idfcd, Stgr., two males only on Chelmos, end of June ;
1 had seen the type earlier in the spring. IJirntJtia eitplu-usyiir, L., near
Kalavryta in May. Anjipudx latli(inia,lj., widely distributed. A. )iiuht'\&r.
cris, Meig., near Kalavryta in .)une. Dii/as pamhua, S.V., at Tripolitz,
and on Chelmos, in June. Ihinais chn/sijipiis, L., I saw one specimen
only at Mesolonghi in June. Melaiiani'ia larissa, H.-G., common at
Loutraki end of May and near Kalavryta in June. Satj/nis ■^einde, L.,
at Delphi in May. .v. amaltlwa, Friv., at Loutraki in May and Kala-
vryta in June. Parari/r ni.rdana, Cr., at Mesolonghi and Kalavryta in

NOTES ON THE BRITISH MYBMECOPHILOUS FAUNA. 67

June. P. e;/eria, L., Mesolonghi in June. Kpinvphde ianira var.
hUpnlla, Hiib., near x\thens in May. Sijrichthn^ ji/dmnidis, H.-S., one
specimen only near Kalavryta in June. .S'. orhifcr, Hiib., near Athens
in May. Xhonimh-s taifes, L., common near Kalavryta in May. X.
marlorji, B., only found by me on the top of one mountain near Kala-
vryta in May. Hesperia thaionas, Hufn., H. actaeuii, Esp., H. si/lvanus,
Esp., and //. nustrodaDius, F., all at Mesolonghi in June.

Notes on the British Myrmecophilous fauna (excluding Coleoptera).

By HORACE DONISTHOEPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
{Concluded froui p. 40).

Myeiapoda. — Wasmann [Inc. cit., p. 192) states, that one often
finds, in the ant-hills of FoDiiica rnfa, etc., in ants' nests under stones,
and under bark with LasiuH briDDunis, species of Myriapoda, though he
doubts if they belong to the true " lodgers."

Bhnijidus iiuttulatiis, Gervais {^Jidim pulchellus, Leach). — I often
find this species in the nests of Formica riifa. It was very abundant
in a nest of LasiusfuUi/ino.sus at Oxshott. Mr. F. G. Sinclair, who
kindly named the specimens for me, writes as follows : — " I think the
reason of their frequenting the ants' nests is very likely the quality of
the earth they get there for making their nests. They make regular
receptacles for their eggs, built up of little balls of earth that they
moisten with their saliva and roll up between their front legs, and it
is not every soil that is suitable for this process."

Arachxoidea. — PsEUDoscoRPioNiNA. — Ohristiwi niiiscoruDi, Leach. —
I have taken this Chelifer several times in the nests of Formica rufa
at ^Yeybridge and Oxshott.

Chthoiiiua rai/i, L. Koch. — I have taken this species in the nest of
Lasim ftdviinosus at Oxshott.

ChtJioniii!^ haJmii, C.L.K. — I have taken this species in the nest
of Lamis fidi(jinoxus at Oxshott. Wasmann {Lac. cit., p. 193) remarks
that one often finds species of the genus Chelifer in ants' nests.

Akaneina. — T/njrensthemti.s hiarata, Cambridge. ^ — I took a $ of this
small spider in April, 1900, in the nest of Fomrica rnfa in Guestling
Wood, near Hastings. It had not been found in Britain before. 1
have since found it in numbers (both sexes) in the nests of Forxiica
rufa at Weybridge, Oxshott, and the Blean Woods. Wasmann (loc.
cit., p. 193) gives its normal hosts as F. nifa and 7''. jirateiifii.s. It is
found in the heart of the nest. On April 26th, 1901, I brought up
from Oxshott six specimens of this spider from a nest of F. rnfa, and
introduced them into my " observation nest." They at once entered
the galleries, the ants paying no attention to them. I did not see any
of them again till June 23rd, A\hen a ? came uj) accompanied by a
number of young ones, so they must have bred in my nest. After
this specimens were observed on June 25th, 27th, 30th, July 18th,
21st and 27th. On September 19th quite a number were walking
about in my nest. The last specimen observed was on November 26th.
When they meet an ant they spring with great quickness to one side.

Tetrilns arictinns, Thor. — The Rev. 0. P. Cambridge {Fnt. Record,
1900, p. 163) writes : " I have received from Mr. Donisthorpe an adult
and an immature cT of a most remarkable spider of the family

68 THE entomologist's RECORD,

Ar/i'lcnidac, Ti-trili(s arietiniis, Thor. One of these examples was
domiciled in the nest of F. nifa, the other in that oi Lasi us fuliiiinosus.
The spider was first described from ants' nests in Sweden, by the late
N. Westring, under the name of Hahnia i>ratemis, C. L. Koch ....
This is its first record as a British spider." I took these specimens at
Oxshott in the nests of the ants mentioned by Mr. Cambridge.
Wasmann [loc. cit., p. 194) gives the same two hosts.

Drassus tronloiJi/teiit, C.K. — I took a very young 5 Drass)(s, prob-
ably this species, in the nest of Lasius fuli<iinosns at Oxshott. Was-
mann {lite, cit., p. 194) records it from ants' nests.

P/irHrolithtis featirus, C.K. — 1 have taken this spider in the nests
of Foniiica riifa and Lasius fiiliiiijiosiis at Oxshott. Wasmann [lor. cit.,
p. 184) gives L. nif/ey, L. hnnnicus and L. fiilininosiis as its hosts.

flarpavtcs hombciiii, Sep. — I continually take this species in all its
stages and both sexes, in the nest of J^siiis fiiliijinDsus at Oxshott.
Wasmann {Inc. cit., p. 195) records it as being found with the same
ant.

( 'n/phdcca dirisa, C'duihnd'^e. — I took a J of this very rare spider
in the nest of Lasius ftdii/inosKs at Oxshott. Mr. Cambridge tells me
that only one other example, a ? , is known.

Micaria sriutillus, Cambridge. — Cambridge {Spiders af 1 husct, p.
13) writes : " The grassy slopes where this spider occurs (at Portland)
are also numerously frequented by a large blackish ant, to which the
spider bears so close a resemblance that, even after much practice, it
requires a close examination to distinguish (before capture) between the
ant and the spider, both have also a similar habit of running hurriedly
now and then up a grass stem, as if to get a larger range of view — or
it may be that both are in search of the same prey; both again, on the
first inkling of danger, betake themselves to the shelter of the tangled
grass, and to the stems and roots of other low herbage." I would
suggest that this is a case in Avhich the ant is mimicked by the spider,
the mimicry being largely dependent on the similarity of the movements
of the two creatures (active mimicry).

Micaria pidicaria, Saund. — I took several specimens of this spider
in the nest of Lasins ni'icr at Mickleham. It is also very like the ants
Avith which it occurred. The spiders were rapidly running about in
the nest and the " runs " of the ants, and were very difficult to dis-
tinguish from them.

Micruncta innotabilis, Camb. — I have taken this species with both
Lasiusfidii/inosKs and Furmica rii/a at Oxshott.

Microncta riaria, Bl. — I have taken this spider many times in the
nest of J.asiHs /tilii/intisiis at Oxshott, and also with F. rufa in the
same locality.

AcAKiNA. — (Jli/j}/i(i/isis c(jcciiu'a, Mich. — Michael (" Notes on the
Uropudinac," Jmir. J!. Micro. Sac, 1894, p. 810) records the capture
of several specimens by Bostock at Buxton, in the nest of Furiiiica
fiisca, as well as by himself and Bostock with the same ant at the
Land's End, Cornwall.

Glijphojisis lamcUosa, Canestrini. — Michael (Zor. cit., p. 304) records
taking a considerable number of this species in the autumn of 1892,
in a nest of Forniica fnsca near the Land's End.

(jli/jdivpsis bostuchi, Mich. — Michael (Zoc. cit., p. 303) mentions that
Bostock took a pair, S and ? , in the nest of Lasius jiavns near
the Land's End.

NOTES ON THE BRITISH MYRMECOPHILOUS FAUNA. 69

Olypliopds formicariae, Lubbock. — -This species was described {Ants,
Bees and Wasps, p. -429) from a specimen taken by Sir John Lubbock
in a nest of Lasius ftaciis. Michael {loc. cit., p. 311) writes that, in
1892, he took a considerable number at the Laud's End in a nest of
Lasius jlai'tts.

Uropoda ricasoliatia, Berl. — Michael {loc. cit., p. 307) records two
specimens, <y and 2 , found in an ants' nest near the Land's End.
Wasmann {loc. cit., p. 199) records it with Lasius fulitjinosns in
Holland.

Antennophorus uhlnntnni. Hall. — Michael tells me he took two speci-
mens in an ants' nest at the Land's End, Cornwall. Of this species
Wasmann says :'■■'■ " Another myrmecophilous mite, Antennophorus
uhlinanni, occupies a most extraordinary position. Janet observed it
in France in the nest of Lasius mixtus, and I have studied it in Holland,
at Limburg with Lasius niger a,nd fkirus. It is generally on the ant,
in most cases on the underside of the head. It makes use of this
favourable position, to tickle the sides of the ant's head with its front
feet, which are like antennae — hence its name " antennae- bearer " —
till the ant lets fall a drop of food which the parasite licks up. The
ants tolerate the impudent rascal simply because they are unable to
get rid of it. I have often seen them make desperate attempts to
knock it off." This species is here first recorded as British.

Leolaps nujnnecophilus, Berl. — Michael tells me he has taken
this species plentifully in nests of Formica fusca at the Land's End,
Cornwall. Wasmann {loc. cit., p. 198) records it with F. rufibarhis var,
fusco-rujiharbis. For., in the Rhine district; with F. rufa, in Holland ;
and with Aphaenoyaster barbara, L., at Oran.

Leolaps equitans, Mich. — On May 11th, 1901, I took a number of
small mites which I found on and among the egg-masses of Formica
rufa, in a nest of that species in the Blean Woods. I afterwards
found it again on the egg-masses in a nest of Formica rufa at Oxshott.
I sent specimens to Mr. Michael, who writes to me as follows : "In my
opinion they are Leolaps equitans, they are a trifle narrower than my
Corsican specimens and the hairs on the back are a trifle shorter than
those of my specimens .... they have not hitherto been
recorded in England." Michael took his specimens with Tetramorium
caespitum var. meridionale in Corsica. He tells me they most frequently
rode upon the ant, but were sometimes upon the eggs and pupiB.

Crustacea. — Isopoba. —Plattjarthrus liojj'manseijtjii, Brdt. — Sir John
Lubbock {loc. cit., p. 75) writes: "Another very common species (in
ants' nests) is a sort of white wood-louse which enjoys the rather long
name of Platijarthrus hop'manse(/(/ii. Andre only mentions Plati/art/irus
as living with Formica rufa, Mi/rmica scahrinodis and Leptothorax
acervorum. I have found it also with Lasius niijer, L. Jiarns and
Formica fusca. It runs about and is evidently at home among the ants.
Both Flatyart/irus and Beckia, from living constantly in the dark, have
become blind ; I say ' have become,' because their ancestors no doubt
had eyes. In neither of these cases have I ever seen an ant take the
slightest notice of either of these insects. One might almost imagine
they had the cap of invisibility." I have taken it with the following

• See translation of Father Wasmann's "The Guests of Ants and Termite?"
{Ent. Record, vol. xii., p. 150).

70 THR KNTOMOLOGIST's RECORD.

ants, F. rufa, fu^ca and saniiuinea, L. flavus, fuligiiiosus, tiu/er,
umbratu!^ and aliemi^, Mijrmica acabrinodis, laerinoiHa and snlcinodis.
On April 23rd, I introduced specimens taken at Portland with Ladiis
niger into my " observation nest" of /''. rufa. They all entered the
nest, the ants paying no attention to them. Specimens were afterwards
seen on April 24th and 27th, May 14th and 15th, and July 19th.
Wasmann (loc n't., p. 201) records it with the following ants, Formica
rufa, pratciisi:^, sani/uinca, fuaca, chwrea, Cauijionotus lii/mpt'rdu.'^, Lasius
fulifiinoxus, nii/rr, alirnus, jiarus, uuihratus, brunneus, I'uianiuiatus.
'Myrmita lacrinodis, Tctramor'mm cacsjiituw, Leptot/wra.v acrrrontm and
ApltenDijaster Ktrnctur.

A few weeks' entomologising in Spain. '^

By T. a. chapman. M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Spain is a large country, appearing on the map as not far from a
square of 500 miles across. It presents, therefore, many ditt'erent
districts and features. That aspect of the country best known to the
English tourist, personally conducted and otherwise, is based on a
certain number of towns and centres of historic fame, which are now
well arranged for by railways, hotels and other facilities for the comfort
of the ordinary traveller, who likes to stick to the beaten track.

In making our excursion to Spain last summer, Mr. Champion
and I did not regard this more hackneyed phase of a tour in Spain,
but determined to visit that district which is most remarkable in its
entomological features. Though we did, indeed, visit Madrid.
Toledo, and some other points, our time was chiefly spent a day
or two's journey away from railways, where foreigners' and espe-
cially Englishmen's visits are of the rarest, and everything is
purely Spanish. The district was that of the Sierra Albarracin,
rendered notable a quarter of a century ago by the Rev. Canon
Zapater discovering two butterflies, one quite new and found
nowhere else, vis., Erebia zapater i, the other a large Satyrid, Sati/rut^
prieuri, which, though known from Africa, is found nowhere else in
Europe. The insect fauna has since been well explored in several
directions by a German entomologist — Professor Korb — but remained
a terra incof/nita to Englishmen until four years ago, when Mrs.
Nicholl, the most energetic and enterprising of all our collectors of
butterflies, visited the district. I have not learnt that any English
entomologist had been there since, until our visit. The district is
about a hundred miles east of Madrid, and about half-way between the
capital and the Mediterranean shore.

The country is hilly, but not mountainous in any sense that we
understand that word, as applied to the Alps, the Pyrenees, Norway,
or even to Scotland. It is to be remembered that a large part of Spain,
including Madrid, is 2000 or more feet above the sea. The lowest
portions of this hill-country are at an elevation of 3000ft. and this
only in the river valleys ; and the highest very little over 5000ft. except
in one or two elevated ridges touching 6000ft. The greater part of
the area is between 3500ft. and 4500ft., rough and irregular, cut into by
valleys and gorges, and only occasionally presenting the aspect of an
upland tableland of about 4000ft. elevation. This hilly country

• Read before the South London Entomological Society, Dec. 12th, 1901.

A FEW WKKKs' KNTO>[OL()(iIST\r, IX SPATX. 71

reaches from west to east, from Cnenca in Castile, to Teriiel in
Aragon, for perhaps about GO miles, and for 30 or 40 miles from north
to south, but is not definitely cut off from similar hilly country
except by river valleys that are not always of any great breadth. Of
course, we only sampled this large district at a few points, and any
generalisations I may make are, of course, to be qualified by that
limitation.

On our way out we stayed for a day or two at Arcachon, where Mr.
Champion got a few beetles, and where the forests of Pinus maritinnm
present many interesting things to the entomologist. I took nothing,
however, but SjJiin.r i>i>iastn', a Cnethth'ampa jn'ti/ocanipa $ , some very
dark Clirj/s(ip/ia7u(s phUwas and larva" of Luffia lapiddla. We did not see
Melitata atlialia, which abounded under the pine-trees on my first visit,
many years ago, with some nice dark aberrations.

At Madrid we had the pleasure of meeting Senor Don Ignacio
Bolivar de Cerrutin, so well-known as an orthopterist, and Senor Don
Serafin de Uhagon, after whom are named sundry coleoptera, as well
as the fine variety or dimorphic form of the female of Satyrm pricuri.
These gentlemen very kindly assisted us in various ways, and gave us
several useful introductions.

We visited the Escorial rather as sight-seers than as naturalists,
but we called on Sefior Don Jose Hernandez Alvarez at the School of
Forestry there, and learnt something of the insect fauna of the district.
Abraxas pantaria was abundant, and I took Sati/nis jidia, Bri/ophila
7nnrah's, and several other species of equally little importance. We
also visited Toledo, again as mere tourists, but received the impression
that some good collecting could be done there. In Madrid itself
various butterflies and other insects were seen, and a very large noisy
Cicada was common in the public gardens.

All this, by the way. We now proceeded 125 miles by rail to Cuenca,
entering here the fringe of the Albarracin Sierra. At Cuenca we
found much interesting collecting-ground in the gorge of the little
river Huecar and in the various side-gullies entering it, and in the
uplands at Palomera and elsewhere towards the sources of the little
stream. Cuenca itself is most picturesquely situated at the junction
of the Huecar with the Jucar, occupying the precipitous rocks of the
tongue between the two streams, though the modern town has spread
down on to the level ground below. Below the town is a good deal of
cultivated land. Here we saw Choreutcs hjcrkandreUa in swarms about
the Cardon plants, and, on a flat by the river, where young poplar
scrub was plentiful, I found the leaves freely populated by a P/ii/Uocnistis
larva, that attracted my attention as differing much in habits from
P. stijf'asella, as met with in England and Switzerland. P. siijt'iificlla is
much the more frequent on the upperside of the leaf and makes a
long mine of perhaps six or even twelve inches in length, winding
about on the surface of the leaf. The Cuenca species was on the
underside of the leaf, rarely the upper, commenced its mine close to
the petiole on the midrib, and mined along the margin of the leaf for
a very short way, often only a bare half inch before pupating. The
moth and pupaagree precisely with thoseof HerrLuder's P.sorltancndla.
I do not know whether the difference of habit is characteristic of that
species, or is attributable to climatic and other conditions. As in
most other parts of the district, P(jlijo))u)iatas astrarc/ie w&s eiLceedingly

72 THE entomologist's RECORD.

abundant, and Satyrus alcyone was never out of sight. Dryas payidora
was also common, in some spots really abundant, though it is a
butterfly of which half a dozen make a good show. Satyrus circe was
also not uncommon, though less so than at Tragacete. Papilio
podalirina was also commoner here than elsewhere, probably because
we were rather late for it, but also because fruit-trees were here more
numerous. Miianaryia lachesis was abundant, and, indeed, if we
except the special Albarracin butterflies, and perhaps Polyoinmatm
admctua, we found here all the butterflies that we met with in the
other localities. One species, Miianaryia ines, that we expected to see,
failed us absolutely, but we took one very worn and faded M. syllins,
a species that probably was in force six weeks earlier.

Many beetles were abundant, especially those such as Mylabris and
others that affected flowers. Mylabris of several species, but chiefly,
perhaps, qaadri punctata, was found everywhere, but in places swarmed
on the flowers, and was most conspicuous throughout the whole
region. As Mr. Champion carefully exploited the beetles, I felt no
regret at not being a coleopterist, but the number, size, and beauty of
the Hymenoptera, and the abundance of miny species of Orthoptera,
including Mantids, walking-sticks, and other forms strange to us in
England, certainly made one feel that attention to these orders would
have been most interesting and profitable ; but, unfortunately, time
would not permit it, even had my education been adequate to the task.
Diptera were not, by comparison, either so abundant or so attractive
as I have seen elsewhere, but still sometimes forced us to notice
them, as, for instance, when I captured at Tragacete a pair of large
Asilids, of which the female carried a large Buprcstis {Ancylochcira),
transfixed by her proboscis through the cephalothoracic articulation,
and quite dead. How she captured this very active beetle, and how-
she introduced her proboscis into this joint, which the beetle can hold
so firmly closed, was more than I could guess. On another occasion
I found another fly of the same species carrying another beetle
similarly transfixed.

Except along the banks of the two rivers, the neighbourhood of
Cuenca was devoid of trees, and the uplands were bare dry limestone
<lowns, with a sparse clothing of small shrubs and aromatic plants.
.\ species of oak was here a very small shrub, though apparently
one that is a considerable tree in places (as near Tragacete), it may,
however, have been Qufrrus coccifera, a dwarf species. On these downs
insects were nnich rarer than below, and, except Papilio uiachaon and Saty-
rus alcyone, and a few Thccla njtini, and perhaps T. ilicis, butterflies hardly
appeared. In the evenings, hoAvever, several species of micro-lepidop-
tera occurred, and (leometrids, plumes, and Tineids of several species
were taken. The great ant-lion, Palparcs hispanus, was frequent here,
and is a most imposing creature on the wing, and one or two other
Myrnniconidae occurred. A fair number of these and of other Neurop-
tera (dragonflies, &g.) were taken. These I have given to Mr.
McLachlan, who will no doubt report on them, if any of them arc
worth the trouble.

The outskirts of the pine forests of the Albarracin Sierra are eight
or ten miles from Cuenca, and here, as well as elsewhere, a mere
visitor can only guess, bat is probably not far wrong in supposing, that,
where the country is now bare and arid, in the intermediate region,

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL ON INSECTS : OOLEOPTERA. 73

the trees have disappeared under the demand for timber and firewood
of such towns as Cuenca. Donkeys carrying loads of firewood pro-
ceeding to the town from the still-existing forest are constantly met
on the roads up the Huecar and Jucar valleys. We did not see any-
where here any attempts at re-afforestation, but the School of Forestry
at the Escorial shows that the subject is being energetically attended
to, but no doubt the area affected is too large to be dealt with very
rapidly.

At Cuenca we were introduced to Seilor Don Juan Jimenez
Cano, who accompanied us on several of our excursions there, espe-
cially to Palomera and the caves, a short way above that nicely-
situated village, and afterwards went with us to Tragacete. We not
only found his society pleasant, but we got from time to time much
information of a general character, as well as that relating to the local
geography and natural history. He studies Orthoptera and Coleoptera,
but has too many other studies to devote any large amount of time to
them.

If it be not poaching on Mr. Champion's preserves, I may say I
was much interested from several points of view in hearing that a
local chemist told him that last year he collected 3000 specimens of
the Longicorn genus Ikn-cadion, which he forwarded to Germany.
These were over at the time of our visit, and we only saw three or
four of them.

{To be continued.)

Migration and Dispersal of Insects: Coleoptera.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Fabre notes {Imect Life, transl. pp. 202 et seij.) what he
considers may have been two cases of migration in Coccimila
ai'ptempunctatn. In one, the chapel on Mont Ventoux was
covered with such myriads of this species, that it looked at
a few paces off like an object made of coral beads, and adds :
"Certainly it was not food which had attracted these eaters of Aphid ae
to the top of Mont Yentoux, some 6000 feet high." Another time
in June he observed, on the tableland of St. Amand, at a height of 7H4
metres, a similar, but less numerous, gathering of the same species.
He writes : " At the most projecting part of the tableland, on the
edge of an escarpment of perpendicular rocks, rises a cross with a
pedestal of hewn stone. On every side of this pedestal, and on the
rocks serving as its base, this beetle was gathered in legions. They
were mostly quite still, but wherever the sunbeams struck there was
a continuous exchange of place between the newcomers who wanted to
find room, and those resting, who took wing only to return after a
short flight. Neither here, any more than on the top of Alont
Ventoux, was there anything to explain the cause of these strange
assemblages on arid spots without Apliitlar, and no ways attractive to
Coccinellidae, nothing could suggest the secret of these populous
gatherings upon masonry standing at so great an elevation. Have we
here two examples of insect migration ? Were these rendezvous,
whence the cloud of ladybirds was to seek some district richer i)i food?
It may be so, but it is very extraordinary. Why these gatherings at
such heights ? Why this liking for blocks of masonry ? "

How much has this peculiar massing of ladybirds on the summits

74 THE entomologist's recobd.

of high mountains to do with the question of dispersal ? In Entom.
Neics, viii., pp. 49-50, Piper publishes an interesting paper on the
massing of Hij>fodamia h'conti'i (under the name of CoccineUa trans-
versoguttata) on the summit of Moscow mountain, Idaho. He observes
on the abundance of the species at Pullman, Washington, and states
that, in winter, a hundred or more may be taken under a board or
similarly sheltered, but this habit is an entirely different one from that
observed in July, 1893, when, while collecting on the summit of the
Moscow mountain, at an altitude of 5000 feet, he was astonished to
find in the crevices of rock near the summit immense numbers of dead
ladybirds of this species. As an illustration of their great numbers, a
mass of their bodies over a foot square and two inches thick, was
picked up in one piece from under a flat piece of rock. It contained,
from estimates made later, the remains of over 10000 individuals ;
and a careful search of the vicinity failed to disclose any living ones.
None of the plants in the vicinity were infected with scales or aphides,
and none of them, to the observer's knowledge, are ever affected by
these insects in sufficient numbers to furnish food for the hosts that
had perished there. In October of the same year, Aldrich observed,
on the same peak, living ones of the same species, and the phenomenon
was reported to him as occurring on nearly all the neighbouring buttes,
one of which, indeed, is called Ladybird IMountain. Aldrich states
that the beetles were so abundant that he could gather them by the
handful, but that he could detect no reason for their assembling. In
July, 1896, while collecting on the Blue Mountains, Washington,
Piper found the same ladybird on the barren rocky summit of a peak,
5000ft. high. The insects were crawling over the hot, bare rock, and
upon being disturbed would circle about for a few moments and again
alight. So great were their numbers that they made quite as much
noise as a small swarm of bees, indeed. Piper says he heard them before
he saw them, and actually supposed that he had disturbed a nest of yel-
low jackets. The summit of this particular peak was quite barren and
could not possibly furnish food enough for the ladybirds seen.
Furthermore, careful search of the vicinity failed to detect a single
aphis or even trace of aphis work. That the phenomenon is not
confined to mountain peaks appears from the observation of a corres-
pondent in Kittitas county, Washington, who reports a ladybird, in
all probability the species under consideration, as gathering in great
numbers about a large boulder near his house. In view of these strange
facts the question naturally arises as to the significance of the habit,
and thus far no explanation has been proposed that will stand critical
examination. A common opinion is that the insects seek the rocks for
warmth and shelter. If this be so, why do they seek only the rocks
near the summit of the peaks, and not those lower down '? Again,
why should they seek shelter on a hot July day ? Finally, it would
seem that the summit of Moscow mountain furnishes them not with a
shelter but a graveyard. It must also be remembered that search for
a shelter does not for a moment explain their assembling in such
swarms. A second theory would explain the phenomenon as the result
of air-currents carrying the insects up the peak. But if this be true,
why are not other insects similarly affected '? Even granting this, it
does not explain their remaining there in perfectly calm weather. In
this connection, one may state, that many insects are undoubtedly

COLEOPTERA. 75

carried up mountains by currents of air. What is the explanation of
the significance of the habit ? Following on Piper's note, Snyder
relates {loe. eit., p. 99) that he made a similar observation on the
summit of a mountain in Utah, at an elevation of 9000 feet. On June
30th, 1893, about noon, while sitting down to put some of his captures
in papers, hundreds of a species of CorcincUa passed him going with
the wind ; it was a new experience, and never before or since has the
insect been observed in such numbers {h/nt. Neics, v., p. 168). Snyder
goes on to say (/or. rit., viii., p. 99) that he does not know what
species it was, but that the insects were in such great numbers, that
the impression made, of what seemed so remarkable a flight, will not
soon be effaced. He than adds : " A similar flight on the part of
(Jantharis nuttallil would seem to prove that other insects do move in

the same manner A reasonable inference would seem

that the insects were in search of food, but were controlled by the
wind and sometimes carried to destruction." Cook relates {Knt. Xeirs,
ix., p. 117) that in Los Angeles Co., California, he has often seen the
two species of ladybirds — Me(fUla rittiijera and Hippodainia a>iibi;/iia —
so clusteretl that they could be gathered by the pint, and believes they
cluster for protection from the cold. The same observer notes the
swarming of Serica uiLcta, which does considerable damage to orchards.
The massing of the Coccinellids still awaits an explanation, and
the details relating to the phenomenon at present available, neither
answer the question whence the insects come nor whither they go.
Nor are other observations referred to by the observers themselves, as
undoubted dispersal movements, always so clearly detailed as to leave
us with any definite ideas on the subject. Thus we find [Xatur. Verh.
Ilnllawl Maatsrh. Wetcns. Haarh'ni., ii., 1842, p. 298) that "the
(.'antharid, Li/tta resicatoria, also furnished us, in 1838, with an
illustration of really prodigious numbers of an insect, which in its
passage, offered no data by which the movement was fixed or regulated ";
and again {lor. cit., p. 300) : " These occasional passages recall those
which Aj>ion vcrnalc very often makes, moving from place to place in
great numbers, and doing great damage by their voracity. In
Montpellier, they passed in such numbers that one could collect them
in large handfuls at once, the movement commencing with the cholera
outbreak in May and June, 1832." More definite is the statement {Inc.
cit.) that Atcuclius sacer and A. laticollis, which are sometimes very
common on the shores of France, come from Spain or Africa, the
waves often throwing up specimens that have fallen into the sea and
been drowned whilst crossing. Schiifier notes {Knt. Xcns, viii., p. 173)
the occurrence of a swarm of Aplmdins iiujuinntua in Delaware county,
towards the end of March, 1897, the swarm was observed shortly
before sunset, and they were flying from east to west across his path
and across the wind ; the swarm was estimated at fully a quarter of a
mile wide. One suspects that this again was hardly a real dispersal
movement, some British members of the genus, t'.//., A. sonliilns, being
occasionally very abundant and collecting in swarms, but certainly not
for the purpose of migration, en masse (see Knt. lleconL, viii., pp. 1-43-4).

COLEOPTERA.

CoLEOPTKRA IN SuRREY. — Early in July last I spent a fortnight at

76 THE entomologist's record.

Holrnbui-y, St. Mary's, in Surrey, and although cycling took up a large
part of the time a few beetles were met with worth recording. In the
woods of Holmbury, under the baric of tir-stumps, lli/lafites palUatiis,
opacns, and ater were very common, accompanied in lesser numbers by
Pithijophaijiis ferrnrfineiis and lllihophanns fernKjineus ; while Tomicua
laricis occurred much more sparingly. At rare intervals Sphindus
dubius was detected in powdery fungi with AspidiphorKS orbicidatns.
Evening sweeping was very disappointing. Every evening that was
at all favoural)le was utilised, and using a bicycle a wide area was
covered, but the results were not of a high order. The best species
obtained were 'llialiivya siiicea (two), Li>i>t<iiiiiis oblonijidii^ (two),
Latlrriduia testaceus (one), Anhotoma calrarata and didua, Colenis
dentipea, Miar)(s campamda, and a single specimen of a Siiiicronyx ;
LiRwdcma i-pitxtidata, SciphiiaoiK.'i elon(/ati(s, and Kiiplectvs fianguinca
complete the list. Sandpits were also very unproductive, lli/nbati's
nigricollis (one), Acalles turbatNs, and Leptiiiiis testaceus being the only
species worthy of mention. A single Ateindi'K finarf/inatiis occurred
among ants in a fir stump, and Ajiion scntdlare was not rare on dwarf
furza near Shiere. (,'ryptaiTha strujata and inijierialis, Soronia f/risea,
Tiiamiaraca cinncuiioiiica, and K]>nmca deccnuiuttata were all found at a
small c as.s«.s-infected oak, while ^■J/'/'o» liookerhvas abundant under3^f(7«r?-
caria, and Veinopms croifo rare at the edge of a small pond. A flying
visit to St. Leonard's Forest yielded SteiiKsfornicatHs and Cissojibar/ns
hedcrui'. Mickleham, from which 1 expected much, was unaccountably
unprolitic, two visits on very favourable days producing nothing
better than BoUUnhara bella (four), Cetithnrj-hipicbufi asperifvliarnm, and
four specimens of Honaldplia nirirula, two of which were of the black
aberration. An old oak at Albury was found with a small colony of
Anitys rnbens (alive for once) but although the locality looked very
promising nothing else was met with worth recording. A prolonged
search on Leith Hill among the Lesser Dodder resulted in a single
Sinicrotii/.r being found and on fir stumps in powdery fungi Aspidiphnnix
orbicnlatns and Liode^i hnmeralis also occurred. — W. H. Bennett,
F.E.S., 15, Wellington Place, Hastings.

Cryhalus fagi in Surrey and Sussex. — 1 met with this interesting
little species in three different localities during my summer holiday in
July last ; and as so few records exist of its occurrence outside the
New Forest it may be as well to add these to the number. In each
case only dead specimens were observed, but the species had been pretty
plentiful and a more lengthened search would have produced livmg
exnniples. The three loealities were St. Leonard's Forest (Sussex),
Ranmore Woods and Mickleham, Surrey. — Ibid.

Coleoptera in Cumberland. — The past year has been fairly pro-
ductive of beetles in this county, some of which are not unworthy of
notice. Beginning with the Carabidae, the typical genus ( 'arabn^ was
represented by most of the species which regularly occur here. A visit
to a favourite haunt of ( '. i/labratus, Payk., in one of the deep valleys
which radiate from Scaw Fell, was productive of very few perfect
specimens, though imperfect ones were frequently seen. A single ('.
jirainilatii^, L., always scarce here, was picked up on the Borvowdale
Road in July, (.'liriita rollaris, Herbst., was noticed in fair numbers
on the sandy sides of streams, often associated with lUpdiuf. siditfiianeuf:,
Er. /*//sr/(n7'«.s snliiuis, Schaum., and I>. hvpnnctipennh, Daws., were

COLEOPTERA. 77

common on the mudbanks of the Solway. All the British species of
Braihjccllus occurred, except B. iliatinctu^, Dej., and B. verbasci, Duft.,
and the capture of /»'. n»//c?r/.s, Payk., in tolerable plenty on the slopes
of High Pike, and at a much less altitude on Wan Fell, was of interest,
as it had been but sparingly met with in Cumberland previously.
Harpalus tardus, Panz., was picked up on roads occasionally, and was
the best of the genus to be taken. The genus is very badly represented
in Cumberland. An interesting addition to the county list was Ptera-
stichiis lepirliis, F., a specimen being obtained by Mr. Bi-itten in the
Eden Valley. Aiiiara fiilra, Dej., A. cunsiildris, Duft., A. bifrons, Clyll.,
A. ovata, F., and A. luniroUu, Schiod., was the best of the genus to
turn up during the year. Aitrhoiiienus var. nmestiis, Duft., was common
locally in a muddy place, but none of the typical form have so far been
taken. The Bcmbidina taken were an interesting lot, and the county
list now stands at 33 species, of which I have personally captured all
but three. B. dans, Panz., previously only taken on the coast at
Silloth, was noticed abundantly near Carlisle on the site of a pond
dried up by the drought. 7). schiippeli, Dej., so long connected with
the Eiver Irthing, was found in plenty on the banks of the Eden, and
at a point many miles above the confluence of these two rivers. B.
nitp-icnrne, Gyll., was extremely abundant on bare places on the
heather-covered Wan Fell in April. />. bipioirtatioi), L., occurred for
the first time in any number by the Eden in Barron Wood, where B.
paliidosKi)!, Panz., was common. A visit to the restricted habitat of
saxatile, Gyll., on the coast at Allonby, showed the species to be much
scarcer than previously, perhaps it was over earlier than usual owing to
the great heat ; ray visit Avas in August. The most interesting capture
in this fascinating genus to me, however, was B. affine, Steph., which
I took on the banks of the Irthing and Gelt, and was quite new to
Cumberland. Three specimens were obtained. Two specimens of
Trechus discus, F., were taken by Mr, Britten in the Eden Valley, and
a single micros, Herbst., fell to my lot in the Petteril Valley. Pot/o7ius
chalceus, Marsh., considered scarce in the north, was very common
under clods on Skinburness Marsh. Ci/windis vapnrarioruw, L., was
again taken very sparingly. At roots of grass a few Droniins niyriven-
tris, Thoms., were met with. The water-net was constantly in use
and added some interesting species to the year's list of captures.
Brychius elevatus, Panz., occurred rather freely in the Eden, clinging
to mossy rocks in rather deep water, and Deronectes depressiis, F., and
/). 12-]iHstidatiis, F., were both very connnon along with it. llali-
plits was represented by five species, all common ones. fMccnjdiilus
obscuras, Panz., was obtained in numbers in a weedy pond, ih/dro-
porus riralis, Gyll., and H. srptentrionalis, Gyll., were common in the
Eden, the former also being observed in the Gelt, and in a stream at
the foot of Cross Fell, where also //. darisii. Curt., was found. H.
iineatns, F., //. vittida, Er., and hi. rujifvons, Duft., were taken
sparingly in boggy ponds with //. memnonius, Nic, H. obscurus,
Sturm., &c., in abundance. A nice capture in this genus was H.
ferrugineui;, Steph., of which a dozen specimens were fished out of a
tank for watering cattle. Twelve species of Ayabiis were taken, all of
which 1 have recorded in previous years except A. conspersus, Marsh.,
and A. uUfjinosm, L., both of which now occurred for the first time
in the county, the former on Burgh Marsh and the latter on Cross Fell,

78 THE entomologist's RECORD.

in company with A. arcticu^, Payk., and A. congener, Payk. Rhantus
exoletus, Forst., and B. histriatm, Berg., were occasionally taken. A
few Helophoftis aequalis, Thorns., were picked up in various localities,
and H. arrernicus, Muls., was obtained very freely when once one knew
how to look for it. This interesting species appears to be but semi-
aquatic in its habits, indeed, I have never seen a specimen in water
but always on the sand and mud bordering a fresh water stream, where
sometimes as many as twenty specimens may be picked up on a square
yard of ground or muddy rock. It is very sluggish and invariably
thickly encrusted with dirt and consequently is easily overlooked.
Henicflcenis exficiiljitiis, Germ., was taken in some numbers clinging to
stones in a shallow stream on Cross Fell. Octhebiiia mariniis, Payk.,
and (>. bicdlon, Germ., occurred on Burgh Marsh, <). rKfiviaininatiis,
Steph., on the sides of several rivers inland. rli/(hae)ia i/racilis, Germ.,
was not uncommon in a stream on Cross Fell, and a specimen of what
is probably H. atiicapilla, Wat., was captured on a mossy stone in the
Eden while working for the genus Klmi.^. A fair amount of work
was done at the Staphs., though the material accumulated has not yet
been thoroughly worked through. Aleuchara bijiunctata, 01., and A.
morion, Grav., were of frequent occurrence in dung ; A. siicricola,
Thorns., in refuse; A. cunienlornw, Kr., sparingly near rabbit burrows;
A. obsanrllo, Er., and A. ;irisea, under seaweed, llojnalnta riirrax,
Kr., was taken in some numbers near the head- waters of the Derwent;
}J. insecia, Thoms., //. parens, Er., and //. liiridipennis, Mann., on
the Irthing. On a warm day in May I came across a numerous colony of
'J'arlnjiisii ranstricta, Er., on a sandy bank by the River Petteril. This
elegant little thing is a marvel of activity. One of the most interest-
ing Staphs, occiirring in Cumberland is L'lacnsa nmijilanata, Er., which
was first found in the county two years ago by Mr. Britten, near Great
Salkeld. According to Fowler it is very rare in the British Isles, a
few specimens having been found in Scotland (( 'ol. Brit. Ides, vol. ii.,
p. 161). I made a casual reference to its capture m Cumberland in
this magazine in 1900 {antea, vol. xii., p. 881), but it will be worth
while to say something more about it. It is very common in the
Cumberland locality, and is to be found under fir bark in the burrows
of Hi/laxtrs and other llln/)tc(i]ihora upon the larv;e of which, as Fowler
suggests, it probably preys. Undoubtedly it is very local, and I have
not noticed it near Carlisle nor elsewhere in this county except in the
locality already mentioned. (Tijropliaena nianca, Er., was taken in
fungi with others of the genus. Lejitiisa fniitida, Er., Sijialia riiricnUis,
Er., and JhiUtoc/iara obliijua, Er., were obtained under bark. A nice
capture for the north of England was Knrj/puriis picipes, Payk., of
which ^Ir. Murray and I each secured a specimen in moss in a wood
near Carlisle. In the same place, but in putrid fungi, (Jnedins lateralis,
Grav., was captured in numbers. The most interesting Qiieilins to be
taken was .ranthopns, Er., one specimen being found under bark in
Wetheral Woods. Q. umbriniis, Er., Q. anricuinus, Kies., were common
in waterfall moss in the mountains. A single StapJii/li)ins stercorarius,
01., I took on the Silloth sandhills in a rabbit burrow. The genus
PhiluntliKs was fairly well attended to, with encouraging results. P.
iHter)nedit(s, Boisd., P. pro.eiinus, Kr., P. carbonarixs, Gyil., P. sciitatiis,
Er., P. nii/rirentris, Thoms., /'. rentralis, Grav., and P.nii/rita, Nord.,
were all new to me, though I had been taking P. scutatns for years

COLEOPTERA. 79

without knowing it. It occurs in moss along with the common P.
politus, F. P. ni(jrirentris I met with in dead birds in widely- separate
localities. Aetohius cinemscenx, Grav., the first of the genus I have
met with in Cumberland, was common on the margins of a pond
with other Staphs. Lathrubiuin. qnadratam, Payk., occurred similarly
near Silloth. Stcnus was well represented, though nothing really rare
was noticed, the best being S. ijuttnla, Miill., .S'. (jinjueineri, Duv., <S'-
pallitarsis, Steph., S. hlfoveolatna, GylL, S. hinotatm, Ljun., S . puhescena,
Steph., and 8. cicinddoidcs, Grav. Bledius opacus, Block., and B.
pallipes, Grav., occurred sparingly by the sides of streams, and the
same may be said of the two species of Aticyrophorm. Trotfopkluens
bilineatitx, Steph., and ricularis, Mots., were common. Acidota crenata,
P., was taken on the wing and a fine series of Delipluwn tectum, Payk.,
from dung, on Cross Fell. Onialiuin plamun, Payk., was found
on a sappy birch stump, and deplanattan, Gyll., in some numbers in a
dry fungus. The Clavicorns were little worked, but still a few new
county records were made. Colon appendltulatum, Sahl., was swept in
a grassy place in June, and odd captures were also made of Choleva
anijustata, F., eisteloidi's, Frohl., and spadicea, Sturm. Scymnus nigrinas,
Kug., was plentiful on some young Scotch firs. Micropeplm ^tapluf-
Imoides, Marsh., was occasionally swept. Pityophayns ferrwiinens, F.,
was found under bark, and Silvanus surinamensis, L., in a iiour mill.
Fungi produced Triphyllm suturalis, F., Mycetophayus A-ptifitulatus, L.,
and M. muUipunctatm, Hellw. Elmis aeneus, Miill., E. rolkmari, Panz.,
E. paralldopipediis, Miill., E.subviolaceits, Miill., and E.cupreua, Miill.,
occurred on mossy stones in running streams, the first and last being
common, the others scarce. On the salt marshes of the Solway Firth
a few Heteroccrus hrittaniciis, Kuw., were picked up. Siiwdtuidnin
cylindricum , L., occurred for the first time in any numbers, and Apho-
dius pusilliis, Herbst, from sheep dung, was new to me in Cumberland.
G^yialia sabideti, Payk., was found in limited numbers on slopino-,
sandy banks by the Eden, its habits reminding me of those of the
common arenaria, F., on the coast. The Sternoxi produced nothino-
new to the district, though I was glad to get Limonius minutus, L.\
and Adraxtiis linibatns, F. Ancistronycha abdominalis, F., occurred
again in the woodfed valleys in the east, and Telephones obscurus, L.,on
the grassy ascent to Sty Head Pass, where also T.paludosm, Fall., was
met with. T. danrinianiis, Sharp., also turned up again under clods
on Skinburness Marsh. Malthhias frontalis, Marsh., Avas beaten from
Scotch fir. Lomjicornia are scarce hereabouts, and it is always pleasing
to meet with species for the first time. Asemum striatum, L., was taken
in fir woods in several localities, and Tctrops praeusta, L., from various
trees in Barron Wood. A single To.votus meridianus, Panz., was taken
by Mr. Britten. Pailiyta ccrambyciformis, Schr., was found by Messrs.
Routledge and Murray in the Gelt Valley, a species Mr. T. C. Heysham
used to get in Barron ^Yood 70 or more years ago. Saperda populnea,
L., so common in 1899 and nearly absent in 1900 (I only saw one)
turned up again in great force in 1901 in the old locahty among aspen.
Donacia rersicolorea, Brahm, was met with for the first time in the
Eden Valley, and Z>. afflnis, Kunze, from Borrowdale, was also an
addition to the list. Clythra quadripunctata, L., was met with again
in its old haunts among the wood ants near Keswick, and Hydrot/iassn
hannocerana, ¥., was also taken again, this time in fair numbers.

80 THE entomologist's RECORD.

Attelabiis curculionoides, L., was frequently taken, always on oak. A
nice series of Rhynchites cnpreHH, L., was beaten from mountain-ash in
Barron Wood, thus verifying Heysham's record. R. itncinatns, Thorns.,
and Di'poraus ine(/acephalns, Germ., were taken in several localities.
The best Apimi to be taken was cerdo, Thorns., an imperfect specimen,
by sweeping. The pretty Polydnisus chnjsomela, 01., I found rather
sparingly under clods on Skinburness Marsh, with Tanymecus palliatns,
F., and Phytobins i-tiibercnlatiis, F. Pisaotles pi)ii, L., was common
on the under-surface of recently-felled young Scotch firs. Poophayus
sisymbrii, F., was swept in a marshy place, the rarer P. nastiirtii,
Germ., occurring once. Hylesinns crenatns, F., was taken in its
burrows in ash, a single H. i-ittatim, F., being captured on the wing. —
Frank H. Day, 6, Currock Terrace, Carlisle. January, 1902.

.SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Teratological Lepidoptera. — -I have an example of Anthrocera
pnrpitralis taken wild, in which the right primary wing is remarkably
shortened and widened ; also an example of Venusia cambrica with
an oddly-shaped left secondary. In neither is there any crumpling or
want of extension of the wing membrane. — F. C. Woodforde, F.E.S.,
Market Drayton. December Idth, 1901.

I have a ^ Tepkroda coumnaria in which the wings on one side
are shorter and smaller generally than those on the other. — (Major)
R. B. Robertson, Southborne Road, Boscombe. January 3rd, 1902.

The season for Asteroscopus sphin.c was very short last autumn
and the number of specimens taken at light much below the average,
and no ? . The only example calling for notice was a <? with one
antenna (perfectly formed) about two-thirds the length of the other,
this being the second specimen only with a similar peculiarity that 1
have taken, among the several hundreds that have passed through mv
hands since 1892.— E. F. C. Studd, M.A., F.E.S., Oxton. Exeter.
January 2.2nd, 1902.

It seems to me that misshapen wings with the normal markings
accurate in position are due to some injury sustained by the larva.
Some years ago when breeding I)asyra)iipa rubiyinea, I accidentally
injured a larva very much on one side so that the vessels ruptured and
exuded freely. Though I thought it impossible that the larva would
live I continued feeding it, and shortly the injury was repaired and the
larva pupated, producing in due course an imago which has the fore-
wing on the one side partially amputated, at the anal angle and the
margin somewhat sinuated, hut with the markings normal. When
breeding other lepidoptera, I have frequently come across similar
abnormalities, e.y., I have two examples of Anyerona prunaria ab.
sordiata and one of Spilosoma Inbricipeda in my cabinet thus misshapen,
and I attribute them to injuries caused to the larva when changing
food in a hurry and with many to look after. Though most of the
forms maiV be thus accounted for, it seems to me probable that an}
Internal deviation from the normal, causinglocalised imperfect nutrition,
may account for others — possibly those where the difference is only one of
size, like Mr. Woodforde's }'enusia cambrica. — W. S. Riding, M.D.,
Buckerell Lodge, Honiton. December SOth, 1901.

PRACTICAL HINTS. 81

Ji>RACTICAL HINTS.^

Field Work for March and April.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

1. — Females of Puli/i/diiia c-album captured in late March and early
April, will lay freely on hop, currant and nettles, if carefully sleeved
on plants that obtain a fair amount of sunshine.

2. — I can get the imagines of Lac/meiH lancstrU to emerge freely.
1 put the cage containing the cocoons in the sun in early March, and
they will come swarming out like flies (Thornewill).

3. — At the end of March and through iVpril DiDiorpha lu-rHicolora
is on the wing. The males fly till about H.20 p.m., and will do so
Avithout sun if the temperature be suitable.

4. — The larvae of Tiliacea aiirai/n hatch during the last week of
March, take to the buds of the beech from which the outer coverings
have been removed ; they creep into the buds, are practically invisible
until they are at least three weeks old, and only shoAV signs of their
existence by frass.

5. — The young larva^ oi Tiliacea citrai/a live in the young lime buds in
April, but in early May are to be found between two Hat leaves of lime,
fastened by silk ; by standing under the trees, so as to get the leaves between
the eye and the sky, the larvae may be readily detected ; they come out to
feed at night and can then be beaten ; the larva forms its cocoon in
•early June, but does not pupate for nearly two months after doing so.

6. — The imagines of /yojx;r/«rt rcocvrt^/o pair after hybernation, come
freely to sallows, lay their eggs on dried oak leaves and twigs (freely
in confinement if fed with a little thin sugar) ; the young larvfc rest
on the veins of the newly-developed oak-leaves and feed up readily if
sleeved in gardens ; full-fed at end of May.

7. — The imagines of Taeniorampa popideti come to sallow bloom
when the latter is near aspens, but they can also be obtained freely by
searching the aspen twigs after dark.

8. — The eggs of Catocala prouiism hatch in March and April and
can be fed on split oak-buds until the early leaves are procurable.

9. — To obtain eggs of Orrhndia vaccinii and 0. lir/ula (^padicca)
place 2 s captured in spring at sallow in large chip boxes, which have
been previously scored well with a penknife, or cracked so that they
can find some place to hide their eggs in ; they will then readily oviposit
(Robertson).

10. — The eggs of Anisojitenj.r afscidariasive laid necklace-like round
a twig of birch, &c., each batch consists of some 200 or more eggs, and
the whole batch is covered with down from the anal tuft.

11. — Larch plantations, especially if near or among beech and oak
woods, are the favourite haunts for Trphrmia hisfortata.

12. — In March (late February in early seasons) Xi/ssia hispidaria is
sometimes exceedingly abundant, between 9 a.m. and 2 p.m. ; large
numbers may sometimes be found drying their wings on tree-trunks
in Epping and Chingford ; they usually rest from 4ft. -5ft. up the trunks,
some much higher. They press themselves very closely into crevices in
bark, and are not easy to find ; the majority rest on oak, a few on horn-

* Practical Hints foh the Fikld LEPinoPTEnisT, recently published, contains
12 50 similar hints to these, distributed over every month in the year. Interleaved
(for collector's own notes). — En.

H2 THE entomologist's record.

beam, beech, &c., if a $ be on the bark one or more males are sure to
be present, a period of seven weeks has been noticed as the time over
which emergences are spread in some seasons.

13. — Nyssia hispidaria is easy to pair in captivity. A <? that has
been out for a day or two, placed in a fairly large box with a freshly
emerged ? , is sufficient to ensure fertile eggs. Copulation usually
takes place in the evening and does not last more than about fifteen
minutes.

14. — The males of Xi/ssia hispidaria are readily obtained by
assemblmg. Six or seven freshly emerged $ s in a small gauze cage,
about 5ft. from the ground, on a warm and windy evening, brought
the first ^ at 6.4;j p.m., others following in twos or threes till 7.30 p.m.,
when they ceased : but the males became active again from 10.30 p.m.-
11 p.m.

15. — The lar\ ;r of Nyssia hispidaria feed readily on birch, hawthorn,
and hornbeam in confinement, knowledge of this fact is often useful
as these are usually earlier in forward seasons than oak in putting out
their leaves.

16. — The best time to search for imagines of AmpJiidasys strata ria
is directly after 4 p.m., and for A. betularia after 5 p.m. (Bate).

17. — ^A freshly emerged ? of Amphidasys strataria, towards the
end of March, suspended in a suitable "cage" from an oak, will on
a good night attract a large number of males, usually before 9 p.m.

18. — The imagines of Epiyraphia avellandla are common in March
and April at rest on birch trees. Large numbers are obtained in
Rannoch by the collectors who take the species when they are
searching for Petasia nubecuUmi.

19. — On March 25th, 1873, I went to Llanferras, Denbigh, and on
Pen-y-garra Win and Pant Moen, took larvfe of Ayroti>i ashivorthii and
A. cinerea amongst mixed herbage. The latter seems to prefer
Featuca ovina, feeding downwards from the extreme tips of the grass
and stumping the tufts down that it has fed upon, afterwards hiding
away in the tufts (Gregson).

20. — Working at night produced larvae of Leucania cuniyera and
/>. litharyyria feeding freely at dusk; and near midnight larvai of
Ayrutis lucernea were stretched at full length on rock-faces, one or two
feet from the ledges on which their food grows. Kpnmki lichenea,
larvae of all colours, from light green to dark chequered brown-olive,
and of all sizes from three-eighths of an inch long to full-fed, were
feeding on Sedum acre and S. refie.nitn, or stretched out on various
plants, or on the rocks (Gregson).

21. — Young larvae oi Mimaeseoptilus scabiodactylus were plentiful in
the " cases " of Scabiosa columbaria ; and on the terminal shoots oi
Teiicrium scorodonia, growing in sheltered corners, the larva) of
Oxyptilus heterodactyla (teucrii) were just beginning to feed (Gregson).

22. — Young larva? of Gracilaria trinyipennella were indicating theii'
presence on Plantayo lanceolata leaves in warm corners. The cases of
( 'oleophora viryauraeella were frequently seen attached to sticks and dead
plant-stems, whilst I was searching among the wild marjoram and
golden-rod, growing together, for the hybernating larvae of Leioptilus
(isteodactylus (Gregson) .

23. — From the catkins of a fine female plant of Salix caprea I took
a large number of larva? of Eaplthecia tenuiata and with them plenty

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 88

of young larvae of Grapholitha nisana, and, of course, no end of eggs
and young larvte of I'itn'a riavai/o and (J. fulvaijo (Gregson).

24. — -Fill a bag with catkins and terminal shoots of Almi^
yiutitwsa, in and on which larvM' of (irapholitha penkleriana are feeding
(Gregson).

25. — Under the tufts of Tortulae and Hypnums, which grow so
freely round Llanferras, I obtained young larva; of Scoparia nmralu,
S. crataegalis, and S. inerciirialis ; also a few Noctuid larv«> that were
hiding there (Gregson).

26. — The eggs of Ennomus aiii/ulan'a commence to hatch in early
April, not all at once, but in small numbers over a long period. The
larvae feed well on oak and birch, preferring the latter, and when full-fed
spin a slight cocoon between the leaves of their food-plant (Lockyer).

27. — In collecting young larva? from sallow in early spring it will
be found, upon examination, that the young leaf-shoots at the tops of
the twigs almost invariably contain a larva. In this way I have bred
Tethea retiisa, Kunjniene dolabraria, and other species which will possibly
not be gathered with the catkins alone (DoUman).

28. — -At the end of March, we adopted the plan of cutting branches
of the best sallow bloom from the inaccessible parts of Bishop's Wood,
and hung them up on the branches of trees in rides ; on each of these
the moths swarmed and we had an umbrella literally covered with
Tseniocampids after each shake (Walker).

29. — A large American cheese box with the top knocked out,
leaving a ring by means of which a piece of leno can be stretched over
the bottom of the box makes a very good breeding-cage (Bate).

:i^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Aquatic rhynchota and Coleoptera at Bolton in January. — On
January 1st, the weather being very mild, I went in search of water-bugs
and met with some success. I have been twice since, on the 11th and
17th, and the total number of species taken on the three days is ten, as
follows : Notonecta glauca, three ; Conixa geojf'royi, one on the 1st ; C.
lugubris, very common ; C. hiernglyphica, one on the 11th ; (J. linnaeiy
not common ; C. striata, fairly plentiful ; C. moesta, one on the 11th ;
C. fabricii, and fossarum, very common ; and (.'. praeusta and var.
wollaatoni, fairly plentiful. Along with these I have taken seven
specimens of Dythcus marginalia (three <y s and four 5 s), one <?
Acilius sulcatus, Haliplus variegatun, Hydroportis geminus and palustris,
and Lacophilus minutiif!. — Oscvr Whittaker, Morelands, Heaton,
Bolton-le-Moors. February 5th, 1902.

Lepidopterological notes in 1901. — Sphinx convohuli : What
an erratic insect this is ! On August 18th and 23rd I took several
specimens, hut all worn. On September 8th and 9th I took several
more quite fresh, while on September 7th I had a nearly full-fed larva
brought me. Are there two broods, or only a series of very pro-
tracted emergences ? Euintheria sobrinata : This insect began to
emerge with me on July 8th, and continued coming out till Septem-
ber 3rd, a period of over eight weeks. Dianthoecia irregularis : This
insect was emerging from July 4th till August 5th. Pkiyalia
pfdaria : A male which emerged on March 2nd, and which I did
not kill, but used for breeding, lived without food of any sort until
March 31st, just 29 days. — Percy C. Reid, F.E.S., Peering Bury,
Kelvedon. F'ebruari^ IHth, 1902.

84 THE entomologist's record.

URRENT NOTES.

The way in which varietal synonymy is accumulating, owing to
our German lepidopterists working in ignorance of the literature of
their subject, is appalling. Clark, in 1891, described and named [Ent.
Rec, i., p. 328, pi. A., fig. 1) the obsolete-banded form of 3/iwa.s tiliac,
ab. ohwlt'ta, and gave an excellent figure thereof. In spite of this,
Bartel {THe Palacarkt. Gn.^s-Svhwett., ii., p. 149), in 1900, renamed
it iin)iiaciilata, and Staudinger, in 1901, rechristened it ejstincta.
This latter amazes one, as Staudinger positively quotes Clark's
paper in his synonymy of the species. Bartel thinks that " no
doubt examples of this aberration are to be found elsewhere, but
owing to their rarity they appear not to have been often observed."
One cannot help retorting. What is the use of observing them and
recording the observations if an author does not trouble about the
records? Similarly Clark describes and figures (^oc. <•/?., p. 329, pi.
A., fig. 7) an ab. rentripiinrta, which Bartel, in 1900, and Staudinger
in 1901, independently redescribe as idmi, utilising wrongly Boisdu-
val's name for the dwarf form of this species. Staudinger also calls the
ab. hrannca of Bartel, ab. hninncsccns. So much for the named forms
of Mimas tiliae ! '.

In the Societas Ent(iiii(d<yiira, xvi., p. 171, Schult/ has renamed
the melanic form of Pharetra (Acmni/rta) nimicis. As Curtis named it
saluis some three-quarters of a century ago, and Gregson renamed it
nobilis some forty years ago, it had already two names to go on with,
and one wonders what it wants with the third, liir/ubris. Staudinger
in his Cat., 2nd ed., p. 77, erroneously referred it to inenyatitlndis, but has
placed it accurately in the 3rd ed., p. 133. We have already given details
of its history and its distribution in Brit. Noctiiae, Sec, vol. i., pp.
25-27. We still live in hope that the German collectors will look up
the literature of the subject before renaming any more Noctuid (and
other) aberrations.

In an article on the " Forficole raccolte dal Dott. Filippo Silvestri
nella Republica Argentina e regione vicine " {Boll. Mas. Torino, no.
418, February, 1902), Dr. Alfredo Borelli describes two new species,
of which one is quite a curiosity. This is Ani^olabis caeca, Bor., allied
to the cosmopolitan A. ainiiilijic.s, Luc, in which, as its name implies,
eyes are totally wanting. This is the first instance of entire blindness
known among earwigs, and the blindness is so complete that not even
rudiments of eyes are to be seen. An adult female and an immature
male were discovered under the ground, when the collector was
searching for termites. The other novelty is (lonolabis sylvestrii,
from Patagonia, which is the sixth known species of this interesting
genus.

If the whole series of W'ytsman's Genera ImectdVHiu be up to the
standard of the two fascicules now before us, the work will be one of
the most valuable ever ottered to the systematic entomologist.
" Hymenoptera, Fam. Eraniidae," by Kieffer, and " Coleoptera, Fam.
Gj/rinidae," by Regimbart, are the two parts just published. Both
are quarto, excellently printed on good paper, the illustrations equally
good with the text. Our leading entomologists would do well to sup-
port the work, particulars of the publication of which may be obtained
of Mv. P. Wytsman, 108, Boulevard du Nord, Bruxelles.

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A FEW WRRKS' KNVO.MOLOaiSINO IX SPAIN. 85

A few weeks' entomologising in Spain {with mip).''^

By T. a. chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
[(JontiiiHed from p. 73).

On leaving Cuenca we went northwards to Tragacete, staying a
night on the way at the village of Una, near which is a little lake, and
after leaving Tragacete we again made a two days' journey to
Albarracin. We set out on the theory that we rode on mules, and
that our belongings were to be carried in the same fashion. We
discovered, however, that we progressed quite as rapidly on foot, and
with much more comfort and freedom. On a good animal the two
days' journey would only be one, nowithstanding the roughness of the
roads and their hilly character, and a good walker would similarly be
able to shorten the time required. The pace, however, is set by our
guide in charge of the baggage mule, so that it pays better to walk and
even do a little collecting on the way. Throughout the country we so
traversed, having Tragacete for its centre, wheeled vehicles are
practically unknown, and everything is carried on mule or donkey back.
Harvest was in full swing and we saw these animals carrying home
the corn from the fields, often for distances of several miles. This
imperative employment of the animals, made it difticult to obtain any
when we wanted them. In driving his beast the Spanish peasant is
continually urging it on with loud shouts and occasional blows — " Arre
Burro," " Arre Mula," " Arre Cavallo" — are sounds that are as
continuous in these Spanish valleys, as the roaring and babbling of the
streams are in those of the Swiss mountains. Mules are, perhaps, the
more numerous, but the donkey, perhaps, requires more encourage-
ment, and consequently " Arre Burro," seemed to be constantly
shouted. It certainly was a full half of all the Spanish I heard, but
having learnt it, I was perhaps in error in believing that I knew half
the Spanish language.

Between Cuenca and Una, we passed over a rather high plateau, on
which there was once a stratum of limestone some 30ft. to 50ft. in
thickness, but of which there now remain only large isolated masses,
with perpendicular or overhanging sides, in many remarkable forms,
like houses, castles and churches, producing a most extraordinary and
Aveird eftect, and well bearing out the name of the " enchanted city "
that has been given to the place. The limestone often stands out in
similar forms in the escarpments of the valleys, but how it acquired
them in very numerous, isolated masses, standing up on a level area,
as it does here, implied some very special conditions of weathering.
At Una the little lake is quite an unusual feature in the scenery here,
and afforded a swarm of Hydmrniiipa niiinphat'alis and some dragon-
flies. Euchdia jacohaeae was on the wing here, elsewhere we saw only
larvfe of all sizes, they were especially common at Tragacete on a
species of ragwort. All the larvse I saw differed constantly from those
I have seen in England and elsewhere. The ordinary form has a black
continuous belt right over the dorsum of each segment, but in these it
was divided into four portions. It is broken through on the dorsal
line, it then narrows down to a sharp point in front of the spiracle,
this angular patch containing tubercles i, ii and iii. The next portion

* Read before the South London Entomological Society, Dec. 12th, 1901.
Apkil 15th, 1902,

86 THE entomoloptIst's record.

begins with a sharp point just bchintl the spiracle and inchules the
following tubercles. The narrowing of both portions of the black
mark towards the spiracles, makes the gap more obvious, and look
larger than it really is. In proceeding to Tragacete, we travelled some
distance over an upland plateau, through pine woods, and descended a
somewhat steep, and in places rocky, slope to reach the village.
Tragacete is situated in a wide open valley, on the upper portion of
the Jucar, which is here much reduced in volume, so that it can be
crossed easily dryshod at various points. Between Tragacete and
Cuenca the Jucar makes a double bend like an S, and our route was
practically following the straight line between the two places, crossing
the middle of the S at Uiia. I would qualify this so far as to say that
the statement must be taken very broadly, as, in fact, our road seemed
to twist and turn interminably. The valley in which Tragacete lies is
well cultivated. We did most of our collecting here by following up the
Jucar, which comes down a lateral opening, more like a mountain
stream than anything we found elsewhere, it has several lateral branches
and leads to openings in the hills, of which, we were able to explore a
few and these but partially. In no other direction from Tragacete was
there any stream containing water, at the time of our visit. No doubt
this circumstance made insect life much more abundant along this
upper Jucar stream, both in species and individuals, than anywhere
else. It is, however, possible, that, in adhering too closely to this
outlet, we missed more interesting forms that might have been found
on the open hillsides and tops. It is at any rate the case, that the
species taken here were all of a somewhat general distribution and
presented no special local forms, such as distinguish the neighbourhood
of Albarracin. (iracllsia isabellae was, perhaps, the most local of the
species found ; but this seems to occur throughout central Spain. I
never saw greater multitudes of butterflies than occurred in some
small patches of ground in this upper Jucar glen.

Away from the villages or little towns, it appears to be a rule or
law, that any inhabitant of the township may plough up and cultivate
any patch that takes his fancy, provided he is first on the ground, it
also, however, happens that a very few crops exhaust the ground and
it is then left to revert to a state of nature. We noticed patches of
corn in various unexpected and remote places, and very many spots show-
ing that they had been cultivated at some recent or remote period. In the
Jucar glen were several such patches that appeared to have been abandoned
for a few years and now supported a thick crop of a tall yellow-flowered,
ill-smelling sage, that grew solitarily elsewhere, and that seemed to be
immensely attractive to butterflies, and there they were by thousands
and tens of thousands, a sight to take its place in the memory with
the most notable swarms of insects that we have ever seen. Most of
them were species of large size and of much variety of appearance. Most
conspicuous, perhaps, were Dryaa pandora, An/ymiis MonnUppe,
Gonepteriix r/iantni, G. cleojiatra, Colias hyale, Sati/rus seniele and S.
alcyone, these two, perhaps, the most abundant of all, Melanaryia
lachesis, Folyowtnatns var. corydoniiis, Melitaea jiJioebe, M. didyma, Fieris
daplidice, Aryynnia lathonia, A. hecate, PolyoiiiinatKs aMrarche, P.
admetits, and several skippers, Cdi'iionynrjiha iloriis, Epinephcle ida, E.
pasiphae, Satyriis circe, S. brifieis, and Tlnula splni. All these were in more
or less abundance, though some, such as Melitaea phoebe and Epinephele

A FEW WKKKS' ENTOMOUXHSlNfi IN Sl'AIN. 87

pasiphae, much worn. There were also others less numerous, such as
Paptlio machaon, Aporia erataeifi, Melitcwa athalia, Laiiipides hoetica,
Aijlaia urticae, Ann/nnis ai/laia, Pyravicisi atalanta, Coetinn;/iiip/ia
arcania and various others; nor were moths wanting, lAthoaia cmiiplana
and Catocala cuiurrsa, with I'luaia (/aiiiiiia, etc., did not, however, add
much to the total numbers. The plants were too large to be quite one
to each square yard, but each plant had several, often a dozen butter-
flies, and each patch occupied several acres, so that it will be seen that
my estimate of the total crowd is not exaggerated. It was in one of
the side dingles here that I met with Coenonij)uplia iphioidea.

At Tragacete we met with Vanessa to, Pijrameh atalanta and
Leptidia sinapis, but they were by no means abundant, larvae of
Chariclca miibra and Panolis piniperda were seen, as well as several of
Sphinx pinastri. Sesia (Macrocflosswn) stcllatanim was only occasionally
observed. We stayed at Tragacete from July IHth to the 26th, at the
Posada of Sehor Indalechio Martinez, though I occupied a room in
another Posada in the village where I got placed, owing to my
arriving some hours before the rest of the party, who bad lost them-
selves on the way. It may interest anyone who contemplates visiting
this region, that the accommodation in these mountain villages here and
at Una, Guadalaviar, Bronchales, &c., was quite equal to that that
used to find approval in the Swiss mountain inns before they all
became modern hotels. The ground floor always included a stable,
and the ante- room to this and to the house generally was not inviting.
The guest-room is, however, upstairs, on a concrete floor, and is
usually large, fairly airy, often very clean, and the bedding good and
linen very clean. The usual pattern appeared to be a large room,
with two beds, these usually placed in recesses and shut off from the
room by curtains or even doors. The food was usually good, but rarely
served quite as one would like it, and no doubt met our approval for
reasons that pertained more to us than to it. Onions and garlic were
hardly at all in evidence ; a kind of dried pea or vetch called
" carbanjas " was frequently served in stews, &c., and was very good —
if you were hungry. The bread w^as much better than usually found
in out-of-the-way places in the Alps of France, Switzerland, or the
Tyrol. A supply of tea we took with us proved most useful, and
enabled us often to make a breakfast with otherwise inadequate
materials. I may add another item to my non-entomological details
as to Tragacete, it is a large village of nearly 2000 inhabitants, and it
does not appear to possess a glazed window of any sort; windows were
closed with wooden shutters and canvas screens, to keep out the heat
and exclude the flies. The result was fairly satisfactory, how it works
in winter with snow on the ground for several months was not very
clear to us. One of the inhabitants told us with some pride, that
Tragacete contained no rich people and no poor people. I suppose
that, according to a moderate standard of peasant prosperity, this was
true, and probably all were much better oft' than an inspection of theii'
dwellings would lead an English visitor to imagine, or than he would
deduce from the fact that our entertainment which was according to
the highest local standard of sumptuousness, cost Is. 9d. per diem, and
might by experienced chaffering doubtless have been had at a lower
figure.

On leaving Tragacete we crossed various hills and valleys, in a

88 THE rntomolo(tIst's record.

geneviiUy eastern direction, rising at one point to nearly 5000ft., to
Guadalaviar, a small village situated near the source of the river of
that name, and at the foot of the Muela de San Juan, a central
summit or ridge of the Albarracin Sierra of a little over 5000ft., but
not by nearly 1000ft. the highest in the group. On the way we
crossed the source of the Tagus (Tajo). Leaving Tragacete we first
traversed a hillside clothed with a forest of small oak trees, that would
have repaid some collecting therein, especially, probably, earlier in tlie
season. On the way I found a group of larvae of a Ciu'thocampa new
to me, of which, unfortunately, only one pupated. These are probably
C hercidcaita. They had no web, and were on a Pinna that was not
P. si/lretitris. On the Guadalaviar slope of the last steep ridge we
crossed, Parnassius apollo flew freely, as well as the very pretty little
AntJirocera faimta. On this same ground, on an Euphorbia, probably
nicaeensis, common there, were many nests or families of all ages of an
Acronyctid, of the viyricae group. These were probably (jlidia
chainaf.si/ri's. Unfortunately this Kiiphoihia does not grow at Albarracin,
whither I had to carry those I took, and they did not thrive on
Euphurhia scrrata, on poor specimens of which I had to feed them, and
very few pupated. We were told here that Erehia zapateri occurred
on the Muela de San Juan, but that mid-August was a more likely date
to meet with it.

The following day we proceeded to Albarracin, crossing the hills for
a space and striking the Guadalaviar lower down at Trama Castilla,
and thence ft)llowing the river past Torres to Albarracin, a walk of a
dozen miles down the hot valley. For the last two miles of this,
above Albarracin, the river runs through a gorge of inaccessible
precipices for the whole distance. At Albarracin it makes a great
bend nearly returning on itself. The peninsula thus enclosed is the
site of the ancient town of Albarracin, protected thus by the river, on
its own side by the precipices on which it stands, and on the opposite
by similar but higher ones, whilst across the neck of the peninsula,
the Moors constructed a great wall, running high up into the hills
and with many towers at short intervals ; much of this is still in very
fair preservation. The old Moorish castle on tbe highest part of the
peninsula is more ruinous. The present Albarracin is still largely
within tbe old limits, but has also extended up and down the river
beyond them. A very good road, some twenty years old, now runs up
to Albarracin, passes through the neck of the peninsula by a short
tunnel, and goes on to Noguera and Orihuela, whore are certain baths.
"We found very tolerable quarters here at the Posada of Sehor Jose
Narro, situated in a new house, outside the lower end of the town.
Senor Jose had been associated to some extent with Herr Korb in his
collecting, but though he still supplies living pupie of G. isahellae to
German dealers, he is not able to capture and preserve imagines
successfully. He nevertheless knows the habitats of many of the
species peculiar to the district, though he does not know their names.
We stayed at Albarracin from July 27th till August 8th, with the
exception of three days occupied by an excursion to Bronchales on
August 3rd. 4th and 5th. One of the tii'st things we did was to call
on Canon Zapater, who lives in a large rambling house just below tbe
city. He received us very kindly and took us for a walk to the habitat,
nearest to Albarracin, of Satyrus prieuri, and we there saw one on the

A FEW weeks' ENTOMOLOftlSING IN SPAIN. 89

wing. The Canon told us this was the first walk he had taken for
some two years, and we felt honoured accordingly. He has many
interesting recollections of his entomological researches here and else-
where, but he does not now do any serious collecting. He has a very
extensive library, including some rare entomological books ; it shows
that, until his retirement to Albarracin, where he has resided for
twelve or fifteen years, he must have had very active interest
not only in many literary and theological subjects, but in many
branches of science. We saw him several times afterwards, and his
kindness and courtesy made a strong impression upon us. At
Albarracin we collected chiefly in two localities or districts. These
were probably the most profitable and interesting, but there were
others time did not permit of our examining, and doubtless others
of which we were in absolute ignorance. One of these was down the
stream of the Guadalaviar some four miles, where a large affluent,
absolutely dry during our stay, joins it from the left bank. The basin
of this little stream seemed to possess more abundantly the species that
attected a large area of similar country round about. It is a dry,
stony, undiilating region, in which the limestone rocks are very close
to the surface. It grows savin trees of considerable size, up to perhaps
2oft. high. The Kiihedra nehrndemis, a shrub rarely reaching 4ft.
high, belonging to the Gnetacnae or joint-firs, but excessively woody,
was also commonest here. Many spiny shrubs of much smaller
size, papilionaceous chiefly, were also common. Here the splendid
Ihfpn'Htia saiti/ttinta (see Champion, Tranti. Ent. Soc. London, 1901, p.
879), was frequent on the KpJiedra, and on the same plant, we took
larvct, apparently those of Albarraciiia korhi as well as larvte of a
Ccrostoina not yet determined. Here also were apparently the head-
quarters of ■Satyrns pricKri, whilst S. semele, S. fidia, S. alci/one,
S. actaca, S. brueis, S. circe and S. statiliniis were (except S. actaea)
more or less common, Poh/onDnatns corydon var. Iiispana, was common
here, as well as An/i/jmis cldontdippe. In the valley of the Guadalaviar
itself, all these and other butterflies occurred, S. fidia and 6'. circe
being especially common, but iS. prieuri was rare. In going down to
this point along the Guadalaviar river we noticed the opposite bank to
be clothed to a considerable height with a thick wood, chiefly of small
oak trees. We much regretted that no opportunity of ramliling in
this occurred, since it was of a character so distinct from that of any
other ground we collected in.

Our other excursions from x\lbarracin, were up a valley opening to
the south, with a small trickle of water fed by springs, and leading
onwards to Puerto de la Losillo, which we thrice visited. In this
direction, one leaves, after a mile or two, the limestone, and gets
amongst hills of a dark red sandstone, one also reaches a region in
which pine forest still comes to within a few miles of Albarracin.
The iiumediate neighbourhood of Albarracin, like Cuenca, is bare of
trees, one supposes by human agency. Many species of butterflies are
frequent in this region, Sati/nis /irietiri in the lower portions, and, on
the higher ground near the Puerto de la Losillo, Krehia zapateri occu)'s.
At one spot at least on the way up we found both species together ;
no doubt here the sandstone and limestone run side by side.

On the ord of August we went by cart to Noguera, where we
lunched. The journey occupied nearly four hours, very nnich the

90 THE entomologist's RECORl).

time in which we could have walked it, nor was it by any means the
most comfortable method of travelling, but the only one available,
except, perhaps, on mule-back, had we been able to obtain such
animals. It saved us, however, some fatigue and shade from the sun
during the journey. From Noguera we explored the hills and pine
forest over towards Bronchales. This is, perhaps, a two hours'
walk, but, of course, we took much longer. Uur object in visiting
Bronchales, where we stayed the two following nights, was to meet
with hWehia zapatcri. On this first day we went through some of the
supposed best ground for the species, but saw no trace of it, and, in
fact, all the butterflies we saw were of fairly common species. We
had not, however, gone very far on our way from Noguera when I saw,
after a little searching, a larva of (i. imbdlac, and we found several
others afterwards. At Bi'onchales, on the foUowmg day, only one was
found, this by Mr. Champion ; towards afternoon, however, I picked
up one very fresh K. zajiateri, and just afterwards Mr. Champion came
across several. On the 5th we had to return to Albarracin, and made
a circuit on the way to Noguera, in the course of which we met with
A', zapateri, but still, somewhat rarely. It was obvious that the
species did not emerge before August 4th, and that our failure to find
it on the 3rd, as well as at Puerto de la Losillo, on the 1st, was that
it was not then out. I have little doubt that, could we have spent a
few more days at Bronchales, we should not have had to complain of the
rarity of the species. This was confirmed by finding the species on
the wing at Puerto de la Losillo on the 7th, but it is obviously far from
abundant in that locality. We also again noted on our return by
Noguera that It. isahdlw was much more frequent near that village.
On August 6th we visited the S. pricuri ground, and in the heat of the
day were interested to note that, though the various Satyrids there
were on the wing in fair abundance, instead of settling in the open as
we had been used to seeing them, they almost invariably, and espe-
cially S. jirii'ini, made for the shade close under some shrub or bush
before settling. This was, I think, one of the hottest days we had.

In regard to the Aveather generally, I may say we had no rain,
without giving any false impression, though, as a matter of fact, we
did meet with a shower or two. Throughout this Albarracin district
the corn is all thrashed very soon after it is harvested, and in a manner
only possible in a very dry, nearly rainless, country, and which I had
always associated with ideas of such eastern eounti'ies as Syria and
Palestine, probably from pictorial and other illustrations with which
most of us are familiar. The threshing-fioor is a circular area, chosen
as near to the village as may be, on a little hillock, or at the end of a
ridge, or other situation exposed enough to meet with a little wind for
winnowing. This is a level, but no very great pains beyond constant
use seem to be taken to make it hard or smooth, it is, however, often
on the bare rock. The corn is spread on this, and a fiat sledge, armed
Avith some slips of iron beneath, is drawn over it and round by one or
two mules or asses. On the sledge is the driver of the animals, usually
standing, often squatted down, and occasionally an old lady, seated
on a chair, held the office. The winnowing is done by throwing the
mixed corn and chaff in the air with a shovel.

In the pine forests we frequently saAv trees apparently wilfully and
uselessly damaged. It appeared as if some one who did not understand

NOTES ON THE BREEDING OF AMPHIDASYS STRATARIA. i) i

the business might have been trying to cut the tree '\own and given it up
half-way through ; nearly half the thickness of the tree was removed
from the ground to several feet up, and removed in rough chips,
leaving, in many cases, a ragged surface. Sometimes there was com-
paratively little removed. We found, however, that these trees pro-
vided the means of artificial illumination. Apparently, a tree has
first a superficial slice removed, and, after a time, the exposed wood
becomes excessively loaded with resin, and is in turn chipped off as
the required product, the same tree providing several successive crops
of this sort. These highly-resinous chips of pine are burnt in a
circular iron grid, supported on a stand about 8ft. from the floor, and
give a very brilliant light ; frequent replenishment is, however, neces-
sary. They give off much smolie also, but being placed by the tire in the
great chimney corner, this is no evil. The fireplaces, wood being the
fuel, are flat hearths, under a wide chimney, perhaps 14ft. by 6ft.,
narrowing to perhaps 6ft. x 1ft. at the outlet, and allow of seats at
both sides, on the pattern still to be found in old English houses.
The other usual illuminant was a tin or earthenware vessel of oil,
with a wick lying in the spout, precisely the same construction as may
be seen in any museum of Roman antiquities.

We had expected to have to make a long detour in making our
way home, or else to face a prolonged diligence journey. It so
happened, however, that the railway from Teruel to Saragossa was
opened during our stay, and so placed a railway-station withm sixteen
miles of us, with a direct road home. Even so, the journey was a
slow one. The opening of this railway brings this very interestmg
country, both Albarracin and Bronchales, which are entomologically
the most important, within a few miles of a railway, running directly
from France by Bayonne, Pamplona, and Saragossa. From Noguera
to Teruel there is a good road down the Guadalaviar valley past
Albarracin, and served by a diligence. There is already a project even
to bring a railwciy from Teruel to the neighbourhood of Bronchales,
where mining is becoming a very active industry. Without this,
however, the district is now really very accessible, as near London,
indeed, as much of the Tyrol, for example, and more so than Norway.
It will not, tlierefore, perhaps remain much longer so unvisited by
British entomologists.

[To he concluded.)

Notes on the breeding of Amphidasys strataria.

By J. C. DOLLMAN.
The ova are laid in irregular groups, at least, in captivity. Each
egg is oval in form, with a very shiny surface, and covered with
honeycomb-like markings in distinct relief. The colour is olive-grey,
turning to a dark umber-green three or four days before emergence.
The young larvae appeared on May Brd, and were at first about ^ inch
in length. The head, large and squarish in form, being dark sienna
in colour, and shuiy in appearance; the body was of a dull green-umber
in colour, and heavily wrinkled transversely. Immediately behind the
head was a sharp yellowish-white line, like a collar, and from this
down the centre of the thoracic segments a broader longitudinal line
of the same colour. On the dorsal region of each of the abdominal
se"'ments were two shurl luuiiitudiucil marks extending to llie anal

92 THE entomologist's RECORD.

termination. These got less important in scale and brightness as they
approached the anal segment. Along each side, containing the
spiracles, was a broad and fleshy line of the same light yellow-white
tint as the markings on the dorsal area. Many small dark tubercles,
which the creature's activity would not permit of being counted or
located, were shown on this line — perhaps four or five on each side of
eA'ery segment, each emitting a light bristle. There was a strong
light bristle on each side of the bead, pointmg downwards. The legs,
claspers, and ventral surface were of the colour of the body, only a
shade lighter in tint. On May 9th the larva? assumed a somewhat
different appearance and were double the length that they were on
their first appearance. May I be permitted here to advance a theory
in connection with the change of appearance in larva:* at certain times,
especially in the early stages of existence ? There were nine emergences
from the ova (all that were spared by the postal delivery) on ^lay 3rd,
and the yoimg larva? were under my daily examination with the
microscope. Beyond developing in size no change whatever appeared
until the 9th of the month, when there was a distinct alteration. What
was my surprise on the 11th, tAvo days later, to find a radical change
in this aspect from what it had been on the 9th day of the month.
Not one had died, and the larvte all exhibited, at the dates named, the
changes alluded to. Now it is hardly likely that such young larvc?
would cast their skins within two days from a previous change. Is
it not possible that change of coloration, and change of markings,
may take place without the casting of the skin being necessary? It is,
of course, very difiicult to be exact about this, as, unless young larvae
are under constant examination, almost hourly, it is not possible to
say to what a variation in appearance may be attributed. In this
instance the variation as seen by the microscope was so continuous as
to suggest that the development of form and colour was never at rest,
and it was not possible to discover what part of it was due to change
of skin or other agency. I give accounts of the appearance of the
larvae on certain dates, and must leave the method of attainment to
more experienced opinion than mine. At all events, these young A.
strataria, from possessing the appearance first described on May 8rd,
had, on May 9th, a head of a darker brown, and had lost the bristle on
each side of it. The body was now greenish-grey in colour, and shiny.
A double dorsal line, of a bright yellowish-white extended along the
back, accentuated in expression at every segment. This line was
broader near the head and its two component parts fused into one,
where it joined a collar of the same tint round the neck on the pro-
thoracic segment. There was a broad spiiacular line of this whitish-
yellow colour, on which were the black spiracles. On the prothoracic
segment, on each side, was a large brown blotch, and brown blotches
on the anal flap and the back face of each of the anal claspers. The
ventral surface and claspers were of the colour of the body, the legs
black. The ]ar%a was heavily marked with fleshy transverse wrinkles,
and had black warts from two to four in number on each side of every
segment ; these warts were all furnished with short black setie, and the
larvajwere noAviinch long. From this condition on May 9th I found,
two days later, on j\lay 11th, the following distinct alterations. The
bead sienna-coloured, large in size, :ixl squarish in shape, Avith a
deeply marked division on the crown. Body dark umber inclined to

NOTES ON THE BREEPINd OF AMPHIDASYS STKATARIA. 93

black, with a sharp black line of definition behind the head on the
prothoracic segment. Two fine dorsal lines of grey-green dotted
markings, close together, along the back, and two broken subdorsal
lines of light warts on each side, of the same tint. Body covered with
greenish-grey warts, all emitUng a black bristle. Spiracles dark and
inconspicuous. Each segment sharply incised with a double transverse
skinfold. Legs and claspers of the colour of the body, except the
outer surface of the anal claspers, which, with the anal flap, were dull
brown in colour. The length of the larva was now ^ inch.

By May 16th the larvfe had assumed an approach, both in form
and colour, to the appearance of the adult stage. The head was large
and boldly shaped, constructed of two lobe-like forms sharply indented
at the crown by the fleshy ridged point on the centre of the prothoracic
segment. It was sprinkled with dark warts, with whitish set^e, and
was dull chestnut in colour. The colour of the body was a compound
of dull chestnut-brown and blackish blotch-like markings, with a sharp
black line marking the edge of the prothoracic segment round the
head. The thoracic segments were blackish merging into brown
blotches on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd of the abdominal segments. The
4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th abdominal segments were darker, and strongly
accentuated at the segmental skinfolds with blackish bands. The Sth
and 9th abdominal segments, with the anal flap and claspers, were
dull chestnut-brown. A sharp dark edge ran round the anal flap
bristling with short dark setag. These blotchy colorations of the
body were, more or less, distinctly marked in individual examples, but
were to be traced in some degree, by careful examination, in all.
Behind the head on the prothoracic segment were two distinct dull
chestnut-brown spots, one on each side of the dorsal line, and below
them two groups of small whitish warts. There was a dark dorsal
line from the crown of the prothoracic segment to the anal flap,
getting more broken in character as it approached the anal segment,
towards which it was maintained only by isolated lozenge-shaped and
elongated markings. On either side of the dorsal line appeared a
subdorsal line of whitish, elongated, warty spots, and below this, on
either side, three waved and broken supraspiracular lines of similar
spots, and again another line of the same character embracing the
spiracles themselves. The spiracles were light, Avith dark centres, and
could scarcely be distinguished from the spots before mentioned. The
darker parts of the body were sprinkled with dark short setse, growing from
the light warty spots, and the lighter portions of the larva, the head
and anal flap, were dotted with dark warts with light bristles. The
legs were light, dark spotted, with black terminations. The claspers
were dark, with light terminations. The size of the larvae was now ^
inch in length. On May 21st the general appearance of the larva; was
sienna-brown in colour, finely dotted all over with minute pale warts.
The head was notched bluntly on the crown, forming two lobe-shaped
lunules of a brighter sienna colour than the body. Below these lobes,
across the upper part of the face, ran a light line, and beneath this a
broad brown band above a light triangular blotch. There was a
distinct dorsal stripe on the back, of a dark brown colour, accentuated
on each segment, and starting from a dark spot between two white
spots on the projecting edge of the prothoracic segment. This dorsal
line was finely bordered, on both sides, by a thin light line of minute

94 THE entomologist's record.

spots or warts. The larva had now attained f inch in length. On the 5th
abdominal segment were two long ridge-like protuberances, obliquely
placed, one on each side, and meeting in a V-shaped connection on
the dorsal line, the point set forward. These were dark with a sharp
white line on the crest. On the 8th abdominal segment were two
dark spots, with white centres, one on each side of the dorsal line. In
the same manner were to be found two elongated white spots, edged
with black, on each of the other segments. There was a strongly
marked, raised, fleshy line below the spiracles, very waved in character,
and very angular in its waving on the 8rd, 4th, and 5th abdominal
segments, and from the points of the angles on which there passed down
and across the abdomen, three raised, dark, ridged bands. The spiracles
were black and surrounded with a fine white ring. The legs and
claspers were of the colour of the body, and, like that, finely dotted
with dark and light minute warts, all bearing tine short setae. The
anal flap was bordered also with a fringe of muiute bristles, but no
longer had the dark line along its contour. On May 21th the larvae
were grown to fully f of an inch in length, and, while resembling the
appearance they possessed on the 21st, were dili'erent in aspect, inas-
much as they were now lighter in colour and more declared in their
markings. The head was projecting and the prothoracic segment
formed almost a hood-like framing around it. This segment and the
mesothoracic were grey, the metathoracic and the 1st, 2nd, and brd of
the abdominal segments were sienna in colour, with the white dots on
each side of the dorsum developed into oblong, grey, ridge-like markings.
The next segment, the 4th abdominal, had a large diamond-shaped
grey blotch on the back, with lateral projections. The 5th abdominal
segment had the oblique dark ridges more pronounced and these were
still crested with a sharp white line. The Gth, 7th, and 8th abdominal
segments were sienna-coloured, with the two dark warts and bearing-
white centres, more in evidence on the 8th. The 9th abdominal
segment and anal claspers were grey. The dark dorsal stripe still
appeared on the segments forward to the 8rd abdominal, expanding
rather diamond-wise on each segment. At the 4th abdominal it became
lost in the grey blotch, and from there to the anal end was only
indicated by irregular markings. The three ridge-like bands at the
3rd, 4th, and 5th abdominal segments were more pronounced, and were
very light, especially the central one, and edged with dark brown
posteriorly. The underside, or ventral surface, from the Gth abdo-
minal to the last segment was light in colour, and bordered with a fine
bluish-grey line on the anterior edge of the anal claspers. On May
30th the larva^ were IJ inches long, and, while still bearing the same
characteristics in appearance, had then a grey aspect as a whole. The
lighter markings had spread in a sufiused manner upon the body, and
had gradually conquered the importance of the sienna colour until the
larva became a dull grey with a sienna stain on the metathoracic and
the first three abdominal segments, the sienna tint thus becoming-
secondary to the grey, a reverse of the arrangement in the earlier stage.
The head was more sharply bifid, and the crest of the prothoracic
segment inclined to form two points behind the crown of the head.
These points were grey in front, and each had a sienna blotch behind. On
the 4th and 5th abdominal segments the ridge-like markings had given
place to strongly built lateral projections, the largest on the 5th. The

NOTES ON THE BREEDING OF AMPHIDASYS STRATARIA. 95

two white dotted wai'ts oa the 8th abdominal were now elongated,
raised ridges, arc-shaped, dark behind and light grey on the crest. The
claspers and legs were of the body colour, and the entire creature very
minutely dotted with light spots, here and there of a larger size. The
light spiracles were distinct and oval in shape, standing on end with a
black ring round them. The edge of the anal flap was fleshy and still
had hairy projections upon it. These were to be found sparsely
scattered all over the larva, particularly upon the head. The ridge-
like formations upon the abdomen at the 3rd, 4th, and .5th segments
of that region consisted now of broken and irregular wart-like ex-
cresences, and were yellowish in colour, spotted darkly here and there.
The dorsal stripe had faded and become absorbed by the surrounding
coloration, but could still be traced through the lens, forming a
darkish diamond-shaped lozenge on the skinfold at the rear of the
segments forward, and behind the grey blotch on the 4th abdominal,
it showed faintly in the same manner on the centre of the seg-
ments. On June 1st the larvfe were H inches in length, and of a
grey colour, exactly representing the bark of the oak. The head was
large, notched on the crown, and sienna-brown in colour. From the
crown to the mouth the front was a flat oval in form, and a tall tri-
angular facet bent backward on each side. A light bar crossed the
base of the face above the mouth. On the prothoracic segment were
two sienna blotches, one behind each lobe of the head, and divided
from it by a deep wrinkle with a light edge to it. On the metathoracic
and the first four abdominal segments were diamond-shaped markings
on the back, formed by minute dark brown warts, and, on the side of
each segment at the lateral points of these diamond-shaped markings,
there was a sienna blotch, at the base of which, and on the line of which,
were the light oval spiracles standing on end and enclosed with a dark
ring around them. On the 4th and 5th abdominal segments were
the strongly marked projections of lateral warts, elongated in form
and sienna in colour. Those on the latter segment were large and
fleshy in character, projecting boldly from the body. On the dorsal
area of the 8th abdominal segment were two warts also sienna in
colour, and below them, on each side, a lateral and elongated wart of
the same tint. The anal end and claspers were dull sienna in colour,
the claspers very widely spread when clinging to a flat surface, and
showing between those of the anal end, below the anal flap, three light
fleshy projecting points. The body was strongly wrinkled transversely,
the legs were sienna in colour, like the head and anal claspers, showing
a dark division between the thoracic segments when they were
extended. The claspers on the Gth abdominal segment were grey. The
three raised rings on the abdomen at the 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments
of that portion were sienna-coloured at the sides and lighter under-
neath. That part of the ventral surface between the claspers was a
light olive-grey in colour, finishing with a fine whitish-blue line
against the anal pair. The larva had short projecting sette sprinkled
irregularly about it, with a profuse supply upon the head and anal end.
It was now very lethargic in its habit, and presented a strong contrast
to its lively movements in the earlier stages of existence. The striking-
resemblance that it bore at this period to a second year's twig on oak
was most noticeable. The projections from the sienna-coloured mark-
ings on the dull grey body could not more exactly correspond wilii the

96 THE entomologist's record.

young spurs breaking from the twig itself, while the notched sienna
head and projecting prothoracic segment, made a crown of bud casings
to the life. From this period until the going to earth of the larva?
there was practically no change in their appearance, but the warty
character of the excrescences from the dorsal and lateral regions became
more emphatic, and the entire creature grew stronger in character on
the lines last described. It spent its time between the periods of feed-
ing, which appeared to be principally nocturnal, in sitting at rest upon
the woody part of the food-plant, firmly holding on by the claspers,
the body springing from this attachment to almost an angle of 45°
from the stem on which it rested. The legs were projected
and rather extended, the head carried forward and tilted. From the
head to a prominence on the food-plant above was spun a stiff and very
visible thread, which was always taut when the larva was quiet. They
lived in this condition until they had arrived at a length of If inches
when they appeared to be full-fed and prepared to descend for pupation
in the earth. There had been nine emergences from the ova and two
casualties followed. The remaining seven descended in the following
order. June 10th, two, 11th, four, 12th, one. They had been fed,
airtight, in a roomy tin case half filled with earth, and freely supplied
.wdth fresh oak twias.

Some notes on the classification of earwigs.

By MALCOLM BUEE, B.A., F.L.S.

The study of earwigs has been unduly neglected by all entomolo-
gists, except a few orthopterists, and most, even of these, have
eventually given them up in favour of the other suborders of Orthoptera.
The only real specialist who has as yet devoted himself entirely to
their study, and that finally to the exclusion of all other insects, has
been de Bormans. The reason may be that they are, as a rule, more
or less unattractive insects, offering few really convenient characters,
and practically no really stable or unvarying ones. The result is that
generic distinctions are somewhat arbitrary, and often depend upon the
personal views of the author. Several genera can only be recognised
in the male, and though these may appear to be very distinct when,
say, half a dozen species of each are examined, still intermediate forms
are continually being discovered, which can be ranged appropriately in
two, or perhaps, even three, genera.

The first character, for example, which is examined, is the
scutellum, according to the presence or absence of \\hich the Forficu-
laria are divided into two groups, but yet this extremely important
point cannot be depended upon. In one genus, Pyntiira, the scutellum
is normally not visible, and the genus accordingly is ranged in the
second group, but, very frequently, the scutellum is free and easily
noticeable ; de Borinans has examined over 150 specimens, and found
the scutellum present nearly as often as it is absent. In many sub-
apterous genera, again, such as ^culohnpliora, (helidiiict, &c., falling in
the second group, owing to the incomplete development of the elytra
a small space is distinguishable between the elytra at the base of
the suture, which is, in fact, a scutellum, but this has to be disregarded
in classification.

The most important, and apparently invariable, character, is the

SOME NOTES OX THK CLASSIFICATION OP EARWIOS. 07

form of the tarsi. In two curious s^enera, Apachi/s and Ta<jalina, the
tarsi are curiously formed and very different from those of all other earwigs,
but, in the remaining groups, the 2nd tarsal segment is found in
two forms, either simple, cylindrical, and very small, characterising
one great group of genera, or else flattened and lobed, characterising
the other group of genera ; in Chdisorhes, it is not broadened but pro-
duced in a long slender lobe under the 3rd segment, while, in Forjicala
and the allied genera, it is dilated and heart-shaped. This is the only
generic character which I have found to be invariable.

Another important point is the presence or absence of the lateral
fold-like tubercles on the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments, which
appear to fulfil the function of stink-glands. Several allied genera
are distinguished from each other by the presence or absence of these
glands; for instance, they are present in Diplati/s but absent in
Ci/Undrofiaster; present, often remarkably developed, in Forcipida, but
absent in Lahidura ; present in Brarlnjlabis, but absent in Aniwlabu,
and Gonolabis ; present in Chaetospauia, Sparatta and Mecomera, but
absent in PlaUjlahia. Very often, in these cases, these tubercles are
large and noticeable, and there can be no doubt as to which genus the
insect belongs, but it often happens that they are very faint,
indistinct, and perhaps almost obsolete, in which case mistakes can be
very easily made, and indeed often are.

The development of the organs of flight is notoriously an unstable
character in many groups of insects ; in Orthoptera and in earwigs this
is especially so. CarcinopJiom is merely a Psali^ without wings or an
Anisolahis with free elytra, and Xeolohupliora is practially the same as
Opibtliocosiuia, with no Avings and rudimentary elytra.

From this it will be seen that it is very easy to range any species
of earwig in the wrong genus, and, as a matter of fact, the generic
position of several species depends purely upon the personal opinion of
the writer.

The forceps, again, would appear to offer very good points of
distinction, but they are so extremely variable in size, shape and
development, that little weight can be placed upon them. Their
general appearance alone can have any importance, and very often
under-development will give an earwig the appearance of belonging
to an entirely different genus. Thus, the genera Anechura, Apteri/nida
and Forjinila, are distinguished almost entirely by i.he form of the
forceps of the male. If, therefore, one has only females to examine,
the generic position is purely a matter of guess-work ; nothing can be
more severely deprecated than the habit of describing single females
as new species, unless there be some particularly striking character.
Apterijgida japonica, de Bormans, has been placed at different times by
different authors in all three of these genera. Apk'nji/ida cirndata and
A. jaiiori have been moved to and fro in the genera ; in the latest work, de
Bormans' monograph in Tierreich, they are placed in Aptei-ipiida, but
doubtless before long they will be put back into Anechura. Fur/lcula
silana and F. apeiinbia are at present in Forjlciila, before long they will
very likely be restored to Apteripihla. This state of things must continue ;
the only way out of the difficulty would be to unite the three genera
into one, thus returning to Dohrn's arrangement. This again would
appear unnatural, for no one would be likely to consider that A)iechara
inetallua, Dohrn, Aptcnjtj'ida arachidU, Yersin, and Fur/uula t(»iii-<y

98 THK entomologist's rkcord.

Kollar, should be placed in one genus ; but these are extreme forms and
occupy remote positions ; still the female of Anechnra metallka, on the one
hand, may be easily confused with the females of certain Opisthdcosmia,
and there are two forms of AptenjijUia cfijlonica, of which one would be
ranged naturally with the typical Fortictda, and the other with typical
Aj>terij;iida.

All these three genera are comparatively large, and their fusion
would form a genus too unwieldy for convenience, but, unless some
new characters are discovered, a considerable number of species will
be in a state of fluctuation as regards their generic position.

Fortunately, the specific characters are less disconcerting ; dimor-
phism, especially in the form of the forceps, is common, and once it is
realised that the shape of the forceps, and presence or absence of wings
are unstable, the species offer in reality, fewer difficulties than the
genera. One of the most variable species is Labidnra riparia, Pall.
This is subdivided by de Bormans into six subspecies, but he places
next in the genus four other species, which I am convinced will be
sooner or later united with it. Under a variety of names, a very
considerable range of variation is covered ; in size, they vary from 14
to 36 millimetres, in colour from pale yellow, almost white, to deep red
and black ; in some the wings are absent, in some slightly developed,
in others completely developed ; in some the forceps are toothed, in
others they are unarined ; in some the last abdominal segment is armed
with sharp tubercles, in others it is smooth. In spite of all this I am
of opinion that all these races, varieties, subspecies and aberrations, as
they are variously and incorrectly called by difterent authors, must be
eventually united into one.

Another genus offering considerable difficulties is Anisolabis.
The leading point in this genus is the colour of the feet and
antennte ; in some of the species, especially the commoner ones,
the feet may be strongly banded with black on femora and tibia?, or
may be entirely pale testaceous ; the antenna? may be ringed with
white, or unicolorous. Anuolabu annnlipes, Luc, one of the com-
monest and most widely distributed species of the genus, is variable in
these points ; as it is a cosmopolitan species occurring, more or less
domesticated, in every part of the world, it may be almost taken as a
rule, in determining the smaller species of Anisolahisf, '• When in
doubt, call it annnlipcs.'"

As mentioned above, in earwigs, and in Orthoptera generally, colour
is notoriously not to be depended upon. In the red and black species
of Sparatta and Platjjlahia, the distribution of these two very distinct
colours varies very considerably ; in some the head, pronotum, and
elytra are shining jet black, and the feet and abdomen bright brick-red,
but often by variation, the head, or the pronotum, or elytra, or all
three, may appear with the reverse coloration. Very likely the freshness
of the specimens may have something to do with this, for specialists
have never seen any of these species alive, as they are purely tropical
forms, and often, perhaps, the red may turn to black after death.
Some authors have based new species on the arrangement of the colours
in the genera, many of which have been united by de Bormans, and
very likely a further detailed examination of the types will lead to the
fusion of several more.

COLKOPTKR\. 99

OLEOPTERA.

On a blue aberration of Calosoma inquisitor, L., from the
New Forest. — British specimens of Calosoma inquisitor are usually
of a bronzy-red, with the lateral margins of elytra brassy-green ;
some specimens are of a darker red than others, and individuals
not infrequently occur which may fairly be described as castaneous.
Amongst a number of (■. inquidtor taken by myself, near Brocken-
hurst, at Whitsuntide last year, however, I found a single specimen
which differs completely in the coloration of the upper surface from
our ordinary reddish forms, and Mr. R. W. Lloyd has kindly sent me,
for examination, a specimen also from the New Forest, which, in
colour, almost exactly resembles mine. These two specimens may be
briefly described as follows : — Head and thorax dull aeneous, with the
lateral margins of the latter in ]\Ir. Lloyd's specimen, but only the
basal angles in mine, blue ; elytra blue, with an obscure aeneous
tinge on each side of suture towards base, margins rich deep blue ;
sculpture of elytra as in ordinary form. Both specimens are 5 s,
mine being much larger than Mr. Lloyd's. On the Continent,
C. inquisitor is well known as a variable species in colour. Schaum,
in Band I, of the Insekten Deutscldands, describes it as being of a
" lighter and darker bronze-colour, with the margins of the thorax
and elytra green, more rarely quite bronze-green, bluish, or blackish."
Ganglbauer, in his fine work on the Central European Carahidae
(1892), after describing the ordinary red form, adds "or wholly
bronze-green, bronzy-brown, violet-blue, or black." Bedel {Col. Faimr
da Basin de la Seine) records the blue form as occurring with the type
in the Seine basin, but more rarely. It may be worth mentioning, that,
in 1883, Signor Ragusa described", in 11 Naturalista Siciliana, a "■ var.
coerideum " of C. inqidsitor, which is characterised as resembling
Carahus lefebvrei\ in colour, and as ditfering from the type, not only
in colour, but also in its large size, and by the elytra being " not
punctate-lineate, and by having, instead of the lines, strong points."
He had only a single specimen of this form, but remarked that Herr
E. Reitter had communicated a specimen almost identical with it
from Croatia. I find that this var. eoeralenin, Ragusa, is included
in a paper by Jaroslau R. von Lomnicki, on the Carahiuae of Galicia
(published in the Verlunidlinujen der I\.-K. z.-b. Gcsells, in Wien,
for 1893), as occurring in the forests of the Austrian province of
Galicia, but "more rarely" than the type. I am not at all clear as
to what Ragiisa's structural distinction really means, as in addition to
the longitudinal stride of the elytra in the type, there are the " pores,"
possibly he intends to indicate that the elytra in the aberration are
smooth, and impunctate with the exception of the pores, but the
matter is doubtful. Ganglbauer, I may add, does not allude to this
"var. coerideiuii'' in his work. — F. B. Jennings, F.E.S., 152, Silver
Street, Upper Edmonton, N. March, 1902.

COCCINELLA 11 -punctata VAR. CONFLUENS, N. VAR. — 111 1890, in the

Knt. Mo. Maij., p. 199, Dr. Mason records, amongst other Coleoptera
from Iceland, a form of Coccinella ll-imnctata, brightly coloured and

* This description was kindly procured for me by Mr. Donisthorpe, and I am
indebted to Mr. Malcolm Burr, for a translation from the Italian.
t A species coloured like our C intricatu.'^.

100 THK EN'TOMOLOaiST's RECORD.

with the lower pairs of spots on each elytron confluent. This reminded
me of a specimen sent for me to see by Canon Cruttwell some time
ago. He now writes to me " It was taken in considerable numbers on
a patch of sandy coast near Renvyle, co. Galway, in Au;j;ust, 1899, and
quite apart from any colony of the ordinary form, though that also
occurred sparingly on other portions of the same coast. I am quite
certain of this, for I searched carefully on two occasions expressly to
satisfy myself that the common type was really absent from the
locality," Dr. Mason also mentioned that none of the type form were
found. Mr. Gorham tells me it is the var. G, of Mulsant, and he
further says, " I think it is a fact that the CuccinelUdac tend to vary
both ways, 'par exces,' or 'par defaut,' at the extreme latitudes of their
distribution . ' ' — Horace Donisthorpe.

Change of Colour during life in Coptocycla bistripitnctata,
Herbst. — Last Christmas a foreign Cassida was brought to Mr.
Heasler by a man who had found it on some apples purchased at
Reading. He wrote to me about it as follows, " It is still alive and is
normally a very brilliant golden colour, but after being stirred up,
worried, etc., it turns to a metallic green, then the wing-cases go
brownish with a sort of iridescent purple tinge in certain lights, and
finally the whole insect becomes a reddish-brown or testaceous with
black spots on the elytra." The insect died shortly afterwards and
Mr. Heasler gave it to me. I took it to the Museum and found it Avas a
specimen of Cuptocyda hutri punctata, Herbst. It is a native of Mexico,
California, etc. Curiously enough amongst the specimens in the
Museum is one brought to them by the Board of Trade, also found on
an apple in England. I told Professor Poulton, who was much interested
in the matter, about the changes in the colour during life, and he writes :
'• I feel sure the changes in the iridescence and from iridescent to
brownish, are due to changes in the thinness of fluid layers between
the chitinous lamellae of the elytra. I do not think it is voluntary,
but an indirect effect of contraction or expansion of the body, forcing
a fluid, or abstracting it from the inter-lamellary spaces of the chitin."
— Ibid.

;iglOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARVAE, &c.

Larva of Hyperchiria io (1st instar). — Stout, plump, and Satur-
niid-like ni appearance. Head large, shiny, bright orange in colour,
with scattered thorny hairs. Body segments deeply cut, lateral flange
suggesced by coloration rather than actual development. Striking
features are the tall fleshy horns on which the tubercular warts are
mounted ; they are nearly as long as the larva is thick. The dorsal
and subdorsal tubercular warts on thoracic segments are bifid, the fork
occurring about two-thirds up, whilst each fork bears a crown of
spines. The abdominal ones are not forked, except the central one
on the 8th abdominal, this is certainly formed of both the anterior
trapezoidals ; and the thoracic ones are almost as certainly com-
posed of i and ii consolidated ; the direction of the fork supports
this view, as the thoracic forks are in a longitudinal direction,
while those on the central line of the 8th abdommal are set trans-
versely. On the abdominals i is mounted on a long stalk, Avhile ii is
represented by a simple siugie-haire<l button, the hair it bears is

LIFE-HISTORIES. 101

rather long and thorny, iii is a stalked and horn-like tubercle
(ending in a single brush of spines on abdominal segments, but forked
on thoracic, which, I take it, denotes a double origin on meso- and meta-
thoracic segments). This (iii) is a double-haired tubercle in Sphin.v,
and such species as Hepialids and Zeuzerids. So far as I can make
out, a single post-subspiracular stalk or horn bears both iv and v,
there being a large hair jutting out from the stalk about halfway up,
which is probably v, the column of spines representing iv. There is also
a central forked horn on the 9th abdominal as well as 8th. The larv;e
areprocessionary in habit when young. — A. Bacot, F.E.S., Bow House,
154, Lower Clapton Road, N.E.

Young larva of Actias luna (ova received from Dr. Chapman,
hatched .July 2nd, 1901). — First instar. — Tubercles many-haired,
except ii, this is minute and single-haired ; i (anterior trapezoidals)
on 8th abdominal segment, coalesced and developed into a single
central horn ; iv + v are placed on a crest of the lateral flange. — Ibid.

Ovum of Eagles imperialis (eggs laid by parents reared from
pupae supplied by Mr. H. G. Woolley). — A "flat" e^g with three
diameters, of a bright yellow colour, rather pearly in hue, and semitrans-
parent, looking like those of the Sphingids and Dimorphids. A
broad oval, nearly circular, as seen from above, but seen edgewise, of
a lunular shape, something like a tabloid or long oval, with a ten-
dency for the ends to be pointed. The surface is finely pitted and
granulated. ^leasurement, 2-75mm. x 2-58mm. x l-75nnn. — Ibid.

Forcing Larv.e of Epunda lichenea. — A batch of ova sent to me
from North Wales at the end of September hatched nearly at the
end of October. They fed fr^^ely 'on stonecrop in a bottle for six
weeks. Before the second moult they we?e all green ; after this
moult they all, I believe, become browji with very indistinct
darker markings. As time went oil they became a rich brown with
transverse black marks along the dorsal area. When six weeks
old they were about an inch long and were then placed in a large
breeding-cage with muslin sides and top, and three inches of soil,
and supplied with a plant of stonecrop every three or four days
about the size of one's fist. The}' fed up very rapidly, and now
most of them have gone down. In the daytime they hid in the
soil or under the plants, but, every afternoon, just as it began to get
dark, they crawled up the sides and rested on the muslin for hours,
most of them remaining motionless until midnight or later. Of the
30 larvai I had, I counted on some nights 25, on other nights
fewer, but never less than 16. In a state of nature they must
necessarily, in bad weather, make long fasts. Was this habit of resting
the result of hereditary habit of going without food and consequent
inability to keep on feeding ? The larvse feed on stonecrop in a state
of nature, I found several feeding on this plant at Wallasey, in April,
1892. It is an excellent winter food-plant for those larvje that will
eat it. — F. C. Woodforde, B.A., F.E.S., Market Drayton, lu'bnian/
1st, 1902.

Food-plants of Epunda lichenea. — With regard to the food-plant
of KpiDtila lirlienea I used to take the larv;e regularly on the sandhills on
the Lincolnshire coast north of Mablethorpe some years ago, and
invariably found them on (U/noiflossiDii difir'nialc, which then grew in
some abundance along the banks on the landward side of the hilli.

102 THE entomologist's record.

These I always fed up at home on dock, and, on one occasion, when an
exceptionally heavy thunderstorm was gathering, the larv:^ all came
out to feed and were eating hard when the return of daylight as the
storm passed away sent them hurrying back to the shelter of the moss
and undersides of the dock leaves. Since then I have taken the larva^
in Cornwall feeding on stinging-nettle, and on the Isle of Man coast
feeding on dock and L^lantarfo moriti)na with an occasional individual on
thrift. I never saw the larvfp feeding or moving in the daytime
except on the one occasion mentioned, nor did I ever notice them
exposed as described by Mr. Woodforde. — (Rev.) C. D. Ash, M.A.,
Skipwith Vicarage, Selby. Fi'hniaiij ISth, 1902.

OviPosiTioN OF GoRTTNA ocHRACEA. — Wishing to ascertain where
Gortyna orhracea deposited her ova, I visited in December a field here,
where I obtained several pupae on August 25th last. The burdocks
{Arctiioii lappa) being deciduous, and the female not surviving the
winter, it rather puzzled me as to where ova could be during the
winter. However, on cutting open the old dead stems, I came across
the ova laid in batches of about 50, in the old burrows made by the
larvae. They are laid about half an inch down from the opening in
that side of the stem from which a moth had previously made her exit.
The young larva presumably feeds firstly on the old pith, and descends
later to the new growth of the plant. — V. Eric Shaw, F.E.S., 8, Moss
Hall Grove, North Finchley. Fehruarij 2«f/, 1902.

Notes on rearing Ennomos fuscantaria. — On May 23rd, 1901,
eggs of Ennomos fiiscantarm commenced to hatch (these eggs had
been kept indoors during the winter months) ; eggs from other batches
which had been kept out-of-doors hatched at various dates until early
July. On July 12th the first larva pupated; on July 24th I had fully
70 larvae still feeding ; on July 28th the first imago emerged, a female,
about 3 p.m. During August and September imagines emerged almost
every day, on some days eight or nine would emerge in a day. On
August 12th about twenty larvae still feeding. On September 1st, two
larvae still feeding, from October 1st to 8th an occasional imago
emerged. On October 11th two imagines (females) emerged out-of-
doors, these were the last to emerge. All the larva? were fed under the
same conditions, viz., sleeved on ash trees in my garden. — William
Hewett. York. March, 1902.

Ovum and young Larva of Nonagria cann.e.— Ocuw : From Septem-
ber 1st- 5th, 1900, a $ laid 85 eggs. Each ovum quite round, shining
and smooth, and laid singly. Colour, dirty white, after a week chang-
ing to a pinkish hue. Remained as eggs all the winter, hatching
between April 10th and 17th, turning deep purple before hatching.
Lana : When first hatched, nearly 2mm. in length ; head black; body
dirty-Avhite. When one week old the colour began to turn greenish ; the
head and prothorax black with reddish marking, prolegs black. When
fourteen days old the body was getting quite greenish, the head paler,
and in another week the body was quite green, the head pale brownish-
green. The larvae grew very slowly until three weeks old, when I
turned them out upon some Typha in our pond. They fed well in the
sheathing leaf of Iris kaempferi when young. — H. M. Edelsten, F.E.S.,
Forty Hill, Enfield. December 23/v/, 190i.

VARIATION. l08

^ ARI A TIO N.

Variation of Noctua castanea. — ^1 have taken many grey-coloured
examples of Noctua rastaiwa on sugar and on ling in the New Forest,
as well as bred this form from the larval stage. I have not, however,
found the red form there, though several specimens were somewhat
intermediate in colour. — B. W. Adkin, F.E.S.,Morden Hill, Lewisham.
Januarii 1th, 1902.

CuspiDiA (Acronycta) megacephala ab. nigra, n. ab. — A fine form of
this insect is found at Manchester together with the type. The fore-
wings are totally black, with the exception of the outer margin which
has a slight white fringe, and the orbicular stigma which is slightly
paler than the ground colour. l^)ody black; hind wings as in the type.
It does not seem to have yet l)een described, and I propose for it the
name of ab. uifira. — V. Eric Shaw, F.E.S., 8, Moss Hall Grove, North
Finchley. Fchniari/ 5th, 1902.

Variation of Leucania brevilixea. — In Brit. Xoctiiac and their
^'arieticK, i., p. 37, two forms only of this species are mentioned —
brerilinea, Fenn, and siueUnea, Farn. Fenn describes the type {I'^ut.
Mo. Ma(/., [., p. 107) as follows ;

Forewings rather sharply angulated at the junction of the costal and hind
apical niar^'ins ; brownish-ochreous, with numerous scattered black scales ; a
sharply defined short black dash from the middle of the base; a curved row of
small black dots reaches from the costa to the inner margin beyond the middle
apical veins (rays) conspicuously paler than the ground colour, apical margin
unspotted ; hindwings grey, paler towards the base, a very indistinct transverse
row of black dots rather beyond the middle, uniform with those in the forewings.

In addition to this there are three dots between the middle and
base of wing, placed transversely from the costa to the inner margin ;
also in some specimens there is a distinct central spot. Farn describes
ainelinca as :

The form in which the line at the base of the wing disappears.

But in each of these two main forms a number of very interesting
colour aberrations are to be found. These may be grouped as :

A. Foii.MA 'J'VI'I(A = liI!KVILr\EA.

a. Suffused with dark smoky-grey scales = ab. tupica-mipHm.

ji. Nervures 2-5 edged with black, making a longitudinal fascia, more or less
connected with central spot and basal daKh = ab. ti/jnca-iiiiirofdsciata.

y. Lower spot of each row of dots running into each other, making a black
dash = ab. ti/jiiro-hilhua.

5. Powdered with scales of a light ground colour, especially along the costal
margin = ab. typka-pallida.

e. Ground colour of forewings reddish = ab. typica-rufescens.

B. FoRJIA VAT!IETAS = SINELINEA.

a. As in a of hveviUnca, but without basal dash = ab. sinelinea-.wff'utia.

j3. As in /3 of hreviUnea, but without basal dash = ab. sinelinea-niprnfdi^ciata.

5. As in 5 of hreriline<i, but without basal dash=ab. sineliiied-paUUJa.

e. As in e of lircviliiiea, but without basal dash = ab. !ii)ieliiifl<i-riifesceiis.

j-. Groundcolour of forewings light ochreous, slightly dusted with black scales.
The usual row of dots slightly indicated, but no other markings visible = ab.
siiu'liiiea-iichrficf'd.

Some of these forms appear to be unique — e.;/., ab. hiliHca, ab.
pallida, ab. (ichrarm. — H. M. Edei.sten, F.E.S., Forty Hill, Enfield.
Ih-irmhcr 28n/, 1901.

Increase in dark aberrations of Hybernia leucoph.karia in the
King's Lynn district. — I have seen little here in the way of lepidop-
tera, save a few very fine dnrk aberrations of Jlijbcniia Irific/dioraria.

l04 THE entomologist's RECOfeb.

A few years ago, it would have been difficult to find such dark speci-
mens here, but now the darker forms prevail. — E. A. Atmoke, F.E.S.,
King's Lynn. March 1th, 1902.

Ji>RACTICAL HINTS.*

Field Work for April and May.

By .T. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

1. — At the end of April and in early May the eggs of Ci/aniris
anjinlm are laid singly on the imderside of the calyx of holly buds, so
that when the flowers open the petals fold over the Q'j,fx,, hiding it
altogether from sight ; the young larvie hatch in about ten days,
commence at once to feed in the buds and flowers, afterwards attacking
the young tender leaves and shoots upon which they thrive. The larv»
also feed well on young ivy leaves.

2. — In confinement the larvae of Melitaea aurbda appear to be very
susceptible to warmth, collecting in the hottest part of the cage, and
becoming lively when the sun is on them. They are much better fed
up, however, on a growing plant than in a breeding-cage.

3. — If the season be forward, start searching the beech trunks for
Staitropus fiKji the last week in April. If a fertile $ be then found, a
second brood should be obtained in late July and early August. By
forcing these, there should be a fair chance of getting through a third
brood by November (.J. Clarke).

4. — The females of Ih'iiKirji/ia rosicolora should be allowed to pair
more than once, as frequently one pairing is insufficient to fertilise all
the ova. The species can be inbred for a few years, but fresh blood
should be introduced, otherwise the moths gradually dwindle in size
and become less fertile.

5. — Careful searching in Wyre Forest generally gives a few small
batches of ova of Dimorjiha rosicolora, ten or a dozen being placed in
a little cluster at the end of a thin twig.

6. — To obtain the best results in hveedhvj,] h'lnnijiha rrmicolora, cut oft'
the twigs on Avhich the ova are laid and tic such twigs to the living
birch ; some 18 to 24 ova will be sufficient to place in a yard muslin sleeve
(Clarke).

7. — The larva' of rUisi/rhira faanlnia can be sleeved on sjiUow in
April and May, and will spin up, requiring no attention except that of
moving the sleeve when a branch has been cleared. They commence
pupating in the middle of May.

8. — Pairings of Petasla nubcciilosa are not difficult to obtain if the
moths be placed in a large box, and out in the open air or near an
open window. The moths do not copulate till the fourth or fifth night
after emergence ; the eggs are scattered over the gauze covering of the
box in which the moths are kept (Maddison).

9. — A female Daaiicampa rithit/ima captured April 4th by beating
sallows, placed in a large cardboard box and fed with thin syrup, laid,
between April 18th and ]\Iay 8th, 123 eggs, rarely more than from four

* Pkai'ticu. Hints fok the Field Lei'Ukipti-i.inj . recently published, contains
1250 similar hints to these, distributed over e\er\ mouth in the year. Interleaved
(for collector's own notes). — Eu.

PRACTICAL HINTS.

105

to sixteen a night. The first larva emerged April 27th the last May
19th, the egg stage lasting about ten days ; the young larva? fed well
on apple (refused dandelion when young'but ate it after second moult) ;
they were full-fed in July, and remained some time in the cocoon
without pupating, 71 imagines emerging between October 21st and
November 9th, from noon to 4 p.m.

10. — Imagines of Pachnohia rubricosa are sometimes plentiful at
blackthorn bloom in Portland (Partridge).

11.— The larva of Mdlinia iiilva{/o leaves the egg in April, feeds at
first in the seeds of wych elm, ithen on the leaves, from which it can
be beaten in May and June, and when full-fed its similarity to the
larva of the much commoner Mellinia cimilaris makes it difficult to
distinguish from the latter.

12. — The larva of Melliuia rircrllan'!^ hatches in April and May, and
feeds on the seeds of wych elm, from which it is to be beaten in
company with the larvie of the much more local and highly-prized M.
(lilva<jo in May and June.

13. — The larvie of Xactiia castcoira, common on heath, are to be
obtained most freely by sweeping at dusk, yet many are to be obtained
in the morning and late afternoon. During the middle of the day
they appear to kll to the roots of the heather. They feed voraciously
on hawthorn in captivity.

14. — The middle of April is the best time to work for imagines of
AlcKcia pictaria, which may often be secured, although the blackthorn
bushes may not yet be in blossom ; they are best obtained by searching
the low hedges about an hour after dusk with a lantern, although they
may be captured in fewer numbers by dusking.

15. — In the first week of April larva-beating will give Cleora
lichenaria (oak, &c.), Mctroeampa viari/aritaria (elm, birch, oak, &c.),
T/iera rariata (pine, Scotch fir), Kllopia prompiaria (Scotch fir),
Gcowetra papilinnan'a (birch and alder), still in their brown coats, &c.
16. — Early imagines of Kujiithccia rin/ainrata sleeved in April and
May on hawthorn, lay eggs freely, the larv* feeding up, pupating and
producing a second brood of imagines in August (Vivian).

17. — In April, on sea-yvonuwood, csbsesoi Coleophor a inaritiwdlasiYe
abundant ; they are studded with small particles of grit like those of
(\ loripennella.

18. — The long slender larval cases of Taleporia tubulosa are
to be found on tree-trunks, fences, &c., in April, but the larva3 never
come up from their ground winter-quarters until they are quite full-
fed, and the cases are usually much more abundant the middle of May,
when they may be collected for breeding purposes. The ? s come
outside the case for copulation.

19. — The larvae of Mccfiia n'c/ianl.wiii live in a small case of the
colour of the very fine powdery microscopic lichen on which they feed,
the cases are to be found by turning over stones covered with this
lichen in Portland, and are usually found on the sides or under the
stones ; the favourite haunt is among the loose piles which are so
abundant in Portland. May be collected in April and May, the imago
in July.

20. — Heathy ground, chiefly in northern localities, gives imagines
of Awphisa pwdroviana which fly freely in the sunshine in April.

21. — In the early part of April the larva) of lAta imtabilclla mine

106 THE entomologist's RECORD.

the leaves of Atriplex, completely eating out the fleshy inside in patches,
making the leaf appear whitish-green, also spinning up the leaves
against the stalk to a slight extent.

drURRENT NOTES.

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London, on March
5th, 1902, Mr. L. B. Prout exhibited on behalf of Mr. J. P. Mutch, of
Hornsey Road, London, N. (a) Vanesm {Kiuionia) pijli/c/doros, L., a
$ bred by Mr. H, Baker from pupa from Stowmarket, Suffolk, the
ground-colour much darkened and the black markings somewhat
enlarged, etc., suggesting perhaps the influence of cold at time of pupa-
tion (compare IV. /v«<. Soc. Lnn(l.,lHdi, p. 431, etc.). (b) Chri/sophanits
phlaeas, L., an aberration (captured in the Isle of ^^'ight, August,
1901) much suffused with the dark colour, especially at outer margin
and on hindwings, only a very small patch of the red colour remaining
at the inner angle of the latter, (r) Aurotispnta, Hb., a perfectly-halved
gynandromorphous example, the right side 3 , the left side $ , taken
in August, 1901, in the Isle of Wight, (d) Xoctiia sabrinci, Gn., an
aberrant specimen with white antennae and a somewhat hoary appearance
on the forewings, taken in East Aberdeenshire, August, 1900.

At the same meeting Mr. A. Bacot exhibited a series of Malarosoma
castrejisis and a series of M. neustria, for comparison with a hybrid
brood, resulting from a pairing between a male M. nini.stria and a female
M. castrensis = M. hybr. scJiaufiissi. Only a portion of the batch of from
200 to 300 ova that the female laid hatched. Of the ova that did not
hatch, some were found to contain fully-developed, but dead, larvHs, while
in other instances the eggs were quite empty. Continuing, Mr. Bacot
said : — ' ' The young larvae were healthy and did not differ perceptibly from
a brood of yonng M.caxtiensis, except in regard to their rapidity of growth.
Either just before or just after their second moult the brood divided
into two portions, one of which grew rapidly and the other very
slowly, so that it became necessary to separate them for convenience
of feeding. The ' forwards ' were very healthy — I do not remember a
single death — and they fed up at an unprecedented rate, producing the
female specimens exhibited. The ' laggards ' fed slowly, were unhealthy
and weakly, the total number of emergences being seven out of some
thirty that spun up ; these are all males, and, judging by the size of the
larvfp, the remainder of the 'laggards ' that did not emerge were of this
sex. The last of the females that emerged was three weeks ahead of
the first male, and, most unfortunately, before any males of either of the
parent species, so that the fertility of the hybird females could not be
tested. Their bodies apparently contain few, if any, ova. I have
every reason to believe, however, that I obtained pairings between the
males of the hybrid and females of M. castirnsis, m addition to fresh
pairings between males of M. neitstria and females of M. rastroixis,
and, therefore, have hopes of continuing the experiment neNt summer."

At the same meeting Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited cocoons of a
Cochlidid moth from La Plata, with empty pupa-cases of a dipterous
parasite of the genus Si/strojias, obtained from Herr Heyne, who
unfortunately had no imagines either of the moth or fly. Dr. Chapman
observed that " Herr Hej^ne was under the impression that the pupa-
cases were those of the Cochlidid moth. I mention this, not as a

CURRENT NOTES. 107

reflection on Herr Heyne, who would no doubt have recognised what
they were, had he really examined them, but as showing what a close
resemblance there is between the two pupa-cases ; I have placed with
them some genuine Cochlidid cases, with their cocoons, to illustrate this.
The resemblance is, however, not merely of appearance, but functional
also. The moth-pupa, i.e., the moth itself inside the pupa-case,
almost certainly by inflating itself with air, to secure greater
size and a stifitened epiderm as a basis of muscular action, exerts an
end-to-end pressure within the cocoon, and so forces off a lid. This lid
is not prepared by the larva, in any special sense ; the cocoon is brittle,
and the form of the cocoon makes this lid the easiest line of fracture
under the forces exerted. This is seen to be the case by the fracture
being somewhat irregular and different in each cocoon, and may be
proved experimentally, as I will immediately mention. The fracture
is also determined at the precise line in which it occurs, and the forces
acting upon the cocoon are intensified at one point, so as more easily
to start the fracture, by the sharp beak (or ' cocoon-opener ') with
which the pupa is armed. This beak acts, not by cutting, but by
bringing the strain on the cocoon to a more definite focus at one point.
The experiments I refer to are simply this : if a sound cocoon be taken,
and with say the point of a penknife, an attempt be made to remove
such a lid, a fracture starts at the spot where the penknife is applied,
and a lid at once breaks off. This lid is very similar to the one the
moth makes, but is less symmetrical, and may be considerably larger
or smaller than it is, and always starts at the point whei'e a pressure
is applied by the sharp implement. It is, therefore, similar to the lid
the moth makes, but not the same lid, and shows that such a lid occurs
wherever the forces applied determine, and not along a specially-
prepared line. The experiment is, indeed, even more conclusive than
this. It is not always easy to say of a sound cocoon, which end is
which, and if the wrong end be attacked, a lid is removed just as
correctly as at the right one. It is here that the beak or ' cocoon-opener '
is useful as determining that the fracture shall be at the right end,
making the lid split oft' here, under much less pressure than would be
efficient without it, and leavins: no chance for fracture to occur at the
wrong end where pressure is equally distributed. The Sy.ttroptis breaks
off a similar lid, no doubt by similar end-to-end pressure to that
exerted by the moth, Diptera having the habit of inflating themselves
with air, at emergence from the pupa, highly developed. This pupa
also has a beak very like that of the Cochlidid, but even stronger and
sharper. I have put in the box a Bombyliid pupa-case from West
Africa which is very like some British forms. The head armature is
not a ' cocoon-opener ' but an excavating or navvying machine, for use
in burrowing a way out of loose soil, such as solitary bees' nests are
found in. Prof. Westwood gave a monograph of the genus Si/stropus
in our Transarticms for 1876, and described and figured the pupa of an
African species of practically the same habits as this South American
one. Mr. J. E. Collin, m further illustration of Dr. Chapman's
remarks, exhibited specimens of : (a) Systrapus, sp. ? from Buenos
Ayres, parasitic on a Bombycid Lepidopteron (Cochlidid?). This he
said was possibly the same as Dr. Chapman would have reared from
his cocoons. The species was apparently undescribed, but most allied
to 5. brasilienm, Meg. As Prof. Westwood noticed in 1876, the

108 THK entomologist's record.

insect is a very slender one to inhabit such a stout pupa-case. (6)
Si/stropufi, sp. '? A large handsome undescribed species from Bigot's
collection.

At the same meeting Prof. Poulton introduced a paper by Mr. Guy
A. K. Marshall, entitled " Five years' (1897-1901) observations and
experiments on the bionomics of South African Insects, dealing
especially with warning colours and mimicry, with appendices
containing description of many species by Col. C. T. Bingham and
W. L. Distant." The paper was illustrated by many photographs
projected on the screen, showing groups of South African insects of
many orders, collected by Mr. Marshall, each with a common type of
warning coloration. Some of these groups included mimetic species
of great interest. An important section of the paper contained the
description of a large series of careful experiments conducted upon the
chief vertebrate and invertebrate insect enemies of South Africa. The
number of new facts is so large, the experiments so numerous and
complete, and the range of observation extended over so many orders,
in addition to the much-studied lepidoptera, that this memoir places
South Africa in the front rank as the country from which the chief
evidence of any part of existing theories of mimicry, warning colours,
etc., has been supplied.

On March iSth, Mr. J. C. Stevens sold part of the collection of
the late Mr. Philip Crowley. There was a number of foreign types
mixed with the British insects, and these evidently depreciated much the
value of the actual British rarities in the collection, whilst few additions
had been made to the British collection during the last 20 or 30 years.
The best prices were as follows : Kncldui- cardauiincti, gynandromorph,
right side ^, left side ?, £4; Chnjsophanus dupar J, £5 10s.,
S £2 10s., c? £5 10s., J £2 10s., 2 £Q, $ £3 5s., ? £7, ? £5 16s.,
y £5 6s. ; Laelia coenof<a per pair, £1 and 12s. ; (Ueora viduaria, 3" s,
for two, 12s., 16s., 10s.; ('idaria reticidata, for four, £1., 16s., 10s.;
Aijrutis sitbriisea per pair, 3' and $ , £1 12s. 6d., and 10s. There were
some remarkable prices, 5s. for 5 (iaatrnpacha ilirifolia, 10 Dinwrplia
cersiculora, etc.; 6s. for 13 Se)ita idrae, 5 Nonayrla Ajntryanii, and 11
Meliana jiamwea. In one lot there were no fewer than 15 %«/« iiiuscii-
losa, which went with 13 Lencania hreriliiiea, etc., for lis. It is
to be hoped that these tniiscidusa will not get into any collection as
British.

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at 6.30 p.m., on
March 18th, at " Wellfield," Lewisham, when Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S.,
was the host. Tea was served by Mrs. Adkin, supper being timed for
8.30 p.m. Among the guests were Messrs. B. W. Adkin, C. G. Barrett,
Borrer, H. Rowland-Brown, J. Collin, W. Distant, T. W. Hall,
J. Jilger, A. H. Jones, R. McLachlan, G. T. Porritt, R. South,
J. W. Tutt, and G. H. Verrall. A thoroughly enjoyable evening was
spent, the last train to town finally bringing the meeting to a close.

Dipterists owe to Mr. Verrall as much as, or rather more than, did
the lepidopterists of a half-century ago to Mr. Stainton. Whatever
position the study of diptera has in this country is due almost entirely
to Mr. Verrall's labours. Another edition of this author's Lint af
Brithh DipUra has just been published, and will be gladly welcomed
by all dipterists. We trust that an increased number of students may
soon make yet another edition necessary.

NOTES ON COLLKCTINU. ' 109

Barrett notes {Kiit. Mo. Ma//.) a Coleophovid species bred by Mr.
"W. C. Boyd from larvne found on leaves of blackthorn, on which they
■were making very white blotches in October, 1900, at Danbury,
Essex; only one imago was bred in the spring of 1901, and this
]^)arrett identifies with the birch-feeding Colcopliora nrilripennis, Zell.
More material is evidently highly desirable.

Thouless adds {Ent. Mo. Mai/.) a Coreid bug, Pseudopldaem waltlii,
H.-S., a near ally of /'. fallcnii, to the British list ; the specimen was
taken on August 5th, 1901, at West Walton, Norfolk.

In the Kut. Mo. Ma</. for March, Mr. E. A. Newbery records a
specimen of Tachys parvnlus Avhich was taken by Mr. H. Heasler, in
t<phagnnm, in the New Forest, last June. This is a very remarkable
capture ; the species was only known in this country by one specimen,
taken by Mr. J. H. Smedley, in 18S4, at roots of Parnassia palustris,
from Wallasey sandhills, till 1897, when Mr. Champion took the
insect sparingly at Gerran's Bay, Cornwall.

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of London held on
the 19th of March, 1902, ^Ir. G. T'. Porritt exhibited two bred black
Larentia )iiultis:triijaria from Huddersfield, and said that the dark form
was rapidly increasing in Yorkshire. Of those already emerged and
reared from the same brood, three were normal and two dark.

W^e greatly regret to announce the death of Colonel F. Le Grice,
which occurred, after a short illness, at Folkestone, on March 1st.
He was an occasional contributor to the magazine. His collection of
British butterflies has been left to the Folkestone Museum.

:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Lepidoptekolouical notes from the Southend district for 1901.
— -Some of the following insects had not been noticed by me in this
district before last season, others have of course been already recorded,
but the data maybe of service: — Lachneis lanestris, emerged April 5th,
having been three, probably more, years in pupa; Euijonia polychloroa,
April 7th, two on the wing at Eastwood ; Flriocrania seiiiipurpurella,
April 24th, not uncommon at Eastwood ; }\epticida pulverosella, April
27th, two specimens only at Eastwood ; Sesia ctiliciformis, April 28tb,
two pupje and a fully-fed larva under birch bark, at Eastwood, first
emergence May 31st; (hvi.r betnlac, April 28th, on a birch leaf
at Eastwood ; ( 'oleophora lineolea, May 2nd, a few cases brought in
Tvith various low-growing plants, Lamiiun, Uallota, &c.; Gelechia erice-
tdla, ]\Iay 11th, ratlier common at Eastwood ; LWiocolletis viniiniella,
May 14th, a single example in one of my pots ; Fhi/eis betnlac, May
19th, a few larva! at Eastwood ; Chesias rufata, May 29th, flying over
broom at Eastwood ; SmerintJius ocellata, Pterostoma palpina, Hadena
t/enistac, emerged June 6th ; Eupoccilia nana, June 8th, at Eastwood ;
Chesias sjxtrtiata, .Tune 8th., laryse abundant at Eastwood ; Spilosoma
urticae, June 9th, a pair near Great Wakering, from which I got ova,
the larva from -which, sleeved on elder, did fairly well, probably would
have done better with a more varied diet ; Biiccidatrix crataeyi, June
10th, netted near Prittlewell ; Taleporia tubulosa, emerged June 14th ;
Enicoatoiiia lobelia, June 15th, netted at Prittlewell ; H. yenistae, June
15th, at sugared broom ; Laverna atrella, June 27th, netted at East-
wood ; Cnlropliora liniosipennella, June 30th, cases on elm at North

110 THE entomologist's BECORD.

Shoebury; Parami lappella, July 1st, a few bred fram burdock; Telria
fiujitii-ella, July 8rd, beaten from elm near Hadleigh ; Coleophora
iiiaeniacdla, An/i/rolepia badiana, emerged July 7th; Mamestra abjecta,
July 8th, common on sugared blackthorn between Wakering Stairs
and Havengore ; Aciptilia baliodaetyla, July 15th, one specimen at
North Shoebury; Deprcssaria arenella, D. jlarella, July 22nd, both bred
from knapweed; D. scoparidla, July 30th, bred from broom; Ptnchenasa
inopella, August 7th, numbers of larva^ in heads of fleabane ; tenanted
flowers easily found as larva severs bases of florets causing them to
wither; Acjlo-^sa piwniinalis^, August 11th; Cnleophova tnxilodijtella,
August 16th, a few cases on fleabane ; (Joleophora ririjauyeae, Septem-
ber 1st, Solidago gathered at Eastwood, from which crept up a crowd
of larvfe, the cases of which are not easily detected among the flowers and
seeds ; Ciiciillia astcris, September 3rd, a late emergence ; I bred my
series between August 19th-28th ; Xonanria fi/p/iae, larvje in July,
September 15th, empty pupa-cases at North Shoebury; Pterostoina
}ialpina, September 18th, a larva of this species on sugared sallow at
Prittlewell. — F. G. WrnxxLE, 3, Marine Avenue, Southend. March
2Ut, 1902.

Spring Lepidoptera at Market Drayton. — Hijbt'ntia Icncujihaiaria
has been extraordinarily numerous this year. During the first week in
March in one Avood near here, there were sometimes six or eight moths
on a single tree-trunk, and nearly every tree had one on it. They were
in every form — dark brown, light brown, black, and black and white
banded. Pkiiialia pedaria was very scarce, and Xi/ssia Impidaria not
to be seen. On the 16th, during a walk in the woods, I saw about a
dozen Aspludia Jiavicornis at rest, and one Brejdins jiarthenias, whilst
towards dusk A. flavicornis began flying freely with a few Anisoptfri/x
aescularia and Hybernia maniinaria. The season is fairly early, though
very few sallows are out yet. — F. C. Woodforde, B.A., F.E.S., Market
Drayton. March 22nd, 1902.

Spring Lepidoptera at Scarborough. — The hybernated Vanessids
are now all very active and busy mating, whilst a large number of
Melitaca anrinia larvfe from the Kerry coast are already feeding up
rapidly. In the wood Asphalia fiavico)im and the early Geometrids
are now out. — H. W. Head, Scarborough. March llth, 1902.

g^EYIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

List of Hymenoptera-Aculeata observed in Lancashire and
Cheshire with notes on the habits of the genera, by Willoughby
Gardner, F.L.S., F.E.G.S., F.E.S. [C. Tinling and Co., Printers,
53, Victoria Street, Liverpool] . — We have long had a good list of
the Lepidoptera of Lancashire and Cheshire, although it wants
bringing up to date very badly, and now Mr. Willoughby Gardner
has given us an equally good one of the Hymenoptera-Aculeata of these
counties. The general introduction is interesting, the list itself
is on the very best lines of a local list, and 166 species have been
recorded out of the known 374 British species in this group. The
short notes on habits are most interesting, and the map indicating the
localities most useful. As illustrating the style of notes, the following,
on Collctes cunicidaria, will serve (pp. 29-30) : — " This is one of the
specially interesting bees of our district, the species being peculiar to

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. Ill

ifc as far as the British Islands are concerned. The first known capture
was on the Wallasey sandhills on May 4th, 1855, by the Rev. H. H.
Higgins, who, however, only noted it in his private diary. In 1867
several specimens of the bee were taken at the same place by Mr. N.
Cooke, brother to Mr. Benjamin Cooke ; the fact of the discovery of
this addition to our British fauna by Mr. Cooke was announced by Mr.
F. Smith in the Ent. Mo. Mar/., 1869, p. 276, but, owing to the
specimens having been inadvertently transferred to a box containing
some Isle of Wight captures, the locality was recorded as Ventnor. In
1870, Mr. Cooke found further examples of the bees at their burrows
at Wallasey (Ent. Ann., 1870). From that time to the present the
insect has been taken freely in the same locality, where it is, in fact,
abundant, making its burrows gregariously in various parts of the
sandhills. It has also since been discovered to have a much more
extended range in our two counties than was at first supposed. On
the opposite side of the Mersey it occurs freely along the Lancashire
coast, e.rf., near the Waterloo coursing grounds, among the sandhills
at Crosby, and at Southport, while it has been taken as far north
as Blackpool, by Mr. C. E. Stott. South of its "metropolis" at
Wallasey, its range extends along the sandhills in Cheshire as far as
Hoylake, where there is a large colony, and West Kirby, while inland
a specimen has been taken near Rock Perry, and another fifteen
miles away from the coast, near Chester. Whether the two
last-named captures represent distant wanderers from their seaside
homes or belong to as yet undiscovered colonies located at these inland
stations, has not yet been determined. On the continent, however,
the insect has a Avide range inland as well as along the coast line. C.
cunicularia is a large, handsome species, the female about the size of,
and much resembling, a honey-bee when on the wing ; even when
hovering over the sallow-bloom which it loves, however, it may easily
be distinguished from the latter species by its thinner legs ; in the
honey-bee the broad flat hind-legs hang conspicuously below the abdo-
men in flight, identifying it at once ; if our Colletcft be captured and
examined, moreover, it will be found to have a broad, short, double-
lobed, flat tongue, like that of a wasp, instead of the long pointed
tongue of the honey-bee ; ('. cunicvlaria is, in fact, the only British
bee of large size which has a tongue of this description. Sphecodes
pilifrons has been observed frequenting its burrows, and is possibly
inquiline upon it."

.SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

The Specific value of Malacosoma luteus, Obth. — Kirby (Cat.,
p. 832) makes this a Lachncis, and Staudinger (Cat., 3rd ed., p.
119) makes it a var. of Malacosoma franconica. In Brit. Lep., ii., p.
498, we have followed Kirby, but in iii., p. 226, we have followed Staudin-
ger. A recent letter from M. Oberthiir, makes it clear that both are
wrong. He writes {in litt.): " Lutetis is a distinct species, intermediate
between M. castrensis and M. franconica ; it is nearer the former than the
latter. The 5 Z»«ci/s looks like var. taraxacoides hnt is A&vkev (liitea nee
ritrina) ; the <? M. luteus differs from M. caatrensis ^ and M. franconica
c? , I believe it to be a distinct species and not a variety." I only
regret that I had not this note before completing my list in Brit.
Lep., vol. iii., p. 226.— J. W. Tutt. February 28t/i, 1902.

112

THE EM'OilOLOGISi S RECOKU.

Gynandromokphous specimen of Porthetria dispar. — An example
of this species, bred on July 24th, 1901, with normal males and females,
from larvs3 received from Captain Blaydes- Thompson (Barrett's
strain)." The colom-, shape and markings are those of a $ but slightly
smaller than others of same brood. Hindwings slightly crippled —
right antenna 5 , left antenna similar shape, but much more heavily
pectinated, about half as heavily as <? . — E. F. Studd, M.A., F.E.S.,
Oxton, Exeter. March it/i, 1902.

Male Tephrosia isistortata pairing with female T. bistortata
AND T. cREPUscTJLAiiiA. — A 3" Specimen of 2'ephrosia bistortata paired
on February Gth, 1.S98, with ? of same species, and on February 8th
it copulated with y of var. ilehuiierensis, of Tephrosia crepuscidaria
{hiundularia), and again on February 10th with the same ? delariie-
rensis. ]'>oth femal(>s [bistortata and ddamerensis) laid eggs, which
were fertile. The parent specimens were reared from eggs and the
pup* forced. — Ibu).

Distribution oe Hejl\ris fuciformis and H. tityus (bombyli-
FORMis). — Possibly the continuous change in the synonymy of these
species has had something to do with the doubt attaching to some of
the recorded localities for these insects. First as to H. fudfornris (the
honeysuckle species), Meyrick says, "Britain to Sutherland, rather
common." This in my experience is nonsense, possibly Mr. Meyrick will
answer that this opinion is simplyduetoinyignorance, which is probably
the correct explanation of my present position. The only Scotch records
I can unearth, however, are the following: Dumfries (Lennon)^
Renfrew, very rare [Paisley Xat. Hist. Soc. Record Bool;), Roxburgh,
llawick dist., rare — Goldielands (Guthrie^, and I suspect not one of
these records refers to o\w fuciformis. There are two records from Cum-
berland— Orton, Salkeld, common (Wilkinson) ; and one from Cheshire
— Bidston, scarce (Brockholes). Do these refer to fuciformis .'' Other-
wise Yorks, Lincoln, Northampton, Notts, Leicester and Warwick form
the northern boundaries of this species in the British Islands, which
appears also to be unrecorded from Ireland. Second, as to H. tityus
(the scabious species), Meyrick says, " Britain to the Clyde, Aberdeen,.
Ireland, rather common." We have records, not only from Aberdeen,
but from Argyle, Nairn, Perth, Stirling, as well as Wigton, Roxburgh
and Renfrew. Strangely, only three Welsh counties, Glamorgan,
Merioneth and Montgomery, give us records, yet one suspects that it
is widely distributed there. There are now so many excellent lei^i-
dopterists in Scotland that one ought to have little difficulty in getting
the necessary evidence as to the occurrence of //. fuciformis in the
recorded localities, Avhilst the north of England lepidopterists should
be able at once to say whether Cheshire and Cumberland do
really produce, or have produced, H. fuciformis. I should be most
grateful for the slightest scraps of information relating to the occur-
rence of these species in any part of Britain. — J. W. Tutt.

Erratum. — Page GG, line 15, for " numerous " read " enormous.

* We are in doubt as to what "Barrett's strain" of Porthetria dispar means.
We can only say we are among those who do not believe in any British strain of
this species. We questioned the matter more than a dozen years ago, when it
was clear from the evidence that nothing of the kind was then in existence in
Britain. — Ed.

LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA PECULIAR TO THE BRITISH ISLANDS. 113

List of Species, Varieties, and Aberrations of Lepidoptera so far
only recorded from the Britisii Islands.

By J. W. TUTT. F.E.S.

A request fi'om Dr. A. K. Wallace, for a list of the various forms
of the lepidoptera peculiar to our islands, for the new edition of hland Life,
was not to be refused lightly, in spite of my being already overwhelmed
with work. The sight of a " revised" copy of that in the preceding
edition, made it appear desirable to get out an entirely new one, and a
considerable search through the current literature resulted in a some-
what extensive compilation, so extensive that the exigencies of space in
Island Life made it necessary to select only the most striking forms, to
drop the notes which, to the lepidopterist, would make such a list
interesting, and to simply print a partial and denuded section of it, in the
work in question. The fact that one is continuously being questioned as
to these forms by the latest additions to our ranks, and also the neces-
sity of having such a list for the criticism of continental lepidopterists
(many of the forms now only recorded from Britain having possibly a
wide continental distribution) led me to suggest the publication of the
list in the Knt. lU'curd, a course of action that has met entirely with
Dr. Wallace's approval. There are almost certain to be many sins of
commission and omission in such a list, and we should be glad to have
notice of any errors that may be detected.

PAPILIONIDES.— Thymelicus lineola ab. pallida, Tutt. — A
pale straw-coloured aberration, found Qccasionally in both sexes. Flies
with the type.

Chrysophanus dispar, Haw. — This beautiful insect, formerly locally
abundant in the fens of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, but
now extinct, probably owing to extensive drainage, although its food-
plant still grows in its old haunts, is peculiar to l)ritain as a local
form. It is a large, brightly marked race of a widely distributed species
known as C. var. rntilm on the continent of Europe, and ( '. var.
anratm in Amurland. The specimens from Bordeaux and the Pontine
Marshes are said to closely approach the British form, and Bethune-
Baker has asserted that he has undoubted British <J. dispar in-
distinguishable from the continental var. rntilus. On the whole,
however, the British race is abundantly distinct and characteristic.

POLYOMMATUS BELLARGUS AB. PALLIDA,' TuTT. A pale blue fomi of

the male, lavender-tinted, and much more nearly resembling /'. icanis
than typical /^. hdlariinn. Only recorded at present from Kent, where
it flies with the type. P. ab. nigra, Ckll. (suffusa, Tutt). — A dark
leaden-blue form of the male, only recorded from Kent, where it has
been captured with the type.

P. ICARUS ab. CLARA, TuTT. — A large bright blue form of the male,
approaching that sex of P. hellari/iis. The fringes distinctly marked
with black dashes (often extending half-way through them). The
female also larger and usually well-marked with blue scales. On the
underside the spotting is frequently restricted. The normal form in
western Ireland and in some parts of Scotland, much rarer in England,
where it occurs only as an occasional aberration.

P. astrarcheab.salmacis,Stphs.--A form intermediate between typical
south English P. astrarehe and its var. artaxerxes. It has the central
spot of the forewings on the upperside ringed more or less distinctly

]May 15th, 1902.'

114 THK KNTOMOT.OGTSt's REOORn.

with white ; the spots on the underside suiall, with white edging. Occurs
inDurham with fairly typical specimens. P. var. artaxerxes*, Fah. —
A local race almost entirely confined to ScotUxnd, the only English
county from wliich it is recorded being Durham, where it occurs as a
rare aberration with saliiiari.'<. It is blacker in ground colour, has a
distinct white central spot on tbe upper side of the forewings, and the
spots on the underside are white. It nuiy be noted that the alpine
foi'm has the same intensely black ground colour, but never appears
to develop the white spots on the up[)ei-side characteristic of this
variety, nor ai-e the spots on the undei-side modified as in this.j
P. AB. QUAijRiPUNCTA, TuTT. — An extreme form of var. arta.irr.res in
which there is a white spot in the centre of the hindwings, as well as
in the centre of the forewings. It is very rare, and has only been
recorded singly from a few Scottish localities.

MeLIT.EA AtJRINIA VAR. PR.ECLARA, KaNK (? VAR. HIBERNICA, pHi-

chael). — Characterised by a straw-coloured transverse band and very
vivid fulvous blotches ; the ground colour darker than in the type.
Chiefly confined to Ireland. M. var. scotica, Tutt. — The ground
colour very dark ; the fulvous and straw-coloured areas much con-
stricted ; the fulvous colour giving place somewhat to ochreous, and
the straw-colour darker than in var. pnu'dara. Confined to Scotland.
M. AB. brunnea, Tutt. — An extreme tawny form (no fulvous-red or
straw-colour) ; the general tint resembling that of M. ciu.ria ; occurs
very rarely with the type.

Epinepheee tithonus AB. ALBiDus, Ckll. — A white form. E. ab.
PALLESCENS, Ckll. — Pale buff ground colour.

Melampias EPiPHRON AB. 5INEMON, Haw. — The band of the forewings
broken up into four saftron rings ; on the hindwings only two rings.
[Given by Staudinger as being confined to Britain. One suspects,
however, that it will be found to be widely distributed on the
continent.]

ARCTIIDES. — Lithosia complana vau. sericea, Greoson. — A dark
form occurring sparingly and very locally on certain mosses in Lanca-
shire. Intermediate forms with an increased amount of dark lead-
colour are occasionally taken in other localities with the typical form.
[Considered by some lepidopterists to be a distinct species.]

Callioenia iMiMATA AB. LUTESCENs, Ckee. — Yellow instead of rosy
pink.

Arctia CAiA AB. LUTESCENS. Ckll. — With yellow instead of red
hindwings. [Almost sure to have been recorded on the Continent,]

NOLIDES. — NoLA cucullatella var, fuliginalis, Stephs. — This
is a melanic form, the ground colour of the wings being quite sooty-
black, restricted almost entirely to the London district, where the
moth is common resting on fences. Evidently the colour is a response
to environment, and the form is becoming commoner as the London
suburbs become more smoky.

Nola strigula ab. monachalis, Haw. — Melanic or suffused form.
NOCTUIDES. — Craniophora lkjustri ab. nigra, Tutt. — The whole
of the anterior wings uniformly black ; all the normal pale markings
absent. Very rare, Doncaster.

Apatela aceris var. intermedia, Tutt. — This is the ordinary

* Since this has been in type we have observed (in one of the earlier vols, of
the Entom., we believe) a record of this form as or-currine' in the Crimea.

LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA PECULIAK TO THE BRITISH ISLANDS. 115

British form. Of a more ochrcous tint than the whiter continental
type. A. AB. INFUSCATA, Haw. — A rare melanic form of A. aceris, the
win<?s being strongly suti'used with fuscous.

AcRONicTA LEPORiNA AB. sEMiviRGA, TuTT. — A rare aberration with
the space between the undulated transverse line and hind margin
suffused with black scales.

CuspiDiA MEGACEPHALA AB. ocHREA, TuTT. — The ground colour of
the anterior wings strongly suffused with oehreous. C. ab. nigra,
Shaw. — Forewings totally black.

JocHE.ERA alni AB. OBSOLETA, TuTT. — The orbicular stigma entirely
obliterated.

Trlena tridens AB. viRGA, TuTT.^With a suffused band parallel
to the hind margin. T. ab. rosea, Tutt. — The wings suffused with
a delicate rosy tinge. T. ab. bidens, Tutt. — With the basal mark
not produced beyond transverse line. T. ab. quinquedentata, Tutt. —
The basal mark with two bifurcations. T. ab. juncta, Tutt. — With
united stigmata.

T. psi ab. virga, Tutt. — With the areas directly outside the
angulated line darker, forming a transverse band. T. ab. (et var.)
suFFusA, Tutt. — The whole of the ground colour suffused, the posterior
wings also dark. Has now become the predominant race in the London
district. Darkening due to protective needs. T. var. bidens. Chap-
man.— The basal dagger having only two wings, and the outer line
passing straight to costa instead of sloping towards base — in both
respects resembling P. vum/aiithidis. T. ab. rosea, Tutt. — The whole
of the anterior wings suffused with rose-colour. T. ab. juncta, Tutt. —
With united stigmata. T. ab. bivirg*, Tutt. — With two partially
developed transverse bands.

Arctomyscis euphorble var. myric.e, Gn. — The British form is
suffused, much darker than the lowland type of the continent, but very
close to the mountain form var. montiraija. The type does not occur
in Britain.

Pharetra menyanthidis ab. OBSOLETA, TuTT. — With faint and indis-
tinct markings. P. var. scotica, Tutt. — Larger, brighter, and more
distinctly marked than the type. P. ab. suffusa, Tutt. — A suffused
and melanic form ; some of the Yorkshire specimens are nearly black.

Pharetra auricoma ab. similis, Haw. — More ashy than the type. P.
AB. menyanthidis, Haw. — The ,^-like mark largely developed.

Pharetra rumicis ab. salicis, Curt. — A melanic form, with most
of the white markings absent." P. ab. euphrase.t:, St. — Paler than the
type.

Arsilonche albovenosa ab. ochracea, Tutt. — The ground colour
reddish-ochreous, the wingrays pale oehreous.

Leucania conigera ab. intermedia, Tutt. — Redder than the type.
L. AB. SUFFUSA, TuTT. — The grouud colour dusky ferruginous-red, not
bright yellow-orange like the type. L. ah. flavipuncta, Tutt. —
The characteristic white spot on the forewings oehreous.

L. lithargyria ab. pallida, Tutt. — Wainscot with a pinkish
tinge. L. ab. fulvescens, Tutt. — Deep ochreous-fulvous, almost ochre-
ous-brown. L. ab. extralinea, Tutt. — An additional transverse line
between the reniform and the dots parallel to hind margin. L. ab.

* Since recorded by Schultz from Germany, see Ent. Rec, xiv., p. 84.

116 THK KNT()MOT,()(;rST's RKCORI).

MARGiNATA, TuTT. — Hindwiugs silverj-grey in colour, bordered on the
outer margin by a broad dark band. Warrington.

L. Ti'KCA Ai;. LUTEscENs, TuTT. — llrighter and more yellow isli than
the type. L. ah. lividus, Tutt. — (Ireyish in colour. L. ak. obsclika,
TuTT. — Obscure suioky-grey tinged with dull coppery ; the central
white spot and transverse lines indistinct.

L. iMPfDKNs At!. KUKEscENs, Tiri'T. — Autei'lor wings bright rosy-
red, no ochreous.

L. HRRViLiNEA AB. siNELiNEA, Farn. — Without the characteristic
line at base. Ti. ab. suffusa, Edlstn. — Suffused with dark scales. L.
AB. NKiROFASciATA, Edlstn. — With longitudiual fascia. L. ab. bilinea,
Edlstn. — Lower spots uniting into a black dash. L. ab. pallida,
Edlstn. — Paler, especially along costa. L. ab. rufescens., Edlstn. —
(rround-colour reddish. L. ab. ochhacea, Edlstn. — Light ochreous.

L. comma ai;. st:fftsa. Tutt. — Much suffused with fuscous ; dark
longitudinal wedge-shaped marks near outer margin. Chiefly from
north of England and Scotland. L. ab. NKiROPfNCTA, Tutt. — With a
distinct black spot at end of discoidal cell. L. ar. ochracea, Tutt. —
Brownish-ochreous, tinged with reddish.

L. straminea ab. obsoleta, Tutt. — Forewings and hind wings un-
spotted. L. ab. intermedli, Tutt. — With a transverse row of black dots.
L. AB. rufolinea, Tutt. — Eeddish-ochreous with pale nervures. L. ab.
NIGR0STRL4TA, TuTT. — Grouud colour thickly suffused with black scales,
nervures white ; posterior wings much iri'orated with dark scales.

L. IMPURA AB. PUXCTINA, HaW. ]{ed grOUUd colour. L. AB. PUNCTI-

linea, Tutt. — Row of black dots parallel to hind margin of forewings.

L. FAVicoLoR, Barrett. — Closely allied to /.. pallois. Only taken
in Essex. Possibly a distinct species.

L. fallens ab. arcuata, St. — Posterior wings with a row of black
dots on the nervures. L. ab. suffusa, St. — Reddish form, forewings
suft'used with dark shades.

L. phragmitidis ab. rufescens, Tutt. — Suffused with rich red. L. ab.
pallida, Tutt. — Whitish-ochreous with a slight greenish tinge.

Tapinostola fulva ab. ochracea, Tutt. — Bright yellow-ochreous
in colour. Yorkshire to Perth. T. ab. concolor, Tutt.— ^Whitish,
resembling the true T. amcolor, Gn., in colour. Deal, Warrington.
T. AB. puNicEA, Tutt. — Pale grey tinged with pink. Yorkshire and
Lancashire to Perth. T.ab. pallida, St. — Pale ochreous. T. ab. pygmina,
Haw. — Deep red inclining to rose-colour. T. ar. neurica, St. — Deep
brownish-red with longitudinal shades.

T. coNcoLOR, On. — A very local species, quite distinct, confined to
Cambridge, Huntingdonshire, and Essex.

CcENOBiA RUFA AB. PALLESCENs, TuTT. — Whitish-grey in colour.

NoNAGRiA NEURICA AB. ROSEA, TuTT. — The anterior wings suffused
with a rich rosy colour.

Calamia lutosa AB. RUFESCENS, TuTT. — The grouud colour reddish
or reddish-ochreous ; the markings practically obsolete. C. ab. cann.e,
St. — Reddish-ochreous, with transverse row of dots.

Hydrcecia nictitans ab. pallida, Tutt. — Anterior wings pale
yellowish- or greyish-red. H. ab. rosea, Tutt. — Bright red form, the
orbicular inconspicuous. H. ab. albicosta, Tutt. — With a clear white
longitudinal mark along the costa. H. ab. obscura, Tutt. — Very dark
brown colour, with only slight trace of ferruginous.

1, 1ST OK I-KrTIM)l'TF.I!A PKCTI.IAH TO THK lUMTISH ISLANDS. 117

H. PALuws, TuTT. — A quite distinct species, but closely allied to
H. nictitam, chiefly eontined to coast districts of the south-east of
England. H. ar. intermedia, Tutt. — A darker ochreous form. H.
AB. BRUNNKA, TuTT. — Gi'ound colour deep brown. H. ab. grisea, Tutt.
— Grey with a greenish tinge.

H. MicACEA AB. LUTEA, TuTT. — Gruuiid colour yellowish-red. H. ab.
RUBiDA, TuTT. — Rich red with a purplish tinge. H. ab. brhnnea, Tutt. —
Deep brown in colour. H. ab. grisea, Tutt. — Pale shiny greyish-white.

Xylophasia MONociLYPHA (poly'odon) AB. BRUNNEA, TuTT.— Intensely
deep Ijrown forewings, almost unicolorous. X. ab. .f.thiops, Staud. —
Black.

X. suBLusTRis AB. PALLIDA, TuTT. — Ground colour whitish-
ochreous.

X. RUREA AB. ARGENTEA, TuTT. — White with the faiiitest trace of
markings. Ballachulish. X. ab. flavorufa, Tutt. — Unicolorous yellow-
ish-red. York to Raunoch. X. ab. mgrorubtda, Tutt. -Unicolorous
reddish-black. Hebrides.

Apamea basilinea ab. pallida, Tutt. — Ground colour pale ochreous
grey without reddish clouds. Sligo. A. ab. unicolor, Tutt.— Dark
reddish brown, slightly tinged with purple. A. ab. cinerascens, Tutt, —
Dull ashy-grey.

A. gemina ab. rufescenS; Tutt. — Reddish- or brownish -grey.

A. unanimis ab. secalina, Haw. — Dark umber-brown.

jMiana fasciuncula ab. suffusa, Tutt. — Greyish-black, the trans-
verse markings obsolete or faintly-indicated, closely approaching .1/.
strii/ilis ab. latnmcida. Armagh.

M. sTRiGiLis AB. LATRUNCULA, Haw. — Uuicolorous ashy-gfey. M. ab.
UNICOLOR, Tutt. — Unicolorous reddish-black. M. ab. .ethiops, Haw. —
Unicolorous black.

INI. BICOLORIA AB. ALBICANS, TuTT. UllicolorOUS whitC. M. AB. HUME-
KALIS, Haw. — Unicolorous greyish -fuscous. M. ab. terminalis. Haw. —
Unicolorous reddish-brown. M. ab. (et var.) rufuncula, Haw. — Uni-
colorous red, with the faintest traces of three pale transverse strigft-
Norfolk, Howth.

Phothedes captiuncula AB. (et. vah.) expolita, Dbldy. — I nicolorous
grey.

Cel.ena haworthii var. hibernica, St. — A local form, chiefly found
in Ireland. C. ab. lancea, St.— A small form, apparently more usually
found in marshy localities. Ballycastle, Norfolk Broads, Whittlesea
Mere, &c. C. ab. tripuncta, Curt. — Both stigmata and a patch joining
them, distinct and pale.

JMaxMestra ab.iecta ab. unicolor, Tutt. — Uniform brownish-grey
with a faint ochreous tint and no markings.

M. sordida ab. ochracea, Tutt. — Pale yellow-ochreous strongly
tinged with red.

M. ALBicoLON VAR. CINERASCENS, TuTT. — I'his is the Kiiglisli fonu
which is much greyer than the continental specimens.

M. BRAssic.^ AB. UNicoLOR, TuTT. — Anterior wings almost unicolor-
ous dull blackish-grey. M. ab. albidilinea. Haw. — Black with distinct
white markings.

Crymodes difflua (maillardi) vak. AssniiLis, J)|{ldy. — Dark rich
umber-brown, almost black form, with pur[)lisli gloss. rraclically
confined to the Rannoch district.

HeLIOPHOMUS IKSIMDV \I!. \1!<!KNTK\. TuTT. WD All. I'M.I.IHA. 'I'llT. — -

118 THE entomologist's RECORD.

Pale aberrations from Portland, where they practically form a local
race. H. ab. obsoleta, Tutt. — With no markings between the reniform
and outer margin.

Aporophyla australis var. pascuea, Curt. — The ordinary British
form, ashy, more variegated and distinctly marked, than the conti-
nental specimens.

Luperina luteago var. barrettii, Dbldy. — A somewhat melanic
form, dropped by Staudinger as synonymous with ab. an/illacca,
Hb., an absurd result. L. var. ficklini, Tutt. — A greyer form restricted
to Cornwall.

Luperina testacea ab. obsoleta, Tutt. — A pale ochreous-grey
form, almost unicolorous. L. ab. cinerea, Tutt. — Ashy grey with
distinct markings. L, ab. nigrescens, Tutt. — Blackish-grey markings,
indistinct. L. ab. incerta, Tutt. — A greyish-fuscous form ; referred by
South to nickerlii, Frr.

[To he continued.)

A few weeks' entomologising in Spain {u-itli wop):'-

By T. a. chapman, M.D.. F.Z.S., F.E.S.

[Continued from p. 91).

A few of the butterflies taken may perhaps bear a few individual
notesf. Some species appeared to be smaller than one is used to seeing
them, others decidedly larger. Papilio inacliaon, very large, exceeding
3-|^ins. in expanse, in the form aurantiaca. I'arnassim apollo, which I
exhibited at a recent meeting of the Society, an extremely large form,
reaching 3^ins. in expanse, very similar to, if not identical with, the
Asiatic variety henebolus ; the ground colour dense and with a creamy
tint, the antemarginal, scattered, black scales wanting on the hind-
wings, and diminished on anterior wings, as in Swiss P. deliiis ; the
black spots much diminished in size, yet frequently with red nuclei,
the one towards a nal angle of the forewing never quite absent, however ;
altogether, except in size and antennal scaling, very like deli us, some
of the females with the red spots of hindwings of enormous size.
Aporia crataei/i, apparently common, but nearly over. Melitaea phoebe
seemed to be large, whilst Aniiinni>^ niohe var. eris, of which I only
met with two poor specimens, are decidedly smaller than Swiss
specimens. Goneptenjx dcopatra is nearly -Soin. less in expanse than
those from the Eiviera, no <? s reaching 2-5in. in expanse, whilst
most of those from Cannes and Alassio exceed it. Kpinephele bjcaon
presents a character of remarkable and splendid coloration, that 1 first
observed in these specimens, but which 1 am inclined to think is not
peculiar to them, but is a general character of the species. It is
curious that I do not meet with any reference to it in the few authori-
ties I have consulted. E. h/raon looks like a rather small, dull-coloured,
shabby E. jauira, but, if the male be held at a proper angle in bright
sunshine, the central area of each wing, all, that is, except a border, is
of a most vivid metallic green or blue, varying in colour with the
angle, equalling, if it were possible excelling, any of our Lyctenas,

* Bead before the South London Enlonioloj,'ical Society, Dec r2th, 1901.
t See also Troin:. Kiit. Snc. Lwd., 1901 . pp. xix and xxii, and Mr.
Champion's paper on C'uleoptera, 'I'ycuis. Eul. Sov. Lviid., I!t02.

A FEW* WEEKS* ENTOMOLOUISINU IN Sl'AlK. Hi)

and more resembling that of some exotic Nymphalids, especially in the
colour varying from green to blue. Something of this may be seen
by artificial light, if it be bright enough, but sunshine is necessary to
fully show it. No doubt this colour is well exhibited by the male
when he makes his advances towards the fenuile. The Satyrids vary
a good deal in their habits of flight ; S. alri/anr is generally easily taken
if it be not frightened or hurried, either on the wing or at rest ; S. aemcle,
if the day be only hot enough, is as difficult to capture as any of them,
except, perhaps, S. eirce, which rarely lets you approach it easily when
it is at rest, and on the wing allows you to think you are sure of it,
yet usually eludes the net without apparent difficulty. It is really a
most strong and capable flier. S. ihlia is best taken on the wing, it is
exceedingly wary when you attempt to stalk it at rest. N. pricuri is
precisely the contrary, it Hies straight and strong so that you cannot
overtake it, at least, on the ground it freipients, but it never flies very
far, but drops on the ground, and stays there, if you are not very rash,
till you put the net over it, apparently trusting for escape to its
resemblance to the ground about it. When covered, unless allowed
to fly up into the net, it very quickly makes its way between the stones
and plants from under the net. When it is very hot, it is perhaps a
little less easy to approach, but has the curious habit of always settling
\n the shade. The aberration nhofioni of the female, is not at all rare,
perhaps one out of four or five $ s being of this aberration ; it is very
handsome on the wing, and easily distinguished from X. sfiiicle, 5 ,
which it a good deal resembles. The male is not quite so easy to
distinguish from that of 5. briftris when flying.

The two forms of I'oh/onuiiatiis In/las are very distinct, I did not
take enough of the var. niresrcms, nor recognise them on the wing
sufficiently to say much about them, so far as I noticed, they occur
with the type, at any rate in adjacent localities, but they are probably
distinct races. The two forms of P. cori/don taken, the violet-coloured
form cori/doniits and the pale var. Iiisjiana, are very distinct, and no inter-
mediate specimens were observed. They occurred on the same ground
to some extent at Albarracin, but in reality they occupied distinct areas,
and the cases of their occurring on the same ground was of the nature of
overlapping. The var. hispana occurred on limestone, at Chienca, and on
prieuri ground at Albarracin, var. cor/yr/ojr/i/.s did not occur on limestone,
it was not seen at Cuenca, was abundant at Tragacete, frequent at Puerto
de la Losillo and Bronchales. Poliionniiatm adniptiis and /'. dawon are
two closely allied species that occurred together, but, in spite of a few
doubts founded on such facts as their constant association, and the
identity of the male appendages, I think they are quite distinct species.
It is otherwise with P. dolus, a south French form that seemed related
to P. danion in precisely the same way that )nr('s<rns is to lii/lax, and
Iihpaua to cori/diiin'iis, a paler yet larger and stronger form, with habitiit
on a limestone soil. The larger size shows that their paleness has
nothing to do with albinism, but probably with the geology of their
habitat. So far as curiidoninn and hispaiui are concerned it is diflicuU
to say why they arc not entitled to specific rank, there are no inter-
mediate forms, no crossing, yet they frequently nieet and mingle where
their areas adjoin. I am aware of no evidence to show that either
assumes the form of the other, if transferred to its environment, or
act in any way other than as a distinct species, quite as itiufti. ]H'rhnps
more, than is the case of /'. dnlnx in regard to /'. dauunt.

120 THE ENTOMOLOfilST's RECORn.

Krcbia zapateri, from emerging so late this year, gave us a less
opportunity of observing it than we might have wished. It seems
confined to a comparatively small area ; Puerto de la Losillo and
Bronchales, where we saw it, and Guadalaviar, where Ave were told it
occurred, are all within a circle of 20 miles in diameter. It is only to
be found amongst the pines, and never on a limestone soil, at Puerto
de la Losillo on sandstone, at Bronchales on some metamorphic strata.
The elevation is about 4500ft. It seemed to occur in the dense pine
forest, but more often in opener places, but never out in wide grassy
openings. It is not always associated with ArctostapJiylos iira-msi, with
the growth of which Mrs. Nicholl identifies it. Nevertheless, this
plant is characteristic of the pine forests of the Albarracin district
where K. zapateri occurs, and is quite wanting near Cuenca or Traga-
cete, where otherwise very similar ground occurs, but from which
/?. zapateri has never been reported. It does not fly far and soon
settles, and is easily caught, unless you alarm it, when it goes straight
away and it is not very hopeful to follow it, unless the ground be more
smooth and open than usual.

The districts covered l)y pine forest had usually a richer vegetation
of a less specialised character, to some extent, no doubt, owing to the
shade of the trees preserving moisture, but also, no doubt, very often
to the soil not being so arid as on the limestone. In the open lime-
stone country, thorny plants were especially common, and some of
these were very attractive to insects, especially two species of Er>/u(/iinii
and a yellow -flowered composite, not unlike chicory. I several times
observed butterfiies, to escape capture, dive into such prickly plants,
and moths did so also, whether they took any plant, or selected
spinous ones, I could not say; Theclas and blues on Eri/ntiimii especi-
ally did this, making their escape when seated on the flowers by going
through the plant instead of leaving it directly. A natural con-
sequence of this abundance of spinous vegetation was that, quite
apart from specimens being old and worn in species for which Ave
Avere too late, a A"ery large proportion of specimens, otherAvise fine,
had their wings torn and slit, obviously from these thorns.

The following is a list of butterflies taken : — Papilio podaliriiis,
c )mmon at Cuenca, elscAvhere scarce. P. maehaon, frequent on all
hilltops. Paritassiidi apolln, at all localities, most abundant at Bron-
chales and GuadalaA'iar. Ajioria crataet/i, Cuenca and elseAvhere, nearly
over. J'ieria hra.ssicae, not frequent. P. rapae, commonest at Traga-
cete. P. iiapi, not very common. /'. ilaplidiee, common, often
abundant. Lejitidia siiiapis, Tragacete. ( 'nlias Iii/ale, common every-
Avhere. ('. eilxsa, less abundant. (Toncjiterij.r r/iamni, common at all
localities. (i. elenpatra, equally common. Pi/raiiieis atalanta, not
common, noticed at TrcXgacete. P. eardui, common everyAvhere.
Vanessa i<>, noticed at Ti'agacete. Ai/lais nrtirae, frequently seen, not
abundant. l'(di/(/o)iia c-allniui, frequent, not abundant. Melitaea
pkoehe, M. ilidi/iixt, and M. at/ialia, common CA'eryAvhere. M. partlieiiie,
frequent, but I cannot definitely divide them from 3/. athalia. Ih-enthia
hecate, not seen at Cuenca, common elseAvhere. Ari/i/nnis lathonia,
frequent everywhere. A. arflaia, frequent everyAvhere, noAvhere
abundant. A. iiiobc, tAvo specimens at Puerto de la Losillo. A. adippe
var. c/dnnidij'pe, common everyAvhere, often abundant. Dryas pajdiia,
common, abundant at Tragacete. /'. jHoiddva, common, often abun-

A FEW WEKKS ENTOMOIiOGISIXd IN SPAIN.

121

dant. Mdananjia larJicau, common, often abundant, seen at all
stations. M. japmiia, common, not noticed at Cuenca. M. si/llim^,
one s]pcimen at Cuenca. Erebia zapatcri, Albarracin district. Sati/rua
rircc, scarce at Cuenca, common at Tragacete and Albarracin, S.
alcyimc, common everywhere, often abundant, even in swarms. S.
hriReis, frequent, sometimes common. S. pricitri, comiBon in limited
spots, frequent on all limestone near Albarracin. s'. sniiclc, common
everywhere, sometimes in swarms. N. statiliinis, connnon. S. jidia,
occurs everywhere on limestone, common in a few spots near Albarra-
cin, S. avtaea, locally at all stations. I'arunji' cijeria, not common.
P. iiieijacra, common at Cuenca, rarer elsewhere. Kpinephdr jiirtina
(janira), common, usually var. hUpidla. E. bjcaon, common, nearly
everywhere. E. titltontts, less abundant than ida. E. ida, abundant
everywhere, rather past. E. pasipliar, usually abundant but nearly
over. Cnenory/nip/ia arrania, captured only at Tragacete. <'. i/i/n'oides,
very local at Tragacete. ('. (/or».s, abundant, almost everywhere. C
paiitphiliis, scarce, not noted from Cuenca. Laeosnj)is rohdria, frequent
at Tragacete, scarce elsewhere, Avorn. Thcdci spini, usually abundant.
T. ilicis, less abundant than spi)ii. Xr/dn/rNs ijurrrux, one specimen at
Tragacete. d/iri/sop/ianiis alcipliron var. t/ordiiis, frequent, rather worn.
C phlacas, not very common. fAiiiipidc^ hocticua, usually counnon,
mostly worn. //. tdicaniis, not very frequent, worn. I'ldeiim arniis
(ae(jon), usually frequent. Poli/dinmatns astrairhr, common, usually
abundant, very variable in size. P. iconic, sometimes frequent. 7'.
A///rt.s, frequent ; var. nivesccns, Tragacete and Cuenca. /'. csrhrri, not
uncommon, all stations. P. mriphDi var. conplnniii^, common at
Tragacete, scarce in the Albarracin district ; var. lu'spaita, frequent at
Cuenca and Albarracin ; these two forms occurred, hixpaiut on lime-
stone, rori/doniiis on other formations, overlapping only at Albarracin
(as pn'eiiri and tapateri do). /'. adinctns, abundant at Tragacete,
common at Albarracin, not at Cuenca (not emerged '?). / '. ddiimn, every-
where, with adiiu'fii.^, but much scarcer. Lyrafna arinn, one specnnen
at Tragacete. ('i/cinin's arpinlus, frequent at Albarracin. Adopaea
linrnla, one specimen from Tragacete. A. tluiiiinas, Tragacete, common.
This and the last-named species (or the latter) were frequently counnon,
only a few were taken, and nearly all are t/niKinas, not recorded from
the district. A. «r<a('n», frequent at Cuenca. Auyiadcs coninia, common
everywhere. A. si/lranus, Tragacete and Albarracin, not previously
recorded from district. Carrharodiis althcac, common everywhere. ( '.
alceac, one from Cuenca. Hi'sprria proto, common at Cuenca, not seen
elsewhere. //. carthami, frequent, Tragacete. Jl. alrctis, common at
Albarracin and Tragacete, not at Cuenca. //. ^aa, frequent, every-
where,

Mr, ^^'ainwright has kindly given me the following names of diptera
captured during the excursion : — At Arcachon, Dasiipoiion diailnna.
Fab,, (? s ; XniKjrins ritn'pnniifi, Mg., J . At Madrid, /I'/n/iiinuntin
raticepa, Y ., $. At Cuenca, Tarliina rustica, FaU. ; \'<>l>icd/a inaiiis,
F., $; l\()i;p)iiia iiiicaiis, Loew, $; A)tt/ira.i- reltitina,Meig.; Si/stocc/nis
leiicop/daciis, Mg., 2 ; Mar/iiuiKsc/iri/sitis, Meig,, ^ ; Cj/rtns i/ihbns. Fab,;
Elf/ira, Sp. At Tragacete, I'/iijsncrphala itii/ra, Degeer, J ; P. diri/xorr-
lioca, Meig., J' ; \'<iliirdla dci/aiis, hoaw, S iind 2 ; Stratioini/n c/utiiidcon,
Degeer, 5 ; Hdlajxiyan davipcfi, LoeAV, J s. The most interesting was
a Tachinid of the I'laula group, A\ith the characters of that group

122 THE entomologist's RECORD.

greatly exaggerated, probably now. This was bred from the larvfp of
Albarracina knrbi we took, all of which were stung by it. The tly
mentioned on p. 72 is Laphria ijibbom, L.

{To be concluded.)

A Proposed New Synonymic List of British Lepidoptera.

ISv LOTIS I!. riUKT, F.E.S.
The inconvenience which has arisen from the fragmentary nature
of the work of revision of the nomenclature of the lepidoptera, and
the difficulty of access to the sources of the various corrections, must
have been felt by all serious students of the order. The appearance of
the new edition of Staudinger's Catalni/m' containing very many
important corrections, has further accentuated the inadequacy of
South's " Entomologist " list, which was to a large extent adapted
from edition 2 (1<S71), and the many monographic revisions of
particular families by JJritish and American authors, together with
the biological discoveries of Dr. Chapman, Mr. JJacot and others, have
still further increased the urgency of the need of a new reference list
of the British species. It has not been found feasible to carry out to
any large extent the editorial suggestion in the F.iitdindUujht'x ivrnnl,
xii., p. 252, partly owing to the comparative inaccessibility of the
Transactions of t/ic ( 'iti/ <>/ Loiulov Kntoiiioloijical Sncietij, partly owing
to the incompleteness of the London Fauna, therein catalogued, and
partly to the haste with which some parts of the list were compiled,
which necessitated in many cases the following of supposed
" authorities," without completely testing them. The conflicting
methods upon which these authorities have been working, have also,
to some extent, influenced the revision which has thus far been carried
out by the " Nomenclature Revision Committee "' of the North London
Natural History Society, not to mention the fact that the Committee
has not yet attempted to publish anything beyond a first list of changes
which seemed urgent in view of the discrepancies between our 1 British
books {riilr, h'liloni., xxxii., pp. ^JJ-GH). The only remedy for the
present comlition of chaos seems to He in a. tliorough and leisurely
revision of the whole nomenclature upon a hxed code of laws, which
will, so far as possible, work automatically, so that the results obtained
may be comparatively permanent. If sufficient financial support can
be obtained, the writer of this note and his collaborators will gladly
carry out this work, for which a great deal of the necessary material
is already in hand ; and as Mr. J. Hartley Durrant has the so-called
" Micro " families so well in hand, and has expressed his sympathy
with our object, there is some hope that at no very distant date the
needful assistance may be within the reach of our working lepi-
dopterists.

Condition of Laciineis lanestris during the pupal state (April, 1902).

By T. A. CHAP.MAX, M.l;., F./.S.. I'.K.S.
Thi' facts on this subject tlnit I had obserxed up to the lime ihey
were written, will be found Kni. Urmril, xol. xiii.. \)\). 24;-)-2K4, li)()L
111 the last of these notes 1 dealt with some English pupa', kuidly sent
me by ]\Ir. A. Russell. These afforded eleven pupte on August 14th,
1901, that were (juite undeveloped, these ai'e noted below. There

CONDITION OF LACHNEIS LANESTRIS DURING PUPAT. STATE. 123

were also eleven pupa" with imagines more or less developed at
that date, of these two died, the rest emerged this spring. Of the
German cocoons noted, 45 were opened, and of these only two contained
undeveloped puptB, these two are undeveloped still. Of the 43 more
or less developed, all emerged except twelve, which were found to be
dead, bearing out my anticipation, that opening the cocoons would
prejudice the prospects of their inmates. The German cocoons left
untouched have provided 118 moths, eight dead chrysalids, and four
that are going over, being at present (April 1st) quite undeveloped.
The mortality in these unopened cocoons is much less than in the
opened ones, more than the present figures show, since dead ones were
eliminated last September from the opened ones, but not from these,
except by such rough test as weight in the hand afforded. The figures
themselves are respectively 27 per cent, for opened ones, and only
6 per cent, for unopened. The deaths resulted, I think, in most cases
from their being unable to emerge for want of a sufficient supply of
moisture. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the opened
ones presented also a much larger proportion of cripples, the wings
failing to complete their expansion, though no cause of this was
evident. It especially affected the hind margins and often only of the
hindwings. The twelve (I say eleven, by some inadvertence, vol.
xiii., p. 285) pupiB, of Mr. Russell's 1899 brood that were still im-
developed on August 14th, 1901, give a very interesting result. Mr.
Russell writes me that of these there emerged " March 18th, three ;
20th, one ; 27th, one ; 31st, one ; five out of the six were well formed
insects, and of the six remaining pupse, five are apparently alive, and
of the five, three show signs of development and two do not." Mr.
Russell kindly handed me these pupa^ on April 10th, when I got them
home I found three moths emerged, cripples, possibly naturally, more
likely from their confined quarters, one dead, and two ]nip* quite
undeveloped, but alive and healthy. From the sporadic emergence of
the six moths whilst Mr. Russell still had them, there is no doubt
these three moths were delaying their emergence till a little warmer
weather, which the circumstances of their transit persuaded them had
arrived. That these moths did not emerge at the same time as those
that were already developed last August conveys unfortunately no
lesson, as they were not kept together. This set of pupa> shows us,
however, that in pupjp already two years old, development of the imago
may be nearly complete by August 14th, or it may not have commenced,
although they ultimately emerge the following spring. In the German
pupcB none commenced any development after September 2nd.

These results seem to corroborate the conclusions I came to pro-
visionally last year, and may be formulated somewhat as follows. A
specimen that is going to emerge in the following spring begins its
development within the pupa, at some time during the preceding
summer, and is quite developed before winter sets in. If it means to
remain over, no development occurs till the summer preceding the
emergence. Different broods vary immensely in the proportions of
early and late emergences, of some nearly all emerge the first spring
(97 per cent, in one of these lots), whilst in others nearly all go over.
There is probably some relation between a colder climate and more
frequent " going over," depending perhaps on the larvfe not pupating
early enough to get their development completed before winter. What

124 THE entomologist's record,

precise circumstances acting on the larva or pupa determine the point
as to when the imago shall hegin its development, especially in the
case of those that go over two or more years, appears to be quite
unknown.

Lepidoptera in the Swiss Alps.

]jy -7. N. KEYNES, M.A., D.Sc.

Tht; following record of Initterllies caught in Switzerland during
three weeks in August, 1901, may be of interest to entomologists who
are contemplating a visit to Switzerland, but are unable to leave
England in the more fruitful months of June and July. It should
be said at the outset that the record has been written for the benefit
of novices, not of experts. In the identification of specimens use has
been made of Kane's HaniUiimh of l-^i(n>/>caii 1 1 iitti'i-ji ic^ n.nd Hofmann's
j)ir (irnss-SrlniicttcrHiiiic F.iir<i}Hts (both of which we took with us for
reference) and Lang's Jluftrrjiirs nf F.unii>r (which we have been able
to consult only since our return home) ; at IJorisal we received assistance
from Dr. Coulon ; and the Rev. George AVheeler has been most kind
m helping us to decide doubtful points. Our party consisted of six
persons, but only three of us (sometimes only two) carried nets.

We reached Lucerne on August 5th. The weather on the two
following days was dull and we did not see many butterflies.
August 8th and 9th were, however, brilliantly line, and we made a
number of captures on tlie slopes of Pilatus, between Hergiswyl and
the suunuit. Amongst the si;)ecies caught on these two days were
t'Dliaa In/alt', Xrji/n/nis hctiilaf {n freshly emerged and very fine
specimen), 'rhala ir-allnuu. IJnicintis sihi/Uo (four specimens, all worn),
I'oli/iiiDiid r-alliinii. Ilrnithis jiilrs, II. ilia, Anjipiiiis tiiohe (type), Jh-i/as
jxip/iia (very abundant), I'.rrhiu indaiiijins. I\. liijra, /•.'. prono? var. iiitht,
/•,'. iiiantd and I'arayfir uuirra. We were surprised at not seeing more
Lycamids : tlic only species observed were Pohioiiimatiis icanis, P.
corj/doii and /'. ilaiinni, and of these there were but few. On August 9th
we also caught, near Lucerne, Papilio macliaan and yisoiiiadcs fat/es.
August loth and 11th were foi- the most part spent in travelling, and
on the second of these dciys tlie weather changed again for the worse ;
between Spiez and Kandersteg, however, we caught a fine Pitrancssa
antiopa and our first Parimssins apollo. On August 12th, which was
spent at Kandersteg, it rained most of the day. On the following day
we crossed the Gemmi, walking in cloud the greater part of the way
to the top. This was disappointing as we had counted on getting
several new species on the Gemmi Pass. August 14th was very fine,
and the road from Leukerbad to Imden (about three miles) was
literally swarming with butterfiies, especially Pobjonnnatin^ ihuiion,
which settled in large numbers together by the roadside. Amongst
our other captures on the roadside were Ajioria crataiyi, C/iri/sop/uiitus
rir'/tiKnac, Pdlniioiiia c-albimt, MAitava aiiirliK and Safi/rus Iicnirionc.
On the same day we caught l 'olias /iliicoiiKine and Mditaca )>artlicmc
var. niiia in a field near Leukerbad, and Chrysophaniis (lorilis near
Leuk Station. Whilst driving to Leuk we saw one or two specimens
of what appeared to be Papilio podalirim, but we could not A\ait to go
in pursuit.

(_)ui' next stopping-place was Bcrisal, where Ave spent about ten days.

I.KPIOOPTF.KA TX THK SWISS \T>PS. 125

We had been attracted to this place chiefly by Mr. Wheeler's papers
in the Eittnmnloiiist's Rcninl, and we found he had not said a word too
much in its praise either entomologically or otherwise. August 15th
and 16th were cloudy, windy and cold, and our captures were not
numerous ; but during the rest of our time at Berisal tlie weather
left nothing to be desired. On August 17th we walked to the top of the
Simplon Pass, and amongst our captures were the following : — < 'idias
palaeno (several, quite at the top of the Pass), ( '. jildcmnunf, ( 'h)i/)i(ipliant(s
viri/aurcac var. zermattensiK, ( '. JiijipotJun' var. enriihia, l'oln<»iniiati(s
orbit ulitft, P. astrarche ab. allous, L'. rros (abundant near the fifth refuge),
P. eumcdon, P. donzcUi (several, but at one spot only, between the fourth
and fifth refuges), Ciipiilo scbms, Xoiniadcs Keuiiarpuft, Li/caena arion
var. (ibsciira, Kpinephele li/caon, Anp/nnix ninhf ab. crU and Cocno-
ni/nip/ia arcania var. danviniann (several, but on one slope only, just
beyond the first gallery). Fa'ebias were abundant, but, so far as our
captures went, limited to two or three species, ErcJyin meUunpiis,
K. ti/ndan(s and K. (joantc. These butterflies show a beautiful green
sheen when seen in the sun that renders them particularly attractive.
On August 19th we walked down from Berisal to the second refuge, a
very hot and dusty walk, but prolific in butterflies. Sati/nis /irniiidHc,
a very fine insect when on the wing, was abundant, especially whilst
we were having our lunch ; it was apparently attracted by the food
that we had with us. Most of the specimens that we caught were
rather worn ; but we got three or four good ones. Another fine insect
that was fairly abundant, but also rather worn, was Satt/run actaea var.
conlula. We also caught Aporia crataeiji (a very fresh and fine
specimen), Poli/oDiDiatttH cschcri (fairly abundant, but local), /'.
hi/las, and Spilothyrus laratcrac ; and perhaps our most attractive
capture on this day was a specimen of DnjciK paphia ab. ralesina,
which, although woi-n, was a very fine insect. On this road
Melitaea didi/iiia and M da nan/ i a (jalathea were very common, and
also some species of Surirhthas. On August 20th we walked on the
Bortel Alp, nearly to the glacier. It was a very tine day, but butter-
flies were not abundant. There were some Erebias (/','. ti/ndarns and
ab. cafcodromiis, K. f/oante, K. welatiipus, K. prance var. pitho), and
we took some tine Pieris calUdice and (at one spot only) some Cocno-
nipnpha arcania var, darwiniana. On August 21st we took a walk on
the Wasen Alp but caught nothing fresh. On August 22nd we
again walked to the top of the Pass and had an even more successful
time than on August 17th. The most prolific spot Avas on the Berisal
side of the Kaltwasser gallery, where we caught many species of
Blues, including Polijoiiniiatus pkerctes (which we had not taken before).
We also took three very fresh Parna-isiKx ddiuH and a particularly fine
Chnjsoplianm rinianrcai' var. zcniiattensis, in addition to many other
insects of which we already had specimens. We were rather fortunate
in not having passed by the /'. ildiuN as being P. apollo (which was
abundant, and to which we were not paying any attention). On
August 2 tth we left Berisal for Zermatt. On the following day we
walked up to the Hornli. The weather was favourable, but butterflies
were not abundant. We took, however, some very fresh I'ieris valli-
dice, Paruassiufi dditts, BrenthiH pales var. /.s/.v (which was new to us),
and a specimen as to which we have not yet decided whether it is
MeUtaea asterie, or a small 3i. aurelia. From August 2oth to August

12G THK f,\T()>[ot>(h;ist's record.

27tli the weather was wet or cloudy, and we caught nothing except a
very fine Culia.s palaenu and Birnthiif eupltnixjini'. On August 28th we
found a good many insects close to the Gorner glacier, but caught
nothing fresh except B. pales ab. mipaea $ . On August 29th
we travelled to Vevey, and on the following day had, on Mount
Pelerin, our last catch. We took two specimens of Satijnis circe ;
both were a good deal worn, but we were glad to get them, even in
this condition. Arift/nnis latonia was fairly abundant and in particularly
tine and fresh condition ; and the same may be said of I'uli/onniiatiis
hylas. We saw Colzas t-dusa in the distance, but made no capture.
Amongst our captures was a fine specimen of Melitaca didyma var.
graeca.

The following is a complete list of our captures from August 7th
to August 30th : — Papilio machaon, Parnassius apollo, P. delius, Aporia
cratacfii, Pieris brassicac, P. rapae, P. napi, P. callidice, Leptidia
sinapis, C'olias palaenu, C. phiconione, C. hi/ale, Gonepteryx rhamni,
Zephyrus betiilae, Tliecia w-alhim, Chrysoplianiis nryaureae, and var.
zermattcnsis, C. Jiipputho'e var. etirybia, ('. dorilis, Plebeian aeyon,
Pulyom Hiatus baton, P. piteretes, P. orbituliis, P. astrarche and ab.
alloits, P. eras, P. icaras and ab. icarinas, P. eumedon, P. escheri, P.
corydon, P. hylas, P. daiiion, P. donzdii, Ciqndu sebrits, Noiniades
seniiaryas, Lycaena arion var. obscura, Liinenitis sihylla, Pulyyonia
c-albitw, Aylais urticae, Vanessa io, l'Jura7iessa antiopa, Pyrameis
atalanta, P. cardiii, Melitaca phuebe and var. occitanica, M. didyma and
var. (jraeca, M. aurelia, M. parthenie and var. varia, M. asterie (/),
Brenthis euphrosyne, B. pales and var. isis and ab. napaeae, J , B.
dia, B. awatJiKsia, B. iuo, Argyimis latonia, A. aglaia, A.niobe and ab.
eris, Dryas paphia and ab. valesina, Melanaryia yalathea, Erebia
melatiipiis, E. nianto, E. tyndariis and ab. eoerodronius and ab. droDius,
E. gorge and ab. erynis, E. goante, E. pronu'c var. pitho, E. aetkiops
and ab. lencotaenia, E. ligea, Satyriis Jiennione, S. circe, S. semele, S.
actaea var. cordida, Pararge niaera, P. megaera, P. egeria var. egerides,
Enodia liyperatitlnis, Epinephele lycaon, E. janira, Coenompnpha arcania
var. daririniana, C. pampldlus, Spilothyrus lavaterae, Syrichthiis
fritillum and var. serratidae, and var. caeriis (/), iS'. malvae, S. sac, S.
rartharni, Nisnniades tages, Hesperia thaiuiias, H. sylvaniis, H. comma.

This list includes some species not previously mentioned, either
because of their not having sufficient interest or because we did not
keep a record as to where we caught them. Our having caught
a hundred species and named varieties in a little more than three
weeks in the month of August must, no doubt, be, to a considerable
extent, attributed to the exceptional lateness of the season. It
may be added that for the most part the walks that we took were
such as we should have taken had we not been entomologising. I
have been many times to Switzerland, but never before in search of
butterflies. Undoubtedly this new interest added considerably to the
pleasure of the trip.

The habits and larva of Graellsia Isabellas, Graells.

By T. a. chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
One of the most interesting insects with which we met in our
excursion in Spain was (jraellsia isabellae. I am under the impression
that we were the first English entomologists to see it at home, but in

THK HAinTS ANI> l.AHVA ol' (iKAiil.T-SIA ISAHKI.I,.V., CKAEI.LS. 127

this 1 may be wrong. It has been kaowii for more than 50 years, and
for many years cocoons have been regularly supplied to Dr, Staudinger,
first by Herr M. Korb, and later by local collectors. The species still
occurs near La Granja in the Guadarama mountains, near Madrid,
and we saw specimens at the Escorial that had that origin. Its
acknowledged head-quarters, however, are much further east, at
]>ronchales — say 100 miles east of ]\Iadrid. Our first meeting with it
was at Tragacete, about twenty miles south of Bronchales. No doubt
the moth exists throughout a tract of country of about 100 miles from
east to west, and something less from north to south, wherever Piniis
siflrestris grows abundantly. This last proviso no doubt limiting its
range to a number of isolated districts. We first met with it at
Tragacete, where Mr. Champion beat two larvse from Scotch fir.
Later we found it between Nogueraand l^ronchales by inspection of the
trees. A full-grown larva is very conspicuous, once you have got your
eyes on it, but it is nevertheless very protectively coloured and easily
escapes observation. It is probably more or less gregarious when
young, as several often occur on the same tree, indeed, a local collector
mentioned once having taken eighteen from one tree. He also told
us that ^Ir. Korb had taken something near 500 in one season. The
caterpillar varies from year to year in local abundance, doubtless like
other species, in obedience to conditions of wind and weather during
egglaying and when the larva is young. In the neighbourhood of
Bronchales, its supposed headquarters, we only found one larva, whilst
an hour's journey off', near Noguera, it was by no means uncommon.
The larva affects the lower and hanging branches of the tree, not
apparently with any reference to their height from the ground, but
because it likes the foliage of such lateral branches, which is very short
jointed, and with smaller dark-green foliage, objecting to the more
succulent and luxuriant twigs that mark the growing and ascending
top of a tree. This is no doubt a matter of palate, but it is also
important as facilitating the concealment of the larva. Such lateral
branches are more busby for one thing, their shorter joints give bits of
red stem amongst the leaves, and they also carry cones. The cones
have much resemblance to the larvie in some angles and lights, and
often demand a second look before one is satisfied it is only a cone.
They are often bent down against the branch in larval attitude and
their lighter green colour, with the brown tipping to each scale, give
them, when partially hidden among the needles, just the aspect of a
larva. The larva makes its cocoon, which much resembles that of
Saturma pavonia but is larger and with a less elaborate exit, on the
ground amongst rubbish and low herbage, it appears that it is not
taken in this stage, and very rarely indeed as an imago. It
passes the winter as a pupa, precisely as 8. paronia does. Larva. —
From the 1st to 7th abdominal segments, white stripe down
dorsal tubercles, which are white, and in the white stripes; between
the stripes, dorsum brown with numerous paler hair spots, some
only of which carry very small secondary hairs, the white stripes
are free from hair spots, as are also white stripes through sub-
dorsal (supraspiracular = iii) tubercles, which are also white. These
stripes are broad, occupy about middle third of the segment and incline
backwards and downwards, a longer diagonal white stripe below
spiracle, including iv ; the stripe is from front of segment backwards

128 THE entomologist's REOORO.

and downwards, endinj? in iv, which is the most prominent part of the
segment, sloping regularly to the front, but rapidly behind to the
incision, the stripe occupies anterior three-quarters of segment, the
area from this to the subdorsal stripe is brown, and includes the red
spiracle; from the subdorsal to the dorsal stripe is also brown, but
narrowed, the front and back portions of segments are bright green, the
hair spots brighter and paler green. The 8th abdominal segment wants
the dorsal white stripes, but the dorsal brown area is full width, a
single dorsal tubercle on a slight hump, subdorsal and lateral stripes
are on 1 to 7. Except lateral anterior edge of 9 green, 9 and 10
are brown, 9 with ii and iii, 10 with iii, white. The 1st thoracic has
a deep black-brown plate and yellow anterior margin, green below with
red spiracle. The 2nd and 8rd thoracics have no white laterally, are
black in front, yellow in line of tubercles, and green behind, but the great
dorsal brown stripe is present, slightly modified by the yellow and black
rings. When the larva sits Sphinx-like these segments are puffed out
into a large ball, and show their colours strongly. Head, deep brown-black
with tine yellow-white marblings. The hairs of general surface are
few and weak, those of tubercles, white, 2mm. to 3mm. long, except
two or three on each tubercle, which are 6mm. or 7mm. Below white
lateral stripe the colour is brown (chocolate) with paler hair spots, and
a little green close to stripe on 1st, 5th, or 6th segments, prolegs paler,
true legs reddish.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

PoLY(iAMY IN FiDONiA coNSPicuATA. — The late Mr. George Jackson,
of York, told me in January, 1898, that some years previously a male
specimen bred from eggs had copulated with, and fertilised, three
females, and that in every case the eggs laid by each female were fertile.
— William Hewett, York. March, 1902.

On an abnormal proboscis in Manduca atropos. — Some eighteen
months ago, my friend, the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, provided me with
sundry imagines of M. atropas, including several cripples, as being
of more use to me than to him. Amongst these was one that provides
the specimen now recorded. The peculiarity of this proboscis is that
one-half of it is much longer than normal, the other much shorter.
The short one, however, may have been as long as the other as it is
obviously shortened by fracture. Whether this fracture took place
before or after the specimen came into my possession I do not know, nor
whether it was the result of accident or whether it was broken of
necessity in the escape of the imago from the pupa-case. Un-
fortunately the specimen had been devoted to other uses before I noted
the malformation of the proboscis, nor was Mr. Burrows able to verify
which pupa-case it had emerged from. It is, therefore, merely a guess
that the specimen was a cripple from some injury to the pupa at an
early stage of its existence, and that the malformation of the proboscis
was due to the same cause. The normal length of the proboscis of M.
atropus is about 16mm., in this specimen it is about 21mm. It has some
irregularities about the middle, and beyond this is rather thin, weak
and pale, looking very much as though it might have been stretched
out. The extremity is thicker than normal. That it really is stretched
out seems confirmed by the fact that, counting as well as I can, 1

SCIENTIFIC NOTES, 129

make 86 rings in about 27nm. of thi.s proboscis, against 47 in a similar
length of a normal one. The interest of this specimen centres in its
bearing on the phylogeny of Manduca, and generally on the relations
of imaginal organs to their conditions in the pupal stage. The pupa
of Aland iica presents the same modifications of the head and maxilla*
that distinguish the S/diiiuiidae, as compared with the Amorpltidae
[Smerinthus) and all other lepidoptera. This is essentially a back-
ward rotation of the head to lengthen the space for the proboscis.
Mandm-a then, belongs to a group, or we may say, is descended from
ancestors, that had to strain every effort in the pupa to accommodate a
long proboscis. Mandnca has now, however, a very short proboscis.
The pupal proboscis is 40mm. long, the imaginal only 16mm. The
pupal proboscis is the imaginal proboscis at a certain stage of its
development, all that is purely pupal is the chitinous sheath that is
left behind when the imago emerges. In the early pupal stage, then,
the proboscis of M. atropos is 40mm. long, but, beyond a layer of almost
embryonal hypodermic cells and some nervous and tracheal cords,
it is almost without structure ; when the structure characteristic of the
imago begins to develop, it does so throughout the whole 40mm. of
pupal structure. The extremity of the proboscis develops at the end
of the 40mm., and, as development progresses, at least towards the
end of the process, the proboscis leaves the pupal sheath and shortens
by contraction affecting its whole length, to the imaginal dimensions,
the vacant space being temporarily filled with fluid. What does not
occur is for the basal 16 millimetres of the pupal proboscis to develop
into the imaginal proboscis and the remaining 24mm. in some vague
way to do nothing. This specimen shows the process of contraction
from the early pupal to the imaginal dimensions arrested at a
particular point, probably as a result of some injury to the pupa, acting,
perhaps, in some degree mechanically, and in some measure as a cause
of diminished vitality. — T. A. Chapjian, Betula, Reigate. April, 1902.
Teratological examples of Hybernia leucoph-earia. — Search for
the spring moths on February 25th in Richmond Park resulted
in the capture of four ^Syssia hispidaria, Phit/alia pedaria, two $ s
only; and many Hijbemia Iritcujdiaearia. Two of the specimens of H.
leacophaearia have the left hind wing missing, each being only
represented by a stump. I have since bred two ? Anijihidasi/s
stmtaria, which are quite on the way towards being apteroiis, so small
are the wings. — J. Henderson, 24, Birchin Lane, E.G. April Ctt/t,
1902.

Distribution of Hemaris fuciformis and H. tityus (bombyli-
formis). — Referring to your note (cnitea, p. 112), my experience at
Lincoln is that the honeysuckle species, Hemaris fncifoniris, is fairly
common and occurs in all the woods in the neighbourhood, 30 or more
can easily be taken at rhododendron blooms from 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. on a
sunny morning, and, while it lasts, at low Howers (Ajidja rcptans, etc.) in
the wood drives, by odd ones; the larva is easily found on honeysuckle.
The scabious species, //. titi/us, is very scarce and has only been taken
in one wood (Newball) up to the present, it flies much earlier in the
season and is partial to the barely opened blooms (in the drives) of
Ajiiiia reptans. I have not taken the larva or pupa yet. — John F.
Musham, Blenheim House, South Park, Lincoln. April llth, 1902.

Seeing your notes re Beehawks, I might say the honeysuckle

180 THE F.XT()>rOT.O(;TST's RECORD.

species, llejnaris fiicifoniiis, is common at Newball and Skellingthorpe
woods near Lincoln, and is also found in some numbers at Hartsholme,
all near Lincoln, but that the scabious species, H. titi/us, so far as my
experience goes, is found only at Newball, and that rarely. Cartero-
ci'p/ialiis palaeiiKDt, is always found with them at Skellingthorpe and
Newball, but never at Hartsholme, the reason being that the two
former localities are on clays (Oxford and Lias), and the latter on
gravels (old bed of Trent). Lincoln entomologists (Messrs. J. Musham
and C. Arnold) would I thini\ verify. — W. D. Carr, Sandhurst,
Oaklands Road, Wolverhampton. April ^it/i, 1902.

My records of Hcmaris fKcifurmin (referred to antca, p. 112),
certainly l)elong to the narrow-bordered species, i.e., II . titi/xs. At
Salkeld we net the imagines as they fly to patches of a small red
flower, to feed at the blossoms, which they do, somewhat similarly to
Si'sia sti'llatarinii, when on the wing ; if once missed they are very bad
to follow ; the exact locality is a grouse moor known as Wan Fell.
At Orton they come to the thistle flowers and are not so common as at
Wan Fell. — G. Wilkinson, 55, Trinity Buildings, Wigton Road,
Carlisle. April 11th, 1902.

Your note {anUa p. 112) on the beehawks is of interest, and
I may say that the only species which has been found in Cumber-
land is the narrow-bordered species, the scabious feeder, H.
bombijlifuniiis, Esp. This is the species Mr. Wilkinson records from
Orton and Salkeld, not the broad-bordered honeysuckle feeder as stated
in your note (p. 112). I suppose the confused nomenclature of the
two species is the cause of the error. I have seen a good number of
Cumberland captured beehawks, extending back for nearly iO years,
and all have been the narrow-bordered species, and no one to my
knowledge has had any different experience in this county. — F. H.
Day, F.E.S., 6, Currock Terrace, Carlisle. A}ml 18th, 1902.

Note on Leptothorax nylanderi, Foerst. — In my notes on the
British myrmecophilous fauna {Etit. Pururd, vol. xiv., p. 16), I quoted
what Mr. F. Smith wrote about Leptothorax lu/landeri [Ent. Ann.,
1868, p. 94) : "The LejitotJiora.v mjlaaderl has never been found in any
other situation than in ants' nests, usually those of Formica riifa."
Mr. Savmders has pointed out to me that this is not the case, and that
it regularly makes its own communities under bark, in bramble stems,
etc., and that he has never taken it in ants' nests. Mr. B. S. Harwood,
of Colchester, has also written to me that he has never seen it with
other ants, and that he finds it in colonies like most species and far
distant from any nest of Formica riifa. Although I have taken several
specimens with Lasiiis fidiiiinoaii.'i, I did not intend to assert that what
Smith wrote was correct, but only to quote what he said. — Horace
Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., 58, Kensington Mansions. April lith, 1902.

^ A R I A T I 0 N .

Pink aberration of Amoepha populi. — I have a nice aberration of
A. populi taken here ; it is suffused with pale pink over the usual
markings. Is it a common form? — G. Wilkinson, Carlisle. April
15th, 1902.

Black specimens of TjEniocampa pulverulenta. — I have taken at
sallow bloom lately in this locality, a few most extraordinary black

Notes on collecting.

]H\

specimens of TaenioramiKi /iidrenilnita. On referring to the notes on
this species (British Noctuac, vol. ii), I cannot find any reference to a
form anything approaching the dark forms which I have taken. —
James C. Haggart, St. Andrew Street, Galashiels. April 8th, 1902.

VARrATIoN AND EKSTING-HABIT OF HyBERNIA LEUCOPH.EARLI. On

January 22nd-23rd, just before the snow came, lli/bernia nipirajiraria
was very abundant near Knutsford. The day after the snow melted
off the fields (February 23rd) H. Icxco/ihacaria appeared very plentifully
in Tatton Park, near here, and continued till ^larch 14th, the proportion
of dark aberrations being much greater than usual. The insect varies
here from unicolorous smoky-brown to the usually mottled light cream
colour, with a good many of the strongly-marked black and dirty-
white forms. In connection with this species, I noticed that it almost
invariably rests on the tree-trunks in an oblique or horizontal direction
with the tips of the wings pointing up and down (vertically), and as
there are often splashings of white on the bark made by bird-droppings,
it looks to me as if this were a case of protective resemblance. Of
course the dark forms are protected by similarity of colouring to the
bark.— G. 0. Day, F.E.S., Knutsford. March 2,1th, 1902.

:i^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Lepidoptera at Burgess Hill in 1901. — As a central position from
Avhich to work. Burgess Hill in Sussex would appear to ofit'er great
facilities to the lepidopterist who is desirous of studying and obtaining
southern species. The wide extent of the South Downs, which are
but four miles south of the town, stretches for miles on either
hand — away to Lewes and on to Hastings, by Abbott's \Yood,
in the west ; while eastw^ards is the grand sweep of rolling hills which
are broken only by the valley of the Adur, to lie for miles, on past
Chanctonbury Ring to Amberley by the Arun, and again, still on,
eastward. This fine district can hardly be surpassed for the num-
bers and variety discovered of those species which find their home
in a chalk district. It is, moreover, a free country over which to
wander. Lewes is within easy reach from Burgess Hill, or rather
Wivelsfield, which is the same thing, and is but a nine miles' ride by
train. This is a locality which needs to have no comment made
upon it, being so well known. To the north of Burgess Hill lies
the splendid tract of the forests of Balcombe and Tilgate, the best way
of approaching which is by train to l^alcombe, some nine miles, and so
on by walking through both forests, to return by train from Three
Bridges. To the east of these forests lies St. Leonard's Forest, which
can be easily approached from Balcombe Station, by a four mile walk
through Handcross. Thus it will be seen that the lepidopterist who
makes Burgess Hill his head-quarters will have a fine choice of fields for
his labours. During the past year the writer had the pleasure of
occasionally staying at this town for short or long periods, and it may per-
haps interest the reader to have a summary of theresultof investigations
during these visits, which, while they may not record rarities and will
include a variety of species, cannot be taken as a complete summary of
the year, for, as will be seen, the locaUties were not visited during
much of the best time. From April 4th until the 21st of that month
things were fairly quiet, as weather was unpropitious both for the

l32 THE entomologist's record.

insect world and humanity, cold and wet predominating very largely
for the greater part of the time, (inneptcryx rhamni, in fresh
condition after hybernation, was seen flying for the first time on the
7th of the month, and was constantly on the wing, during bright
intervals until the last day of my visit, the 21st. At one locality —
a rough field which had a ragged clover crop upon it the preceding
autumn, and which had a wild hedgerow with buckthorn growing in
it, surrounding the ground — this insect was to be seen by the half
dozen or more at a time. On the 9th a single Ewionia pohicldoros was
observed flitting about, ]'ancssa to put in an appearance on 18th,
19th, and 20th, but was only seen singly, one each day, and in ragged
condition. On the same dates Aylais^ nrticae was also to be observed,
but in greater numbers, and much fresher in colour than the last
named. The results of some half dozen visits to sallow at night,
with light, were not very encouraging, though the bushes were in
splendid bloom. The only insects present were found to be Taenio-
raw/ia t/iitJiira, T. stahilix, '/'. (/rarilis, Sropeloannia aatelUtia, with Aleitcis
pktavia and Antidca hailiata. The larva? beaten and found by light or
search, were fairly numerous ; but did not offer a great variety of
species. They comprised the following : — Arctia caia, first time on
the 16th, on which day also Arctia villica was discovered nearly full-
fed. iMxiocdiiijxi ijiicrcHs and ('osiiKitric/ir potataria were first found on
the 14th fairly wellgrown, and on the 17th and 20th, Kiitricha qnerci-
folta also about halfgrown. From the first day to the last of the
visit, the larvae next named w^re repeatedly, with few exceptions,
stumbled upon — Li'iicania impiira, Apamea didyina, Noctna xantho-
rirapha, 'injphacna ji)iibria, one only (this w'as a surprise, as several
might have been expected from the number of the insect which came
to sugar the preceding autumn), Trupliacna cn))ics and Pldoijophora
incticidom. Three visits to the South Downs to beat the bushes of
(dciiiotis n't(dba ioY < rt'diiictra (Tr»rt/-/rt, respectively paid on the 9th, 19th
and 20th of the month resulted in the obtaining of only a fair number,
which were still very small, and in the dark skin of hybernation, for the
leaf -buds had only just commenced to appear on the bushes. Subsequent
experience, at a later date, proved that it is a mistake to beat for this
larva too early in the season, as many things militate against
success. In the first place the larva is so small, is so rigid and quiet
in the tray, and so exactly resembles the immense mass of rubbish
which falls with it, that searching is a most trying ordeal in the cold
windy weather. Again, this quantity of rubbish which literally falls
in heaps, so evidently injures many specimens, by the mortality shown
later, that the net results are not adequate to the labour and dis-
comfort involved. If operations can be deferred a few weeks later in
the season, the rain and wind will have cleared the bushes naturally,
and the beater has the pleasure of seeing the graceful, tapering, larva
drop in his tray, made only too evident by its brilliant green appear-
ance. With regard to the mechanical operation of the beating of this
particular growth, I think it will be found that to insert the stick into
the bush, and hustle it about, will yield a more satisfactory bag than
to fiog the delicate climber with the usual downward strong stroke.
It is certainly more agrc^eable to the feelings of some to find that such
a graceful object is not hopelessly ruined in appearance when we have
worked our will upon it. Moreover, the larvje obtained by this

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 133

procedure will not be injured nearly so frequently as by harsher
methods, nor will they be shot into the air to fall anywhere but into
the tray itself, for this larva falls readily with a sudden movement of
its food-plant, and will respond quite freely to the sharp tapping
hustle, as it really does not require a heavy blow to dislodge it, even
if the bush would stand such treatment. I hope that I shall be forgiven
for dwelling on this matter, for I really think it is a point we should
take into our consideration. It is not a pretty sight to see a mangled,
broken bush or tree with a dense litter on the ground beneath, and it
is one which may prejudice outsiders, or owners of localities, from
sympathy with the pursuit, and in the latter case may lead to
our exclusion on other occasions. To strike the limbs of a tree,
where they are firm in growth, is certainly the best method of dis-
lodging larvii? which have a tight hold ; and to jerk and stir up those
things of a tender growth is really the only hope of success. By these
methods we might avoid unnecessary wreckage and, to some extent,
preserve our reputations. From May 24th to the 29th a visit to the
locality found things much more advanced, and with beautiful weather
the roadways and lanes were alive with the Pierids and Eiu-hlo'e carda-
mines. A series of walks and explorations during this period brought one
in contact with the following imagines: Pieris braxsirae, /'. rapac and
P. napi, Kitchlo'e cardmnhu's (the brood seemed small in size), Brenthi^
i'uj)Iiro.vjne, Coenoui/iiipha paiiiphiliis, CuanirisanfiolitK, I'nbjommatiix Ica-
rus, Sijrirhthus inalvae RndXixoin'ades tat/rs, fleliaca tenebrata, tJiiclidia mi,
Venilia nmcidaiia, Awierona pnniaria, Todis lartearia, Heuiithca strii/ata,
Strenia dathrata, PaiuK/ra pctraria, Aspilatea nr/nraria , Mdanthio
ncellata, M. proceUata, Melanippc tluctitata, L'oreinia dcsupiata, ('aiiiptn-
cfranniia bilineata and EidwUa liiuitata. Dusking produced examples of
Pternstoiua jialpina, (i(»inphnra drrasa and Lciicfoiia iiiipiira. Larv?e of the
species now named were found by search, beating, (jr light : P<irfil<)cam}io
pnpiili, Laf/iiiris lanestris (two nests, each containing a large brood),
Malacosdiita iicKxtria, LaNiocainpa iik/tciis, ('n^motrielic potatoria,
Eutricha (jucrcifiilia, Satnniia paroiiia (a single example, fuUfed, and
lying injured in a roadway), I'raptmj.r sandjiwata, lliniiid Inteolata,
Idinicra pcmiavia and lli/boiiia defoliarift. The large number of
larvae of AyLais iirticac, on the beds of nettles, was noticeable and just
at the last the fullfed larvie of llijlophila (lucrcana and Asp/ialia diluta,
were found on oak in a manner which seemed to indicate that, if time
had permitted, a large number could have been taken. The larvje of both
of these insects seem to affect those oaks where the foliage is large, pro-
fuse, brightly green, and succulent ; particularly was this the case with
the firstnamed species. A further try for larvic of (r. rcrnaria was
made among the (li'iiiatis ritaWa bushes skirting the downs, and
some forty odd were found, nearly fullgrown. Promising as these
larvie looked they failed to produce a good average of imagines, for
the food-plant procurable in, and near, London was very scarce and
poor, and in fi majority of cases the larvtc refused to feed when placed
upon it, and calmly ceased to exist, in the manner so well known.
1 trust, all being well, to be more successful this year with plants now
established in my garden. A further and longer stay in the neighbour-
hood, later in the year, from August 1st to September lUth, included
visits to Tilgate and Balcombe Forests, and some interesting larvfB
were taken. In the country immediately around, the lanes and

134 THE entomologist's record.

roads teemed with insect life, though mostly of common species.
Sugar was, on the whole, a failure, many insects did not turn up at
all, which had been strong in numbers the previous year. Among
these may be mentioned Tnjpliacna fimbria, which did not make a
solitary appearance, Affvotifi piita, A. samia, A. sei/ctuiii, A. iii(irica)ix,
Xoctua c-iii(iniiii, X. ruhi and .V. haia. All these had made a strong
show during the last autumn, but only came now singly and inter-
mittently. The following ordinary insects were to be seen almost
nightly during the length of my visit : I'ortliesia ^iiiiiUs, IJit/oiilula
perla, Leucania lithan/i/n'a, L. iiiipiira and L. pallens, H)jdroecia nirtitam^,
A.vj/lia pKtris, Xijlophasia inouoiibipha, Cerii/o niatnra, Luperina testacra,
Mami'ntra hrassicac, Apawca <li(i>/iim, Miana stntjilis and M. Utcrosa,
Xoctiia jdi'cta, X. .vantltoi/raji/ia, Tri/p/iaciia iantliina, T. interjecta (one
only August 6th) 7'. amies, T, jmmnha, Aniphipi/ra pyrainidca, Xacnio
ti/pica, Mania )naiira,L'aUpiinia trapczina, ('.ajfinis, F'tiUxjophora mrticit-
losa, (jronoptera libatrix, Pliisia (/ainnia, Catncala niipta (from the 17th),
lilipena rostralis, Boaniiia (jemntaria, Zo)ioRoina purata, Tiinandra amata-
ria, Cabrra pusavia, Abraxas (/rdnsiilariata, Melanippc jiuctuata, Coreiuia
licsirpiata, * 'amptoiiranniia bilincata, etc. On the 2nd of August, the
first Acidalia eman/iuata was captured, and, though others were taken on
subsequent days, the insect was not numerous this season. A likely
place for this species seems to be a hedgerow adjoinining a stubble
field, where the food-plant, the dwarf convolvulus, generally runs riot.
I find it can be easily dislodged by tapping the hedge and then taking
it on the wing. On the 16th, one Tct/wa retiisa appeared at sugar, and
towards the end of my stay, on September 7th, 12th, and 11th,
Anrhttciiis lunosa y)Q\({ its first visits. On the Irith, A nc/mrrlis lit iira
\\-ith ('it ria fill rai/o -Aiiil ('. rlarai/n showed for the first time. Of the
Rhopalocera during this visit I find that the Pierids were present during
the following periods : P. hrassirar, August 2nd to August 7th ; P. rapae,
August 1st to September 7th ; /'. iiapi, August 1st to September 7th.
Cnlias In/ale was seen on two occasions, August 28rd and 21th, and
three taken on each day. These were found by a low-lying
imdulating field that had grown a rough crop of clover the preceding
year, but which had been ploughed up. The broad strip of grass-
grown ground by the roadside, however, had a quantity of isolated
clumpsof clover growing in it, presumably wind-sown, so, if these insects
can be supposed to have bred here, they probably were reared on this
clover. There were no others in the locality, not even on the downs,
nor was there a single example to be seen anywhere oi Cnlias nlnsa.
Goiicptcri/.r rhaiiini, August 2nd to September 15th : An/i/niiis ai/laia.
August 8rd and 7th ; Kmionia pdli/clildnis, August oth, 6th, and 81st ;
Af/lais iirticac, August 3rd to 28rd ; Vanessa ii>, August 2nd, 8rd, 7th,
and 19th; Pi/raineis atalanta, x\ugust IHth, September 8rd, and 8th,
one on each day, the only ones seen, I'aranie mei/aera, August 15th to
September 1st : Hipparrhia semele, August 8rd to September 7th, on
the downs ; Kpiniphele janira. August 1st to September 7th ;
J'!pinepliele litlioniis, August 1st to September 8th; ('oenoni/uip/ia
jiainp/iihis. August 1st to September 18th ; Xep/ij/rns ipiereiis, August
18th; Cliri/sDp/nuins p/daeas, August 2nd to September 10th; I'dli/niiniia-
tus icarus, August 1st to September 7tli ; I'olipiiinnatns eori/dan, August
8rd to September 7th. This insect, on August 8rd, was out on
Ditchling Beacon in countless numbers, and made a beautiful sight.

S'OTF.S ON (;()LT,ECTIN«. l-^*'*

It was drifting with the light breeze as far as one could see, and was
in splendid condition, just out. Oi Polj/onnnatMS bellaniiifs, on the
contrary, but one specimen was seen during the whole time, and that
was in the neighbourhood of Lewes, on August 28th, though this
locality teemed with the insect the previous year, while J\ ainjdon was
present only in limited numbers. Ci/anlris rt/v//oZ»N, August 2nd to
September 3rd; Xiso)iia(l('s tcvjcs, August 3rd; Hesjicria s)/lraniis,
August 5th to 7th ; fics/icria nmniia, August 3rd to September 7th ;
Thf/nirlieiis thaiiiiias, August 3rd to 17th. On August 21st a visit was
paid to Balcombe and Tilgate Forests, where Anarta nujitilU was out,
with Cidaria testata, Aiiaitis jilai/iata and Kubnlia iiicnsKraria. Larvfe
were found of Hylojihila praKinana, FAicJidia jacdhat'ac, Dat^i/cltira
pudibiDida, Drepana laeertinaria, lAipItoptenj.c cautcUna, Li'ioccvnpa
dictacoidcs, Xotodonta drotiiedarins, ( 'i/inatophor<t diiplarisand Hi/psijietes
impliiriata. The next visit to the same localities was on September
3rd, when, in addition to the previously mentioned larvfP, the following
were found — Leiovampa dictaea, Phalera buccpJiala, Triafua psi,Acr(tnicta
leporina, (' tjnmtophora fl tictuosa, Ai)ipJiidasi/s betidaria, Tephrosia punctu-
laria, (jieouietra papiliunaria, lodis lactacria, Cabera pu^aria and ('.exan-
themata. On September 7th a full-fed larva of Mimas tiliae was found on
an isolated birch tree, in a hedge near the downs. There were no
trees but this one, of any kind, for some considerable distance, and the
hedge, in which the birch-tree stood, was of thorn and stunted oak,
without a trace of lime or elm. Unfortunately this larva failed to
pupate. On the 9th, Tilgate and Balcombe were resorted to, and more
larvffi obtained of J^apliojitiri/.r camclind, Lcidcampia dictaea, Xatodonta
dromedarias, Daai/c/tira padibioida, Pre/iana laeertinaria, D. falcataria
with Cymatophora Jiuctuosa, Tephrosia punetalaria and (reometra papilio-
naria. The concluding trip to these forests was paid on September 13th,
when the same species were again in evidence, and a few fresh ones fell to
the stick. Among these were Cloatera piijra, Aplecta nebidosa,
Numeria jjtdceraria and Macaria alternata. On this occasion, too, a
larva was beaten from birch which should be that of Dicranura
bicmpiH. It was difterent in chai-acter and coloration in many respects
from the other two " kittens," was found on birch, and in a locality
which is one of the most prominent of those connected with the species.
Unfortunately the illustrations we have of this larva are so indifferent
and the variation in the appearance of the larvae of the three kittens so
slight that, if the cocoon, which is in the breeding-cage at present,
does not yield an imago soon, the subject is one that will always
remain in doubt. — J. C. Dollman, Hove House, Newton Grove,
Bedford Park. April Hth, 1902.

Early Emergence of Panolis piniperda. — May I record the early
emergence of Fanolis piniperda ? I have one that emerged at 9 a.m. in
the breeding-cage, on March 1st. I went the same day to the pine-wood
and took two at rest on a fence. The latest date I have taken this
species is July 6th. Does not this give it a long period ? — John F.
MusHAM, Blenheim House, South Park, Lincoln. April 17th, 1902.

Petasia nebuculosa four winters in pupal STAGE. — Last spring I
recorded {antea, vol. xiii., p. 220) that some Petasia nitheeitlosa pups
obtained from 1898 ova, had gone over for another year. A tine J
specimen emerged on the 13th inst., after having been four winters in
the pupal stage.— G. 0. Day, F.E.S., Knutsford. March '21th, 1902.

18(l THE KNTOMOLOfrlST's RECORD.

Spring lepidoptera. — I saw a specimen of Ph'ujalia pedaria on
February 8th in this neighbourhood, during the very cold weather,
and on March 1st I bred a single specimen of Xtjada hispidan'a from
an odd lot of larva beaten out last spring. There seems to be a
remarkable similarity between the larvie of A'. Iiispldaria and L^/iif/alia
pedaria, as I have frequently bred specimens of the former which I
took at the time to be those of the latter.^ — .\. W. Mera, 2, Capel Villas,
Forest Gate. March 8t/i, 1902.

Crickets in coal mines. — In visiting the coal mines of Mariemont,
in Belgium, at the bottom of the pit St. Arthur, at a depth of 683
metres (about 2219ft.), I was very struck to hear the chirp of a cricket.
It must have been Gryllns doniesticus. The song was only to be heard
close to the engines near the bottom of the shaft, where they probably
collected to obtain the warmth from the steam. There were no signs
of them in the galleries or at any distance from the engines, as the cool
ventilating draughts would act as an eft'ectual check upon these
warmth-loving creatures. The majority of insects occurring in mines
are undoubtedly introduced by the timber ; longicorn beetles, Sirex
qiqas, and other wood-borers are not uncommon. — M. Burr, B.A.,
'f!E.S., Dormans Park. March 31s^ 1902.

Lepidoptera from the Harlech district. — The following butter-
flies I know certainly to be found in the Harlech district : — -Pieris brassi-
cae, P. rapac, P. napi, Lioneptcryx rhainni, on the road, at Harlech-
Talsarnan, in spring and July. Lcptidia sinapis, June, in woods
near Harlech -Talsarnan and Llandbedr, reported to me by Mr. D.
Jones. Kucldo'e cardainiius, abundant in spring. Colias edusa, saw
one on links, Harlech, August 22nd, 1900. Caught in some numbers
there by Messrs C. Eogers and J. Bert, in August, 1901. \'a)iessa io,
Ai/lais urtieae and Pi/raiiwis atalanta, abundant. Pohjyonia c-albuvi,
caught near Roman steps by J. Bert, August 7th (?), 1901. Several
persons say they have seen this species, KiKjonia poh/chluros, locally com-
mon; I caught a specimen April 10th, 1902, on Harlech-Talsarnan road.
Brenthis euphrosi/Hi', Ar(ty)inii> of/laia, I>rt/as paphia, abundant (I believe
Brcntlds selene and Melitaca aiirinia occur, but must make certain this
year). Apatura iris is said to have been seen on the school, in July,
1901. (ktcnonynipJia paiiipliiltts, Pararye eyeria, P. meyaera, Hipparchia
semele, ]\pi)iepJiel(' tith(imit<, K. janira, Kiiudia hyperanthus, common.
Of the Lycienids, so far, I have only seen Pidyotiimatui^ icariis, L'yaniris
arylohifi, Chrysophamis phlaeas and CallupJirys ruhi. Of the Hetero-
cera, I have myself observed at Harlech, Scsia stellatanon, in early
August, 1901 ; larv* of Aiiun-jilta popidi, on Llanbedr road, early August,
1901 ; SiiierintJiHs ocdlata taken on the golf links at Harlech, on the
same date. Mr. C. Rodgers also has bred specimens successfully, from
larvis obtained in ditt'erent years from these quarters. Sphinx cunvol-
vidi was caught near Harlech, in late August, 1901 ; I have seen the
specimen, which is in the hands of Mr, D. Jones. Ayrotis ciirsaria
was caught by Mr. C. Rodgers on the links, Harlech, August, 1900.
— P. P. Graves, Red Branch House, Lauriston Road, Wimbledon.
April nth, 1902.

Spread of Butterflies into suitable localities. — My earliest
specimens of Polyommatus hdlaryus came from the Berkshire hills,
where I took a few, further along the downs from Streatley, in 1869,
which will account for the present incursion of the species about

PRACTICAL HINTS. 187

Heading, and on to Marlow {antra, pp. 50-51) ; they were the early
(spring) brood, and my collecting in those days consisted chiefly of
schoolboy excursions after birds' eggs, of which I have kept marked
and dated specimens. The hills beyond Streatley were a favourite
hunting-ground with uie in the sixties and early seventies, and my
records bear out j\Ir. Holland's supposition that P. bellarijuH did exist,
but very sparingly, in the Berkshire district, before his notes were
collected. — John Henderson, '24, Birchin Lane, E.G. April Srd, 1902.

Sesia stellataruw in Sussex and Devon. — I saw Sesia stellatarum
ill my garden at flowers of Aubretia for the first time this spring
to-day. — W. H. }^. Fletcher, Aldwick Manor, Bognor. April ISth,
1902.

I saw a specimen of Sesia stdlafanim flying swiftly along the front
at Torquay on April 1st. I saw none at the flowers. — J. W. Tutt.

A specimen of Sesia strllataruiu was knocked out of a bush at Boui'ne-
mouth in February last. — (Ma.jor) R. B. Robertson, Boscombe.
April irjth, 1902.

Sphingids in the Carlisle District. — Both Aiiiorpha popidi and
Smerinthus ocellata are common in the district. Recently I saw a
})icture-maker, with some 40 of each, bred specimens, in his possession.
1 also saw a specimen of Hippntion celeria, taken at Springfield, near
Gretna, in 1900. I am not sure whether it Avas taken on the Scotch
or English side of the border. — G. Wilkinson, 55, Trmity Buildings,
Wigton Road, Carlisle. A}>ril llt/i, 1902.

J^RACTICAL HINTS*.

Field Work for May and June.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

1. — In early Way the $ (jonepteiij.r rhanini lays her eggs on
lihamnns, choosing the undei'side of a leaf, or the twig itself, or
a bud. When a bud is chosen, only a single egg is laid as a rule on
each ; a terminal bud is frequently chosen, and occasionally the upper-
side of a leaf (Grover).

2. — In order to secure cross-pairing for purposes of hybridisation,
place the individuals that you wish to cross in one cage, and a $ of
the same species as the <? in an adjoining cage, near enough for the
cT in the first cage to be affected by the scent dift'used by the ? in
the second.

8. — During May and early June low marshy ground in which
Scabiosa arcennis is growing should be worked for Heinaris bombyli-
formis [titi/us). PnUcidaris sylratica is, in such situations, a favourite
flower to attract the species, so also is Ajuj/a reptans.

4.- — A newly-emerged (Jerara fureula or C. bifida should be placed
(m a tree-trunk at dusk in garden (or elsewhere). By dark one will
often find a male paired with her.

5. — The larva- of Nudaria mnndana are to be found in May in
colonies numbering thousands, feeding on lichens on beech-trees and
stone walls in the Cheltenham district (Robertson),

* Pkactical Hints for the Field Lepidoptemst, pulilished last May, and
already almost completely out of print, contains 12.50 similar hints to these, dis-
tributed over every month in tlie year. Interleaved (for collector's own notes). — Ed.

138 THE entomologist's record.

6. — Larvfe of Hijlophila bicnlonina, beaten from oak in May and
June, may be sleeved out on oak, when they invariably spin a boat-
shaped cocoon on the underside of an oak leaf and emerge satis-
factorily (Moberly) ; in confinement they may be kept in cardboard
boxes, and usually spin up well on the sides of the boxes (Studd) ;
shut up in the dark with their food-plant they spin on the leaves and
emerge without further trouble (Atmore).

7. — The eggs of X(ina<irla sjiari/anii, to be found in the folded edge
of leaves of Iris pm'iHlacorKs all the winter, hatch in the middle of
May, the young larv» immediately commencing to mine the leaves of
the foodplant.

8. — About May 15th, when the bearberry [Arctostait/n/los uraiirsi) is
in bloom at the lower elevations, gather a large bundle of it and carry
it to the hill-tops which Anarta uielanopa frequents. Lay a long
line of small bunches of the flowers on the ground and visit these
bunches as you would patches of sugar. Sometimes the insect will
be visible on the flowers, but more often it is well inside the bunch,
and the best means of capture is to quickly place the net flat on the
ground over the bunch of flowers. A bright sun is necessary to make
the insect move freely (P. C. Reid).

9. — Just about sunset search the borders of rock, especially where
the heather has been recently burnt, and you will find Anarta
cordi;/era at rest, sometimes singly, but generally in cop. The latter
are easy to box, but the former is often extremely wide awake, and
should be quickly netted. About May 15th (P. C. Reid).

10. — The eggs of Hadena (flanca are laid in batches on sallow in
May, hatching in about a fortnight, the larvae changing as they get
older from green to deep brown and fall to the ground if disturbed ;
they pupate just below the surface of the ground in a loose cocoon
of silk and earth.

11. — The larv« of (/atocala sponm and < '. pniinissa feed high up on
the oaks, and are rarely beaten from the lower branches, but when
there is a very great storm of wind one finds the larv* occasionally
climbing up the trunks afterwards.

12. — Leucaiiia littoralis is a long time on the wing, often from late
May until well into July, and full-fed larvfe are also obtainable from the
beginningof May until wellinto June. Forthe lattershake thesand-grass
growing on the sandhills and keep them in a large tub with a glass
covering ; a muslin covering is useless, as the larvie bite holes through
and escape.

13. — The larvfe of ( 'itctillia rhamomillae feed on Pi/rethruin
iiiaritiwiDii during May and June; whilst young they require to be
carefully searched for, owing to their resemblance to the flower-buds
and to their habit of curling themselves round the stem of the food-
plant ; they prefer low-growing, flat plants, and feed up very rapidly,
and one may find half-fed larvae on plants which they have searched
in vain a fortnight before (Still).

1-4. — The cases of WJiittleia retiella are attached to a wiry grass
(? Poa luaritima) that grows in patches on the open marshes about the
estuary of the Thames. The imagines also occur among this, more
rarely among Plantar/o and Atriplex, the receptacle of a dead flower-
head of A^ter trijmliinn being strikingly like a J W. retiella at rest.
16. — ^copida decrepitalis occurs in May from Kilmun to Lochgoil-

CURRENT NOTES. 139

head, more often in damp places near the shore, nsiially seen sunning
itself, its wings stretched fully out on the bracken.

16. — The larva of lAta sitafdcUa burrows among the fleshy leaves
of the Suaeda, which are something like thick, short pine-needles,
spinning them down to the stalk in May. At the end of May it leaves
its burrow to spin up in the sand or wood under the plant on which
it has fed.

17. — The larva of Lita }ilanta<jinella feeds on J'lantago rornopits in
May ; it may be found burrowing in the root to the depth of nearly
half an inch, feeding on the substance of the root, spinning together
the central leaves of the plant to conceal itself from view, and changing
to a pupa in its burrow.

18. — A(jdixtis hennettii larvfe are noted by Richardson as being
common on Staticc auricnlaefoUa Q,iVovi\axiA ; they feed on S'. liiiioiiiiini
on the Med way marshes.

URRENT NOTES.

In the Transactions of tlw Kntomoloijlcal Societi/ of London, Mr. W.
F. Kirby gives an account of the " Locustidac " collected in the
Transvaal by Mr. W. L. Distant. Mr. Kirby's " f^ocKstidae" are the
" Acridiidae" or '^ Acridiodea '' of most authors, meaning the true
grasshoppers and locusts with short antenn;e. Mr. Kirby difi'ers from
most writers in his views of the nomenclature of the orthoptera and
he has the boldness to restore Acrj/diioii for Tetti.v, sinking the latter
name. He very properly restores Acrida for Tni.ralis, but he retains
*' Tryxalis'' {— Acridella, Bolivar) for the second half of this genus,
and also " Triuvalis" for the American genus, which Brunner prefers
to call Mctaleptea ; this latter name cannot stand, for the American
genus must be Trn.mlis, but the retention of both forms of this one
word for distinct genera is bound to lead to confusion, and the
separation of "Tn/xalis'' from Acrida seems quite unnecessary.
Even though Mr. Kirby restores Locnsta for PacJiytylns, Fieber, he
could well retain the name Acridiidac, or any form of it, for the
name of the suborder, which contains both Acrida, Acrydinm,
PachytylHs, Tni.ralis and Tryxalis. Great care, however, must be
exercised to keep distinct the names Acrididac (= Tnixalidac) and
Acridiidac {Acrid iodca), Acrydiidae { = Tettiyidac), Locustidac [ = Acri-
diidac), and Locustidac (= Acridiodca).

Those entomologists who have been with the Editor to " Newark,"
at Strood, will be grieved to hear of the death of Mrs. Ames. A
sudden apoplectic seizure, on the evening of April 9th, terminated
fatally on the 13th, without the deceased lady again fully I'ecovering
consciousness.

Twice at recent meetings of the South London Entomological Society
it has been stated that the so-called genus JcwV/rtZ/a required subdivision,
both on account of diversity of structure and of distinction of habits. Her-
rich-Schafier commenced this nearly half-a-century ago ! Chapman and
others have long since pointed out the amazing differences in the eggs.
Which of the South London men is going to study the group exhaus-
tively and give us the necessary completed subdivision ? There has been
•enough talk about this ; we want someone now to work.

Sir .J. T. D. Llewelyn, Bart., has just been elected for the twelfth

140 THE entomologist's record.

'time, President of the Penarth Entomological and Natural History
Society. At the meeting of the Society, held April 20th, he urged the
members to collect for the purposes of study, deprecated mere collect-
ing, and recommended the members to make careful observations of the
animals they studied, under natural conditions. He particularly
condemned the careless destruction of rare insects, plants and animals.
The society appears to be the only purely entomological society in Wales.
We trust that one of its early labours will be the compilation of a
fauna of the county of Glamorganshire, if not a fauna of Wales, which
is very badly needed at the present moment.

The 21st livraison of the Ktadex (F Kntoniuloi/ir" has just been
published by 'M. C. Oberthiir. It deals with the variation of the two
American species lleliconia tliti.riojie and H. resta, with some incidental
notes on closely allied species. To those who know the marvellous
excellence of these Etnrles one need only say that this volume is quite
up to the standard of the preceding ; to those who have not yet studied
them we can only say that no better entomological work is produced,
the letterpress and plates being alike excellent, and the get-up artistic
in the best sense. The large number of coloured figures illustrating
the variation of the species discussed, can leave no i-oom for doubt in
the student's mind, a statement that can rarely be made of the
unillustrated works of many other authors. To all students of the
Heliconiids, and to all interested in the general subject of variation,
the work will be hailed with pleasure as an excellent summary of the
facts relating to the variation of the species treated and so well
illustrated.

Ih-. K. W. Verhoeli' has in two recent papers entirely rearranged
tile l''(irjiciilaria, or rather, the Deriiiaptcra, which he adopts as an
ordinal name. The first papei', " Uber Dermapteren," appeared in
]\larch last in Xonhiiiisclic Air.ri(/rr, Band xxv., no. 665, p. 181^
followed by a supplemental paper in the Sit^.iiniix-Jiericht tier Ges.
vaturf. Frenndc -.ii lii'iiin, 1902, no. 1, p. 7. In these two papers
he draws up an entirely new and original scheme of classification for
the Drniiaitteya, temporarily postponing Labia and Neolobophora, and
a few other obscure genera for farther investigation ; he divides the
remainder into Paradfriiiaptcra and Kmlrniiaptcra, the first containing
the single family Ajiachi/idai', and the single genus AjiarJn/s, Serville ;
the remainder he again divides into two, the Kadt'imaptcra Monandria
and the Kuderiitaptcra Diandiia. The species of the latter have the male
genital organs in duplicate, and include the families A nisidabidae, Gonola-
hidae, Isulabidae, lH/dati/idan, Fj/nidicraiiidai' and Labidnridae. In the
Monandria, with a single penis, ditctus ejaculatorius, pi'senuptial sac
and virga, he places the Chdiduridae, the Furjiculidar, a new family
the Karsv/dellidaf, containing two new genera erected around Pi/(/idi-
crana b'uttneri, Karsch. Another new family, the holabidae, falling
next in order to the Gonolahidae, contains three new apterous African
genera. A few new species are described and several new genera
raised. The papers will be discussed in detail next month.

Erratum. — Page 112, line 16, for " Ibid " read " William Hewett, York."

* " Variation des Heliconia thelxiope et H. vesta,'' Etudes d'Eiitoinologie, livr.
xxi., pp. 1-2G and pi. i-xi, par Charles Oberthiir. Fevrier, 1902. [Published at
IJennes, Imprimerie Oberthiir.]

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF BOSNIA AND MONTENEGRO. 141

The lepidoptera of Bosnia and Montenegro.

By (Mrs.) MARY DE LA B. NICHOLL, F.E.S.

June, 1901, was a terribly wet month all through southern
Europe. I spent the last three weeks of it in Bosnia, with Mr. Elwes
as my companion, without much success with the butterflies. It was
a very late, as well as a very wet, season ; insects were fully a fortnight
behind their usual time, and a diary of our proceedings consists prin-
cipally of a repetition of the depressing words, " wet," or " very
cloudy."

We took a tolerable series of ChnjsopJianus dispar var. riitilits in
the marshy Save valley, also a great many fresh specimens of Coeno-
nynipha tiphnn on the marshes around the Lake of Jezero, which Mr.
Elwes considers to be, in all probability, the most southern limit of
this species. Our examples are all large, and remarkably brilliant in
colour, differing considerably from the northern types of this variable
butterfly. The Jezero marshes are about 1500ft. above the sea, in
44^° N. lat. We got a good many Air/ynnis hecate, which is common
all through the Balkans, and MeUiaea partlumie var. raria in some
abundance. These were not exactly like the var. caria of the Swiss
Alps, where it is abundant at an elevation of 7000ft. to 9000ft. Its
occurrence so far to the eastwards, and at so low an elevation (we
found it at 3000ft. to 4000ft.) is remarkable. It flies in the meadows
of the dry limestone plateaux, both in Bosnia and the Brda district
of Montenegro. I feel by no means certain that it is not an unnamed
var. of M. aurelia, and not M. parthenie var. raria. On July 1st, Mr.
Elwes was obliged to return to England, and I was rather inclined to
return to western Europe, but I was fortunate enough to secure the
services of Herr Vejsil Curcic, an assistant at the National Museum of
Serajevo, so I determined to remain in the Balkans, and started with
him, July 7th, for Jablanica, in the Narenta valley, south of the
dividing ridge between the waters of the Adriatic and the Black Sea.
We took plenty of provisions with us, as we intended to spend three
days at the new Alp hut on the Prenj, at a point which was quite
inaccessible from the Narenta at the time of my visit in 1898, on
account of the thick and pathless brushwood that clothes the pre-
cipitous ascent. The Prenj is a mass of very dry limestone mountains
in the province of Hercegovina, containing many peaks, varying in
height from 5000ft. to 7300ft., and covering a great tract of country,
about fifteen miles from east to west and 30 miles from north to
south. A wilder region would be difficult to find; it is all high, and
very cold, the snow never melts from the higher peaks, most of the
surface consists of bare rock, and water is very scarce. There is
forest in the northern valleys and on some of the mountain sides ;
towns or villages there are none, only a feAv shepherd huts at spots
where water can be found, and these are only inhabited from May to
September. The roe and the chamois still haunt the glens, but the
great lammergeier no longer breeds in the precipices, and the wolf and
the bear are getting very scarce, since the railway from Serajevo to
Mostar came up the Narenta valley and brought sportsmen from all
quarters.

At Jablanica we hired ponies for July 8th, and after a very steep
five hours' ascent up the good new path made by the local Alpine
June 1st, 1902.

142 THE entomologist's record.

club, we arrived at the Alp hut, solidly built of planks, and beautifully
situated 4000ft. above the sea, with a grand mountain view to the
west and south, and the comfortable shelter of a beech wood to the
north and east. Dr. Penthner, the accomplished author of the index
to Rtaudinger and Rebel's Lepidopteroi Catalog, went up to the hut
with us ; he intended to estalilish himself there for a month at least,
and collect at leisure.

July 8th was brilliantly fine, and I went up the Glogovo Prenj, a
great limestone ridge over 6000ft. high, ahout an hour and a half of
steep ascent immediately behind the but. In the rough grass of the
hollows, at an elevation of not less than 4500ft., and not more than
6500ft., I found many Coenonymphas flying, which I believe to be the
same as those which Mr. Elwesand I had taken in the Rilo (Bulgaria)
two years ago. These were consideied very interesting by Staudinger,
and were named by him Coenonywjilia .^i/iiiphita xnv. ti/])Iiovi<les, being the
wtstern foini of an Asiatic species {ride Cataloij, new ed.). This insect,
which I found on the Prenj, and also, later, on theDurmitor, is not so
well marked, or so decidedly a var. of C. syiii})hifa, as the Bulgarian type,
but Mr. Elwes and Dr. Rebel both considered it to be the same butterfly
in its extreme western form. At the very top of the mountains, in
the rocky hollows, I took a good many Hesjuria andrmneda, a butterfly
which had not hitherto been found in this district ; they were mostly
in bad order, and very hard to catch. Krehia gorye and var. erynnis
were flying in some numbers on one of the southern slopes of the
summit, but did not pervade the whole mountain, as would probably
have been the case in the Alps. They were in excellent condition, but
I unfortunately failed to get any females, they were not out yet pro-
bably, as I saw none. Perceiving a shoulder of the mountain con-
taining some nice green hollows- — an oasis in the stony wilderness — I
explored it, and found iJirnthia jialcs flying there, besides quantities of
Erebia rnediifia and 7V. oenic, the latter the fine eastern type, with a red
flush on the underside of the fo)ewings. I got one beautiful aberration
of Brenthin pales, a male, with the forewings almost entirely brown
on the upperside. The next day was stormy, then we had another
nice day, and I again went up to the Glovogo Prenj, hoping to get
females of E. yorye and Ik pales, but although I took a good many
insects, I made no important additions to my former bag. Next day
I returned to Serajevo, taking some butterflies on my way down the
mountain, of which some nice dark Melanaryia yalatea, and some
very good dark females of Melitaea didyiva, were the only ones in any
way noticeable. I then spent a day at Serajevo, arranging for an
excursion to the Montenegrin frontier, and we started on the 14th to
drive to Focha, a beautiful journey of a day and a half, halting for the
night at Gorazda. The road winds through a mountainous and well-
wooded country, where so many butterflies haunt the roadside that we
arrived very late at Gorazda. We took Ajiatvra iris, A. ilia, and a
beautiful bronzed aberratirn of A. ilia approaching clytie, Aryymns
adijipe and var. dcodoa-a, Ih-yas papkia in swarms, Lycatna meleayer,
Polyoniviatus corydon, Hetenijiteriis morpheus, &c.

At Focha, where we left the high road, we found that the frontier
was just then in a very unsettled condition, as there had been a
Bmuggling row, about fifteen miles ofi^, and a Montenegrin smuggler
had killed an Austrian official. However, our credentials were bo

THB L,KPIDOPXER.\ OF BOSNIA AND MONTENEGRO. 113

unexceptionable that we were allowed to go on, and met with the
utmost courtesy and kindness from all the officials, both military and
civil, during our whole excursion.

On the 16th we rode out of Focha on a lovely summer's morning
along the good bridle path leading to the military frontier post of
Celebic, about six hours' easy going through an excellent butterfly
country, forests alternating with mountain meadows, brilliant with
flowers and swarming with insects. I took Panmssiiis ajuillo, Ajiatura
ilia, Liiiwnitis populi, ^'ancssa io, Melitaca maturna, M. partlwuii' var.
varia, Broitltis amatliusia, B. ino, Clirysoj)/ia)niii riruaiircae, C. Jri/ijio-
thoe, Polj/diiniiatus aiiiamlus, Li/caena crrw.s, L. miieoiier, L. arion, P.
corydon, P. belhm/iis, Cnenonyiupha iphis, and many more common things,
but the great prize of the day was P. anteros, a poor specimen, but quite
unmistakable. It had never before been taken in Bosnia, and this is
probably its western limit. It may very likely be abundant here
earlier in the season, as it is a June butterfly (in Bulgaria). I pre-
sented my specimen to the museum at Serajevo. Celebic is finely
situated on the top of a commanding height about 4000ft. above the
sea, and is occupied by a company of Austrian infantry^a frontier
guard. There is a good Fremdenzimmer kept by Government for
travellers, and I was comfortably lodged and dined at mess ! Next
day we went on to the frontier gendarmerie post of Mestrovac, a
most beautiful walk of three and a half hours along the edge of the
tremendous Tara Gorge, which here forms the boundary between
Austria and Montenegro, but it poured with rain, and we were glad
to get into shelter at the little barrack. It rained all night and all the
next morning, but the afternoon cleared a little, so Curcic and I
started up the Radovina, a great grassy mountain about 5800ft. high,
which rose immediately behind the gendarmerie, with the lower slopes
well clothed with forest. The Erebias flew notwithstanding the grey
weather, and I got a great many Erehia oeme, rather small and red in
colour, also Erehia tyndarns var. bofiuiaca, and E. ciiryale. Curcic saw
a wolf quite near ; with my usual bad luck, I was catching butterflies
just on the other side of the hill.

The next day was very fine, and we started very early, escorted by
a patrol of gendarmes, to ascend Ljubnica, a conspicuous mountain
about 7000ft. high, on which is the boundary stone between Turkey
and Austria. We first climbed up very steep forests, mostly of pine,
and then came out into beautiful meadows, where the mowers were
just setting to work on the hay. Erehia nwdiisa and P.'. oeme were very
common, Brentlnn pales swarmed, and Curcic caught one E. epiphron
(cassiope), which is a rare butterfly all through this country. Following
a nice stream to its source, in the western flank of Ljubnica, we found
two empty huts, sheltered by great fir-trees, overlooking a rich meadow
which sloped down to the water. Here we resolved to encamp, so
leaving the men and the baggage, Curcic and I and the guard went up
to the summit of the mountain, about an hour above the huts. The
view was splendid, and the day very tine, but entomologically it was
a poor mountain ; butterflies were very few and far between on and
around the summit, though lower down E. meduaa and the Coeno-
nympha, which I had taken on Prenj [C. syttiphita\ar. typhonides), were
common. Returning to camp, I spent the afternoon in the adjacent
meadows, and got a great many nice insects, but nothing new excepting

144 THK entomologist's recobd.

four specimens of C. arcania var. philea, which was another novelty
for the Serajevo museum ; they had never found it before in Bosnia.
That evening I found our following augmented by a splendid Pandour,
or frontier guard, who had been sent to take care of us. This man
was a Montenegrin by birth, and was pleased by my admiration of the
mass of Durmitor, rising in tremendous precipices out of its forests,
two days' march to the south of our camp. I had always greatly
desired to explore this remote mountain, and finding my Pandour very
willing to escort me, I resolved to make the attempt, hoping that my
English passport would induce the officials of the Turkish and
Montenegrin frontiers to let us pass — my Austrian credentials would
be useless there. A more picturesque group than that assembled
around the camp fire would be difficult to find, or a greater mixture of
religions and nationalities. The Pandour was in full Montenegrin
costume, and had witii him a friend and countryman similarly attired ;
the two gendarmes were Croats, and these four were all armed to the
teeth. Then I had two Turks with the horses, both attired in national
costume, and Curcic, also a Bosnian Turk, in European dress, with
a Fez ; all these men were considerably above six feet in height, and
about the biggest I have ever had with me. Next morning, half an
hour's march brought us to the Turkish frontier, and here we took a
Montenegrin with his horses, instead of the Turks, as the Montengrin
would have no difficulty in getting into Montenegro. We then rode
down a steep and beautiful valley, where I got one or two more
Coeiiunyinpha arcania var. pkilea, but in very bad order. We next
turned across a dry limestone plateau, mostly grass land, with a good
many small villages and a tew cornfields ; butterflies not very
abundant, but I saw several Mditaea parthenie var. caria (or aarelia
var.). About four hours' ride bi'ought us to the Turkish frontier post,
where we were most politely received by the Turkish captain, a
grizzled veteran in a cuirass, with several medals ; he gave us coffee,
we stopped and baited our horses, and I looked for butterflies in the
neighbouring hollows. I saw ( 'oUas iinjniiidune, but I could not catch
him. The Turkish officer politely escorted us to the top of the Tara
gorge, which is the Montenegrin frontier, and about two miles from
his post. He left us looking down into its depths. It is one of
the most remarkable places I have ever seen. The Tara cuts
a trench 2000ft. deep in the high plateau, from which the Ljubnica,
Durmitor, Maglij, Vlasuljak, and other mountains rise. This
great trench extends for ten or twelve miles, and is joined by
another similar trench, cut by the Piva at right angles to it, and
these two enormous gorges guard the north-western frontier of
Montenegro. In most places the gorge is too steep for any path,
but here and there the ground falls at a less precipitous angle, and we
found a way winding down amongst brushwood to the edge of the
river. I have never seen a better butterfly corner, or one in which a
greater variety of insects could be taken, from the cold lip of the upper
plateau to the rich vegetation of the lower part of the gorge, sheltered
from the cutting Bora and open to every ray of the summer sun. I
should have liked to spend a week there, but time pressed so that I
could but glance at the insects that rose at every step from the path.
I got several fine aberrations of Mehmanjia (jalaUa, one, the most
remarkable I have ever taken, very black on the upper side, and quite

THE liEPIDOPTERA OF BOSNIA AND MONTENEGRO. 145

white beneath, also a rduiaikably liiu dark feuiale Melitaea trivia, like
that we found in the Rhodope, and a striking specimen of M. phoebe,
2 , largj and dusky, q^uite different from any other that I possess. It
was trying to have to hurry on, when there was so much to
induce one to linger, but it was impossible to delay, for we wanted to
cross the frontier stream, and do three hours' journey in Montenegro
that night. So, relunctantly, I went on, and came to thicker and less
productive woodland close by the Tara, whose course we followed for
about a mile till we came to the ford, and a gunshot summoned the
ferryman from some remote hut, high up on the Montenegrin side.
Down he came and crossed the still deep pool, whilst we waited
impatiently on the rocks opposite, but all that we could say or do
would not induce him to take us across; generally, one might go over,
but since the recent row, nobody might cross without special leave
from the local governor, who lived at the town of Jabliak, three hours
away ! So we resolved to encamp close by, and paid the ferryman to
take my passport up to Jabliak, and see if the great man might not be
persuaded by the sight of the royal arms to let us enter the country.
Then we encamped in a lovely narrow meadow, between the rapid Tara
and a great cliff, in which we could see, high up, many caves, formerly
a stronghold of robbers, but now, fortunately, unoccupied. The
Montenegrins kindly sent over a frontier guard, a friend of our
Pandour's, to look after us, and he brought us some excellent potatoes.
I spent the evening catching Micros, and regretting my haste in
the descent of the gorge. Next morning leave to cross arrived, so we
joyfully hastened back to the ferry, we and our goods crossed on the
ferry boat (which consisted of three tree-trunks lashed together) and
the horses swam. Then we began the ascent of the Montenegrin side
of the gorge, which was rather less steep at this point than the
Turkish side ; with fine forest and very few butterflies, 1 scarcely
caught anything. Arrived at the top, we found a grassy plateau, and
occasional fir woods, just as on the Turkish side. About midday we
reached the tiny town of Jabliak, built almost entirely of wood, on a
small river coming down from the Duimitor, whose frowning
precipices rise out of the forests about five miles west of the town.
We interviewed the head man, a handsome young Montenegrin, named
Urosh, in full costume, who could read and write Servian, but nothing else,
and we had much ado to persuade him of our respectability. I think the
lion and the unicorn on my passport carried the day, he understood that.
He kept the only inn in Jabliak, and must certainly have made a good
thing of our visit, for the whole population came to look at me, and
to greet their friend and relation, the Pandour, who swore that I was
everything that I should be. So finally we were given a nice old
Montenegrin officer of gendarmes to look after us, and allowed to
explore tlie Durmitor ; we started about 4 p.m. We went into the
forest at once, and scrambled along very slippery ways till 6 p.m.
Then we encamped in the driest spot we could find, under an enormous
fir tree, and had a very rough night with thunder, lightning and rain.
Next morning was again fine, and we went up into the mountain,
leaving the forest region far below us, and pitching my tent close to
a newly-built and unoccupied shepherd's hut. This afforded a
necessary shelter for the men, as we must have been quite oOOOft.
high and the nights were frosty. Here we I'cmaincd for four days, and

148 THE entomologist's beoobo.

I regret that 1 could not stay longer, as I do not consider that I hav^'
by any means done what there is to do in the way of collecting butter-
flies on this great mountain. The highest point of Durmitor is more
than 8000ft. high, and is surrounded by six or seven other points, but
very little inferior to it in height. These peaks conceal numerous
basins and hollows, several of which contain little lakes, clear,
deep and blue, rather reminding me of the Bavarian Alps. This mass
of mountains covers a tract of country about ten miles in length by
eight in width (rather more than less); its great precipices rise abruptly
from the flat tableland of the Brda, towering above ail the neighbour-
ing heights on the Bosnian frontier. The highest summit of Durmitor
has only once been ascended, by an Italian. There is much pasture,
but much grazing also ; for stony slopes and precipices it is unrivalled,
and great forests clothe its lower levels. It is a remarkably cold and
late mountain. I found Enhia melaa barely out on July 24th ; and
E. (joriic, which is very rare here, was also only just making its appear-
ance. I think that my time might have been more profitably spent,
entomologically, on the lower levels ; I wasted one glorious day for
butterflies, in the ascent of the second peak of the mountain, which is
moderately accessible, and commands so glorious a view, that J
cannot regret the loss of time, though I literally took not a single
butterfly, but I had the honour of being the flrst Englishwoman who
had ever made the ascent, and the memory of one of those days which
are marked with a white stone in one's calender. The other three
days were all more or less showery, and butterflies were not at all
plentiful. I give my captures, all taken at 5000 ft. or over: —
I'amassius apoUo, P. umenwi^yiie, Eudiloe cardamincs, Picrin rapae, P.
iiapi, Brenthia euphros)/ne, P. pales (plentiful), Ctipido iiiiiiiiiia, Poli/om-
viatiis eras (one), Ercbia viiias, E. (jon/e (two only), E. lappona (very
common over 6000ft.), E. tijndarus var. bosniaca (not above 4000ft. )»
E. oeme, E. caaaiope (two), E. euryale, L'oenonympha sijwpJdta var.
tiphonides (very common), C. arcania var. philea, Hesperia alvrus.
Two very long days' march across the Brda brought us back to the
Tara gorge, at another point from that at which we had crossed it
before ; I saw a good many butterflies in the dolinas, or hollows in
the iime^rtone plateaux — Anii/nnix Jiecate, Mditaim pcuthenie var. raria ("?),
ChrysDp/ioiuis hipputlioe, many of the commoner Lycamids, Cneno-
nyiiiplui iphis, Eirbia medusa, &c., besides several unmistakable t'ulias
wyrinidone (which I could not catch). Again we had to wait a good
while before we could get re-admitted into Bosnia, as the gendarmes
had to be fetched from their post, about an hour's walk from the ferry,
before the ferryman would row us over, but they arrived in about two
hours, and were most obliging when they did turn up, so we got once
more across the Tara, and reached the gendarmerie barrack by star-
light. This was the end of a most interesting excursion. I should
much like to revisit Durmitor and the Brda, and spend a month
there, the country was most beautiful, and the lepidoptera very little
known. I should recommend any future traveller to start from
Cettinje rather than cross the frontier. The Tara gorge, best of
butterfly corners, is half in Turkey and half in Montenegro, but in
ordinary times there would probably be no particular difficulty in
crossing the frontier for a day's collecting for anyone who was known
to the officials. The Turkish captain was remarkably civil.

List op lepidoptera peculiar to the British islands. 147

List of Species, Varieties, and Aberrations of Lepidoptera so far
only recorded from the British Islands.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Hydrilla palustris ab. lutescens, Farren. — Ochreous-brown
form, comprising about one-third of the British captures. Very near
the Lapland form. H. ab. fusca, Farren. — Basal two-thirds of the
forewings, blackish-fuscous. Very near the Amurland form.

Caradrixa MORPHEUS AB. oBscuRA, TuTT. — Deep gi'eyish-fuscous,
inclining to black.

Caradrina taraxaci ab. suffusa, Tutt. — A blackish-fuscous form
from Sligo.

RusiNA uMBRATicA (tenebrosa) ab. OBSCURA, TuTT. — A deep uni-
colorous blackish-brown form. Occasionally in England ; more
common in Scotland, where it often replaces the type altogether.

Peridroma ypsilon ab. pallida, Tutt. — The Hebridean form with
the outer area of the anterior wings of a whitish colour.

Agrotis lunigera, a species confined to Britain, the south coast of
France and Sicily, is now supposed to be specifically identical with
the more widely distributed A. tru.c. The forms of A. luny/era peculiar to
Britain appear to be : — Agrotis lunigera ab. pallida, Tutt. — Pale
whitish-grey, an extreme form of the male apparently confined to the
chalkhills of the Isle of Wight. A. ab. suffusa, Tutt, and ab. nigra,
Tutt. — Both melanic forms, the latter unicolorous black. A. ab.
RUFESCENS, TuTT. — A rare aberration suffused with red.

A. vESTiGiALis ab. NIGRA, TuTT. — A blackish-f uscous aberration.
A. ab. lineolata, Tutt. — With the cuneiform dashes extending to the
hind margin of the wing.

A. obelisca var. grisea, Tutt. — The Isle of Wight race of this
species, which is finely dusted with grey scales.

A. NIGRICANS ab. PALLIDA, TuTT. — Pale grey, almost unicolorous.
A. AB. RUFA, Tutt. — A pale reddish obscurely marked form. A. ab.
QUADRATA, TuTT. — With red-browii ground-colour, and dark quadrate
spot ; bears a superficial resemblance to A. obelisca var. hastifera. A.
AB. fuscovariegata, Tutt. — Dark reddish-brown with a purple tinge and
ochreous transverse lines and markings, Kent.

A. cuRsoRiA AB. CjErulea, Tutt.- — A very rare, pale, slaty-grey
form. A. AB. oBsoLETA, Tutt. — Yellowish-grey with obsolete mark-
ings. A. AB. ocHREA, TuTT. — Yellowish-ochreous, with pale longi-
tudinal markings. A. ab. brunnea, Tutt. — Deep suffused reddish-
brown, with the transverse lines ochreous outlined with fuscous. A.
AB. sagitta, ? H.-ScH., TuTT. (sAGiTTATA, Staud.). — A beautiful streaked
form from Scotland and Shetland Isles.

A. TRiTici ab. OBSOLETA, TuTT. — Pale grey with no distinct mark-
ings, very rare. Deal. A. ab. c^rulea, Tutt. — A pale slate- or dove-
coloured form, very rare. Deal. A. ab. pallida, Tutt. — Pale greyish-
white, with the normal transverse lines edged with fuscous. A. ab.
nigra, Tutt. — Unicolorous blackish, with still darker transverse lines.
A. ab. subgothica. Haw. — Greyish-fuscous with space between stigmata
dark, no cuneiform spots, and pale costa. A. abs. sordida, Haw.,
pupiLLATus, Haw., ochracea, Tutt, valligera, Haw., cuneigera,
Stephs., albilinea, Haw., lineolata. Haw., venosa, Stephs.,
hohtorim, Stephs., costanigra, Tutt. None of these forms of this

148 THE entomologist's becoed.

exceedingly variable species have yet been recorded from the continent.

A. AGATHiNA AB. KOSEA, TuTT. — Suffused with rose colour. A.
VAR. HEBRiDicoLA, Staud. — Paler grey, scarcely red-tinged.

A. suBRosEA, Stphs. — The red type of this species was character-
istically British. It is now supposed to be extinct. The continental
forms are much greyer and are known as var. subcaerulca.

A. coRTicEA AB. cLAviGERus, Haw. — Pale whitish-giey form. A.
AB. virgata- PALLIDA, TuTT. — Basal and outer areas black. A. abs.
suBFuscus, Haw. , obsoleta-fusca, Tutt, irrorata-fusca, Tutt. — Fuscous
forms not yet recorded from the continent. A. abs. brunnea, Tutt,
brunnea-virgata, Tutt, venosa, Tutt, transversa, Tutt, nigra, Tutt.
— Suli'used and melanic aberrations not yet recorded from the continent.
Dark forms, however, are recorded from north-eastern Asia.

A. exclamationis ab. pallida, Tutt. — Pale whitish-grey. One
suspects the eastern Asiatic form, var. scvcna, Alph., to be close to this.

A. AB. picEA, Haw, Blackish-grey. A. ab. eufescens, Tutt. — Ground

colour, reddish-grey. A. ab. obsoleta, Tutt. — Without transverse
lines or stigmata.

A. ciNEREA AB. PALLIDA, TuTT (tephrina, Staud.). — Clear ground
colour, markings distinct, hind wings pale, often quite white in the
males.

A. Rip^ AB. brunnea, Tutt. — Of a deep reddish-ochreous tint,
Yorks. A. AB. grisea, Tutt. — Dai-k grey much suffused with
blackish scales ; Lincolnshire coast.

A. PUTA ab. nigra, Tutt. — An extreme female form of uni-
colorous black colour.

A. ASHWoRTHii, Dbldy. — This species is represented on the conti-
nent by var. (?) canddaniin, Stgr. iSchoyen records a very similar form
to the British one from Scandinavia. The ab. virgata, Tutt, has a
blackish-brown transverse band crossing the wing.

A. LucERNEA VAR. (et AB.) RENiGERA, Btephs. — A dark mclanic race
confined to the Pennines, Cumbrian mountains and Scotland.

A. siMULANs AB. LATENs, Stephs. — The most extreme melanic form
of this species. [One suspects the western Asiatic form, vihirica, Stand.,
to be ab. siiff'nm, Tutt, or closely allied thereto.]

A. oBscuRA AB. suFFusA, TuTT. — Extreme blackish-fuscous form.

Lycophotia strigula var. SUFFUSA, Tutt. — The large dark Shetland
race of this species, larger, darker, without red.

TriphjEna comes ab. rufescens, Tutt. — Forewings unicolorous pale
reddish. T. ab. rufa, Tutt, is an extreme development of a deep
bright red colour, only found in Scotland. T. ab. consequa. Curt,
(cuetisii, Newm). — Another Scotch form, very dark brown in colour,
with a distinct red costa. T. ab. nigra, Tutt.- — An extreme melanic
form found in Scotland, the posterior and anterior wings almost
uniformly black. T. ab. virgata, Ttitt. — Reddish-brown, with a
distinct dark central band.

T. pronuba ab. CiERULEscENs, TuTT. — Slaty-grey ground colour.

ExoBNis AUGUR AB. HELVETiNA, Kna(;gs. — A Very pale form of
aiujur added to the British list by Knaggs, as the well-known
continental species lidcctina.

NocTUA CASTANEA AB. PALLIDA, TuTT. — Pale ochieous-yellow ground
colour with characteristic markings outlined in red. N. ab. xanthe,
Wool forde. — Quite yellow ground colour.

A REVISION OF THE BRITISH SPECIES OF BAGOUS, SCH5n. 149

N. BAiA AB. PURPUREA, TuTT. — Tiutccl witli a delicate piu-plish or
plum colour. N. ab. c^rtjlescens, Tutt. — Ground colour with a
distinct slaty tinge.

N. soBRixA AB. suFFUSA, TuTT. — The dull dark grey form from
Rannoch.

N. GLAKEOSA AJB. (eT VAE.) SUFFUSA, TuTT (eDDA, StAUD.). This

melanic form is almost entirely confined to iScotland and the Hebrides.

N. brunnea ab. rufa, Tutt. — A bright red form tal^en with the type.

N. DAHLii AB. (et var.) rufa, Tutt. — A dark purplish red-brown
form, occurring as a 5 aberration in England, but as a local race in
both sexes in western Ireland and in Scotland.

N. PRIMULA AB. GRiSEA, TuTT. — A dark grey form, so far only
obtained in Aberdeenshire. N. ab. c^erulea, Tutt. — Another Scotch
form of a clear slaty or lilac colour. N. var. thulei, Staud. — The
very distinct Hebridean form of the species. Occurs, however, in
Iceland.

N. XANTOGRAPHA ABS. OBSCURA, TuTT, AND NIGRA, TuTT. Melanic

reddish-black and greyish-black forms almost entirely confined to
Scotland.

Pachnobia hyperborea var. alpina, Humph, and Westw. — The red
Scotch form of this species.

P. LEucoGRAPHA AB. SUFFUSA, TuTT. — A rare deep blackish-red
form. P. AB. RUFA, Tutt. — The rare bright ochreous-red form of the
species. Only recorded from Hereford.

P. RUBRicosA AB. PALLIDA, TuTT. — A pale greyish-red form. P. ab.
(et vae.) rufa, Tutt. — The bright red local race found in the southern
counties.

(To be continued.)

A Revision of the British Species of Bagous, Schoen.

By E. A. NEWBEEY.

The need for a revision of the British species of this genus has
long been admitted. I have been induced to attempt the task from
having all the British forms in my possession, either in my own
collection or lent to me by the kindness of my friends.

This paper makes no pretension to be a monograph of the genus,
since detailed descriptions, both generic and specific, are omitted. In
other respects it has been my aim to make it as complete as possible.
Those students who require detailed descriptions will find them in our
British handbooks and in Brisout's Monof/rcijiJi. The absence of these
details has rendered a fuller analytical table necessary, but it is hoped
that this will be no disadvantage.

The following works are either referred to, or may be usefullv
consulted : —

Heibst. — Nalursyatem aller hckauiileii, cCx., Iiisccten, Herbst and Jablonski.
Berlin, 17«9.

Payk. — Fauna Suecica Insecta, Paykull. Upsalia, 1798 et seq.

Gyll. — Insecta Suecica dexcripta, Leon Gyllenhal. Scaris, 1808-18.

Schon.—Schonherrii Synonynda Inxectoruvi CunnUoi.idac. Paris, 1833-9.

Th. — Scandinavicnx Culcdptera, C. G. Thomson. Stcckliolm, 1859-(;8.

Bris. — Mo)i(>(jrap)ne dex csperea Europcennex et Alyrrienncs du ycnre Bogoux, par
Henri Brisout de Barneville. Ann. de ^ot•. Ent. de Fiance, 1863, jip. 491 et seq.

Bedel. — Faiine des Coleoideres du hassin de la Seine, Louis Bedel. Tome VI.
Paris, 1885-8.

150 THE entomologist's record.

Cox. — Handbook of BrilUh Coleoptera, H. E. Cox, 1874.

Fowler. — Colcopteia of the British Islands, W. W. Fowler, vol. 5, 1891.

The descriptions iu Herbst's and Gyllenhal's works are of very
little scientific value. They may have been sufficient when but few
species were known, but they are of so loose a character that they will
often fit three or four of the now known species. Herbst's types no
longer exist, and it is impossible, either from the text or figures, to be
at all certain of the species to which this author refers. Gyllenhal's
types still exist in the Museum at Stockholm, where also those of
Schonherr and Boheman are preserved. Schonherr's work is much
better, and the descriptions are often all that can be desired for
identifying the species, many of them are written by Gyllenhal or
Boheman. Brisout's MononrapJi is a very good one, and I believe it
is the latest that has appeared on the genus. I am greatly indebted
to Bedel's work for many of the best characters in my table. The
author has the faculty of describing dift'eninces in a short but very
lucid manner. The works of Cox and Fowler are in the hands of
every student and need no commendation from me.

Habits and foodplakts. — All the species are found on aquatic
plants, but we know as little of the habits of these insects as in
Brisout's time. Bedel mentions that all the species of which the
habits are known live exclusively on monocotyledons. This would
appear to be correct, but with the exception of B. binodulins, which is
said to be found on Stratoitcx aloides, and B. aliswatis, which feeds on
the leaves of Alimia plaiitai/o, nothing is known of the foodplants of
the British species. Some are subaquatic, others — miiillaccKn for
instance — seem confined to salt or brackish water. All the species
simulate death when disturbed, and remain quiescent for a consider-
able time. A good plan of capturing the subaquatic species is to rake
the water-weed upon a piece of waterproof sheeting, drain oft' the
water and shake the weed well. The beetles will fall on the sheet,
but will be difticult to see on account of their death-shamming habits
and obscure colours.

Sexual diffeeences. — These are very little marked. The rostrum
of the male is shorter and more pubescent than that of the female,
with the antennae inserted nearer the apex. The metasternal
impressions are also more marked, and the hooks at the apex of the
tibiae rather more developed. In the female the rostrum is often bare
and impunctate in front of the insertion of the antennje.

Miscellaneous obsekvations. — The distribution of the genus is
peculiar ; omitting the generally distributed alismatis, it will be found
that almost all the records are from the south or east of England, or
the London district. One species only has occurred in the west, i.e.,
B. nifjritarsis, at Candleston, Wales. Scotland claims but one species,
B. (ilahrmntris, and only one specimen, liitiiln.nifi/, appears to have
been found in Ireland. It is extremely probable that the want of
attention paid to the genus by collectors is accountable for the limited
range of the localities.

The time of appearance of the perfect insect appears to range from
April to October, most of the recorded captures being in the former
month. It is almost certain that these insects hibernate. They all
vary greatly in size, our largest species is 1>. nodidosHs, the smallest
B. lutulosus, though some specimens of B. rlauiiicavn run quite as small.

A. REVTSTON OP THE BRITISH SPKCIES OP BAGOUS, 3CH(5\. 151

The number of joints in the funiculus of the antenuiB has been
variously stated by authors. The antennae are eleven -jointed in all the
species, and the confusion in the number of joints in the funiculus has
arisen from some observers considering the 7th joint as part of the
club. It appears to me that this is the best way to regard it, since it
is pubescent and much broader than the preceding joints. B. petro,
however, is an exception with a plainly seven-jointed funiculus.
These beetles are very often coated with an earthy crust which obscures
the striae and markings, rendering their determination more difficult,
but ari/illaci'iis is very rarely thus disfigured.

It is not my intention to go deeply into the synonymy, my refer-
ences are confined to the worlds cited in my list. The names given
in the table are those of the last European Catalogue (1891). For the
reasons before given I believe it to be impossible to substantiate
Herbst's names, but it is better to allow these to remain as they are
in general use, since nothing is more mischievous than continual
changes in nomenclature. Localities are given of those insects only
which have been examined by me, except in one or two instances which
are noted in the text.

Table or the Species.

1. Club of antennas with first joint glabrous.

Club indistinctly articulated and as long as the following joints
united ; thorax, very short, broad, enlai'ged and rounded behind
apical constriction ; elytra short and broad, strongly punctured ;
callosity near apex of tifth interstice absent.

B. 2>etro, Herbst (HelvniitlimorpJitt!! Auhei, Cussac).
— Club of antennte pubescent from base. 2.

2. Antennse inserted near basal third of rostrum.

Form, long and cylindrical; thorax nearly as broad as elytra, the
latter without callosities ; hind tarsi as long as tibiae.

B. (Lypriis) cyliiidrua, Payk.
— Antennse not inserted near basal third of rostrum.

Usually inserted near apex, more rarely in middle. 3.

3. Elytra with a small shiny prominence at base of first interstice on each

side of scutellum.

Elytra with strong tubercles near apical third of both 3rd and
•5th interstices.

B. hiriodiilux, Herbst.
— Elytra without scutellary prominences.

Tubercle on 3rd interstice wanting. 4,

4. Integuments shiny like varnish.

Elytra very feebly punctured with tubercles obsolete ; size rather
large (3|nim. to 4^nmi.).

/)'. orpilloreug, Gyll.
— Integuments not shiny.

Elytral tubercles more or less marked. 5.

6. Size large (4mm. to 5mm.), with well marked tubercle on the oth inter-
stice.

B. yiodulosus, Gyll.
— Size small (2mm. to 4mm.); tubercle reduced to a callosity or even

wanting. ' 6.

6. 3rd joint of tarsi not bilobed, as narrow as 2nd joint. 7.
— 3rd joint of tarsi more or less bilobed, always much broader than 2nd

joint. 13.

7. 2nd and 3rd joints of posterior tarsi distinctly longer than broad.

Tibiae not flattened and dilated near the basal half ; tarsi moder-
ately long. 8.
— 2nd and 3rd joints of posterior tarsi subequal, as broad as long.

Tibiae flattened and dilated near the ba.-al half ; legs short and
thick ; tarsi short, about half the length of the tibia?. 12.

152 THE entomologist's RECORD.

8. Strise of elytra strongly punctured.

Thorax much broader than long, with sides dilated behind the deep
apical constiiciion and distinctly narrowed towards base, central
furrow absent or obsolete ; form short and broad.

B. limosux, Gyll.
— Strias of elytra feebly or not at all punctured (except in rare forms of
frit).

Thorax not as in llmosu.i. 9.

9. Thorax with three more or less evident depressions in the well marked

and deep apical constriction, the central depression connected by a
broad shallow furrow with another deeper depression at the base of
thorax, forming thus a broad central furrow ; form rather broad.

B. brech, Gyll.
— Thorax without evident depressions or fovese, and with at most a fine
central furrow ; apical constriction feeble. 10.

10. Scape inserted near middle of rostrum.

Form elongate ; thorax with fine central furrow ; elytra with
spots, a common transverse spot near apical third being the
most conspicuous.

B. tempestUnis, Herbst.
— Scape inserted nearer to apex.

Form less elongate ; thoracic furrow obsolete or absent. 11.

11. Three first joints of posterior tarsi elongate and subequal.

Elytra with finely punctured strise and (in a fresh state) a whitish
punctiform spot in the 3rd interstice behind middle ; hind
tibiffi long, strongly and regularly curved at apex, with very
long apical spur.

B. frit, Herbst.
— Second joint of posterior tarsi distinctly shorter than first.

Elytra with simple stride and variable markings, which usually
take the form of transverse spots, but are sometimes altogether
wanting ; hiiid tibiae shorter and thicker, less regularly curved
with only moderate apical spur.

/>'. claudicans, Boh.

12. Surface of elytra varied with grey spots.

Elytra slightly flattened, with alternate interstices raised.

B. Itttulosus, Gyll.
^Surface of elytra of nearly uniform colour.

Elytra convex with alternate interstices hardly differing from
the others.

B. (liylyptiis. Boh.

13. Scape of antennffi inserted near the middle of rostrum; 3rd joint of

tarsi broader than second, but scarcely bilobed.

B. teinpentivux, Herbst var. Heasleri.
— Scape of antennae inserted near apex of rostrum ; 3rd joint of tarsi

distinctly bilobed. 14-

14. Upper surface of tarsi glabrous ; prosternum excavated in front.

A. Tarsi black. B. glahrirostris, Herbst var. nijritarsis, Th.
A A. Tarsi red.

a. Size snuxller ; 3rd joint of posterior tarsi as broad as long ;
interstices of elytra narrower and alternate ones more
raised.

glahrirostrin, type form,
aa. Size larger; 3rd joint of posterior tarsi elongate ; inter-
stices of elytra bi'oader, alternate ones scarcely raised.

glabrirostris, var.
— Upper surface of taisi distinctly pubescent; prosteruum flat ; elytral
callosities obsolete.

B. [Hydronovms) alisinatix, Marsh.

B. PETRo, Herbst, vi., 8G6.— Bedel, vi., 104 and 276. Aiibei,
Cussac, Ann. See. Ent. Fr., 1851, 206.— Bris., Mon., 508.— Fowler, v.,
288. — Readily distinguished from all our other species by the
apparently solid club of the antennfe. This peculiarity has led
Acloque ("Faune de France") to place it in the Cossonidae, a group
with Avhich it has no affinity whate\er. The insect has only been

A REVISION OF THE BRITISH SPECIES OF BAGOUS, SCHON. 153

taken at Askham Bog, Yorks. The first specimen was taken by Canon
Fowler some twenty years ago ; subsequently the Rev. W. C. Hey
took four more specimens in 1895, which are thus distributed —
Messrs. G. C. Champion, B. Tomlin, and Dr. Sharp having one each,
and one remaining in the possession of the Rev. Mr. Hey, to whom I
am indebted for this information. The other localities given in Fowler
refer to li)tiosii)i, GylL, and other species.

B. cYLiNDRus, Payk., iii., 241.— Bcis, 497.— Bedel, 105 and 276.—
Cox, ii., 193. — Fowler, v., 288. — The long cylindrical form and long
rostrum are sufficiently characteristic of this insect, which, though
local, occurs occasionally in great numbers. According to Stephens it
is found on watercress, but this is unlikely to be its foodplant. Mr.
Willoughby Ellis took over 200 specimens in a marsh near Leighton
Huzzard, Bedfordshire, in August, 1901. All the specimens occurred
in a spot about six yards square, and were obtained by shaking grass
tufts. It is very probable that the insects were in search of moisture
through the drying up of the pond. There was certainly no watercress
near the spot. Mr. Bennett has taken it at Iden, Sussex. I know of
no other recent captures.

B. BiNODULus, Herbst, vi., 247. — Bris, 501. — -Bedel, vi., 105 and
278. — Cox, ii., 190. — Fowler, v., 288. — One of our rarest species which
can only be confused with nodidosiis, Gyll. I have heard of but four
British examples. Mr. E. Saunders has a specimen taken in Horning
Fen, in 1861, by J. A. Brewer. There is a specimen in Rye's collec-
tion, now in the possession of Dr. ]\Iason, which is alluded to by Rye
{Ent. Mo. Ma;/., vi., 257) as having been taken by the Rev. H. Clark,
probably near Arundel. I believe this locality to be an error;
noihdosiis, then called binodidiis, was taken there in some numbers by
Mr. S. Stevens and others, hence probably the mistake. I have seen
both these specimens. A specimen exists in Dr. Crotch's collection at
Cambridge, which Dr. Sharp has been good enough to examine for me,
it has no locality label but is without doubt the insect alluded to by
Rye in the same note as having been taken by Brewer in the Fens.
Mr. Champion has a specimen from the Rev. L. Brown's collection,
labelled "near Norwich." The two specimens in the Power collection
are notlulosus. The Sandwich locality in Fowler also refers to
nodiilosits.

B. AKGiLLACEus, GylL, Schou., iii., 552. — Bedel, vi., 105 (footnote)
and 277. — Bris, 517. — Fowler, v., 289. Inccratus, Cox, ii., 193.
Encaustiis, Boh., Schon., viii., 211. — The comparatively large size and
shiny integuments prevent this species from being confused with any
other. It occurs in numbers where found, but is very local. — Sheer-
ness (Walker, Champion, Power), Gosport (Moncreaft").

B. NODULosus, Gyll., Schon., iii., 638. — Bris, 502. — Bedel, vi., 105
and 278.— Cox, ii., 190.— Fowler, v., 289. niiwdidi(s, Th., and old
Brit, collections. — The characters given in the table are amply
sufficient to separate this species from hinodulii.s, which is the only one
with which it can be confused. Mr. Bennett tells me this species is
subaquatic, and runs on the weed under the water. Pevensey (Bennett);
Beccles, Suffolk, in dykes (0. E. Janson, Pift'ard) ; Arundel (S.
Stevens).

B. LiMosus, Gyll., iv., 566. — Schon., iii., 547.— Bris, 309.— Bedel,
vi., 105 and 278.— Cox, ii., 192.- Fowler, v., 289. LaiUulli^, G)ll.

154 THE knto.mologist's rkcord.

Petro, Germ, nee Herbst. Petrosus, W.C. — This insect has some
affinity to frit, but may be distinguished from it in addition to the
characters given in the table, by its short tibial spur. It has been a
source of much confusion to British entomologists, nearly all the
localities given in Fowler for {wtro refer to this insect. The specimens
in Dr. Power's collection as lininfuni must all be referred to frit, those
under the name of petrn^iiH being liinosiiH. There is a variety in which
the elytral stride are much less strongly punctured than usual (var.
chnriuactis, Boh.) ; lininsiis also is frequently coated with an earthy
deposit which obscures the stria?. To determine these forms recourse
must be had to the shape of the thorax. It is a very variable insect as
regards size. It occurs in plenty at Sheerness (Walker, Champion),
also at Southsea (Moncreaft); Scarboro' (Lawson); Camber (Bennett);
Rainham (Lewcock) ; Ipswich (Morley); New Forest (Heasler); Tring
(EUiman).

B. BREvis, Gyll., Schon., iii.,550. — Cox,ii., 101. — Fowler, v., 291. —
This species has affinities with liuiosiis, frit iinddoiKlicans. The almost
impunctate strife will separate it from the first, and the broad shallow
central furrow, and strongly marked apical constriction of thorax from
the two latter. The depressions or fovefe in this constriction are
best seen when the head of the insect is towards the observer ; they
are shallow but fairly well marked. Fowler places the insect in the
same subdivision as lutulosiia and dif/li/jdu^ ; the tibite, however, are
reirly cylindrical, and the tarsal joints are longer than in the insects
in this subdivision, being very similar to those of daiulicans. B. brcris
was taken in some numbers at Woking and Horsell by Dr. Power,
from 1872 to 1877. I know of no recent captures. Gyllenhal's
description agrees well with our insect, which Mr. Bedel informs me
is very rare in France.

B. TEMPESTivus, Herbst, vi., 216. — Bris, 507. — Bedel, vi., 106 and
277.— Cox, ii., 192.— Fowler, v., 290.— The most elongate of all the
British species except n/lindnts. The antenna? are inserted in the
middle of the rostrum, which is longer and more slender than that of
its nearest allies. The thorax usually has a fine central furrow, and
the elytra are generally spotted with grey, the most conspicuous spot
forming a transverse band behind middle. The tarsi are long and
usually the third joint is not, or very little, broader than the second. Mr.
Heasler has, however, taken a variety having the third tarsal joint
much broader than second, which I am compelled to place in the same
section with ;ilahrirustriii, though it does not appear to difl'er otherwise
from the type form. M. Bedel tells me that his own examples and
those in the collection of C. Brisout have the third tarsal joint a little
broader than the second, and that he has not seen specimens with this
joint as narrow as in the specimens I submitted to him. These were
typical specimens of our ordinary form, to which Brisout's " tards
(/racililms, jieititltimo articnlo an<iii>itato " applies well. It is, I think,
impossible to regard these tarsal dilYerences as sexual. Rather
a common species. Southsea (Moncreaft) ; Gravesend (F. Smith) ;
Camber, Rye, Bopeep (Bennett) ; Totnes (Edmonds) ; Nayland,
Suflblk (Elliott). The variety (three specimens). New Forest (Heasler).

B. FRIT, Herbst, vi., 156.— Bedel, vi., 106 and 277. — Fowler, v.,
290 (in part). Subcarinatus, Gyll., Schon., 543. — Bris, 602. — Cox, ii.,
191, and of old British collectioiifc.- — This species has affinities with

A RFVISION OF THE BRITTSH SPKCIRS OF BAOOUS. SCHON. 156

liiitosus, breviti and claudkaus. It can be separated from the first two
by the feeble constriction of its thorax, and from the latter by its
long sub-equal tarsal joints and more or less punctured eljtral striae.
In the fresh state the two punctiform spots on the third interstice are
very conspicuous. The apical spur of the tarsi is very strongly
developed, especially in the males. The elytral strire are, in rare cases,.
very strongly punctured causing confusion with liinosiis, the different
form of the thorax is, however, decisive. Brisout admits that the
subcarinatiis, Gyll., of his monograph is very possibly the true frit of
Herbst, according to a remark of Dr. Schaam's upon Germar's
collection. Very local, but not uncommon — Sheerness (Champion,
Walker) ; Camber, in sedge refuse ; Rye, Iden (Bennett).

B. cLAUDicANs, Boh., Schon., viii., 2, p. 80. — Bedel, vi., 106 and
'An.— Frit, Bris, 503.— Cox, ii., 191.— Fowler (in part), v., 290, and of
old Brit, collections. Adspersm, Forst (small form). — A very variable
>^pecies both in size and markings. Its nearest ally is frit from
which it can be separated by the characters given in the table. It is
usually smaller, and the spots on the elytra more transverse and
irregular, but it is sometimes unicolorous. The posterior tibijB are
shorter and less cylindrical than those of frit, and much less roundly
curved at apex. Rather generally distributed — Southsea (Moncreatf) ;
Potter-Heigham, Norfolk, in dykes (0. E. Janson) ; Camber, Iden, in
numbers (Bennett) ; Halton, Bucks ; Tring (Elliman) ; Slapton,
Devon (Keys). A specimen in Dr. Power's coll. labelled petro must be
referred to this species.

B. LUTULOsus, Gyll., iv., 568. — Bris, 506. — Bedel, vi., 106 and
278. — Cox, ii., 191. — Fowler, v., 290. — This species and dii/h/ptus are
very distinct by reason of their short tarsi, forming a little group by
themselves. They may be distinguished from each other by the
characters in the table. As far as I have seen, this is our smallest
species. Rare, Guestling, Sussex, one swept in a dry lane (Bennett) ;
Southsea (Moncrealf) ; Woking, Horsell (Dr. Power).

B. DiGLYPTus, Boh., Schon., viii., 2, p. 82. — Bris, 505. — Bedel, vi.,
106 and 278. — Fowler, v., 291. — The more even elytral interstices and
usually larger size will distinguish this from the last species. One of
our rarest species. I have only seen the two specimens taken by Mr.
Claude Morley on the banks of the Gipping, near Ipswich, one of
which he very kindly gave to me. One was taken by sweeping at
dusk, the other in flood refuse {Etit. Mo. Ma;/., xxxiii., 44). These and
the two specimens taken at Burton-on-Trent (see Fowler) are, I believe,
the only known British examples. M. Bedel tells me that it is
extremely rare in France.

B. GLAERiRosTRis, Hcthst, vi., 254. — Bedel, vi., 106 and 279. —
Fowler, v. 292. Liitulentus, Gyll., iii., 86 and iv. 565. — Bris, 512. —
Cox, ii., 193. — A very variable species both as to size, markings and
colour of the legs. Easily separated from all our indigenous species
except alisiDotis by its broad bilobed third tarsal joints, and from the
latter by the absence of the distinct pubescence on the upper surface
of the tarsi. The form with black tarsi has been considered a good
species by Thomson and other authors, and they are very likely right, as
it has some other points of difference besides the black tarsi. The
large form which I have included in my table has but few constant
characters to separate it. It has done duty for lutot<Ui, Gyll., in British

156 THE entomologist's record.

collections until recently, when Mr. Champion [Ent. Mo. Ma^.,xxxiv.,
52) pointed out that these specimens were only a large form of
(/labriroi^tris, and that no authentic British specimen of liitofnis was to be
found. My investigations have led me to the same conclusion. One of
our commonest species ; Camber, Rye, Pevensey, plentiful (Bennett) ;
Merton (Dr. Power). The variety ;i/V//77rtr.s/.s is less common, Pevensey
(Bennett); Candleston, Glamorganshire (Tomlin); Scarboro' (Lawson);
New Forest (Heasler) ; Isle of Wight (Lewis). These last were
mixed with frit in Dr. Power's collection! The large form
has been taken at Rye and Pevensey (Bennett) ; Merton (Dr. Power)
one specimen.

B. ALTSMATis, Marsh., Ent. Brit., 273.— Bedel, vi., 104 and 279.—
Cox {Hydronoiiius), ii., 193. — Fowler, v., 287. — The bilobed and
pubescent tarsi easily separate this species, which is the commonest of
the genus, and found in all its stages on Alisma plautai/o all over the
kingdom.

In conclusion I wish to express my great obligations to M. Bedel
for examining and corroborating types of all the British species,
and also for much valuable information. I am greatly indebted
to Mr. W. H. Bennett and Mr. 0. E. Janson, both of whom have
placed their collections at my service and given me many useful
hints, I have also been helped with specimens or information by the
following gentlemen, to whom I beg to tender my best thanks — Rev.
W. C. Hey, Drs. P. Mason and D. Sharp, Messrs. H. Donisthorpe,
E. G. Elliman, H. W. Ellis, H. Heasler, J. H. Keys and E. Saunders.

The New System of the Dermaptera.

By MALCOLM BUKR, B.A., F.L.S.

Since referring in a previous number {ajitca, p. 96), to the
unsatisfactory condition of the Forjicularia, I have seen two remark-
able pnpers by Verhoeff, in which an entirely new arrangement is
adopted, and a variety of new characters used.

The first paper is entitled " Uber Dermapteren, Aufsatz I, Versuch
eines neuen, naturlicheren Systems auf vergleichend-morphologischer
Grundlage und iiber den IMikrothorax der Insekten" (Zoulo;/. Anzeujer,
no. 665, March 1902), the other is "Uber Dermapteren, Aufsatz 2,
Nene ungefliigelte Eudermapteren-Gattungen " (Sitzuni/^-ljericItte der
Geaellscliaft NatiirfarscJu'wIer Frciinde, Berlin, no. 1, 1901). In the
first and more important, " Aufsatz," Dr. Verhoeff refers to the
lack of naturalness in the existing system as set forth by de Bormans
in his recent monograph, and discusses the unsatisfactory nature of the
characters upon which this system is based. He then proceeds to erect
an entirely new arrangement, based mainly upon the genital organs.

Earwigs, as a whole, are regarded as an order, Dcriimptera, Brauer
(1885), which is subdivided into tAVo suborders, Paradermaptera and
Endermaptcra. The former includes the single family, Apac/ii/diac,
with the solitary genus AjiaclnjR, Serv. The suborder Faradeniiajitcra
is characterised by the form of the flattened pronotum, of the scutellum
and elytra, the shape of the 10th abdominal segment, with the
curious apical process with which is fused the pygidium, which he
calls the " squamo-pygidium." And here we find characters which
strike us as unfamiliar, for instance, pseudonotum, microthorax,
parameres, und the vasa deferentia, penis, virga and praenuptial sacks.

THE NEW SYSTEM OF THE DERMAPTEKA. 157

which have not before been used in connection with the classification
of earwigs. In the ^Ipac/u/idac, the genitalia are in duplicate, that is,
there are two vasa deferentia, two penes, pnenuptial sacks, and virgao ;
for the explanation in detail of the two latter terms, as also of
parmeren, we are referred to the author's works upon the abdomen of
the coleoptera, appearing in the Arr/iir fiir Natiiri/cscJiichte, 1894-1897,
but the somewhat unfamiliar " microthorax " is explained in detail,
and its form is discussed in connection with other orders in an
appendix. The separation of Apachi/s is perfectly justifiable and will
meet with approval from quarters where, doubtless, the other some-
what drastic changes may be less cordially received. The remaining
genera, as the suborder Kudennaiitera, are divided again into two
groups, Ih'andn'a and Monandria, according to whether the genitalia
are duplicate, or whether one side is rudimentary or degenerate, and
so single.

The Mouaitdria contain three families ; the first is entirely new,
the Karschidlidac, with two new genera, KaischicUa for Pi/nidicrana
hi'ittui'ri, Karsch, and A'. camerHnemis, Verhoett", a new species, and
Boniniiisia, with two new species, the whole being yEthiopian in
distribution. None of these species are familiar to me, but they seem
to resemble I'l/iiidicrana in general appearance, but they are all nearly
or entirely apterous; they are mainly charaeierised by the extremely
thick antennie with segments 4-6 very broad, and by the very robust
first abdominal segment ; lateral abdommal folds are absent ; it is to
be noted especially that the nymph of Bormamia afncana has clearly
segmented cerci, recalling J>iplati/s ; very likely the curious genus
Anatarlia, Bolivar, from the Canary Islands, will fall within this family.
The remaining families of the Monandria are the ( helidin-idae and
the ForjiniUdac, the latter being used in a sense very different from
that with which we are familiar. The L'licUduridac are divided into
three genera, Chelidura auctorum, with aptcra, Herv., and jij/renaica,
Gene, Mi'soc/iclidiira,n., iov only bolivan,Ijovm., and ('/tdidanila for
arant/Ki/ii/i/ia, Gene, and iniitica, Krauss. The latter genus is distin-
guished by the outline of the abdomen, which is broadest in the middle
and narrower at the apex, but the separation of Mesochdidura from L'heli-
dara, soisii stricto, appears to be justified upon slenderer grounds, e.;/. —

Cliclidiira ; Zangen sehr weit von einander entfernt. Pygidium des <? ebenso
wie die 10 Kiickenplatte des Abdomens sehr breit, letztere mit schwachen
Seitenh(")ckern. Pygidium von oljen her nicht sichtbar, also nicht vorstehend, weil
sehr tlach. Subgenitalplatte des s sehr breit. Zangen des ? hinter dem Grunde
plotzhch verschniiilert.

Mesocheluhtra. Zangen weit von einander entfernt. Pygidium des c? wenig
breiter als lang, oben kantenartig deutlich vorragend und daher von oben sichtbar.
10 Tergit weniger breit, jederseits mit Hooker. Subgenitalplatt ebenfalls weniger
breit. Zangen des ? sich alhniihlich verschnuilernd.
Both have the " abdomen des ,} keulenformig."

This fine definition of new genera appears to me to be the weakest
part of the new system, and we shall later find similar subtle
distinctions made to bear as much, or more, weight.

Perhaps the greatest surprise of the paper, is the arrangement of
the new family ForticiiUdae, which is subdivided into seven subfamilies.
The first is new, the Xexof/astrinac, for Ncsdnastcr and Xt'siH/astrrUa,
both new, each with one new species from the Oriental region. No
illustrations are given, and it is difficult to form an idea of the

158

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S EECORD.

appearance of the insect from the mere descriptions, but they appear
to be very distinct forms, characterised by the form of the antennal
segments, and the thickened tibire, especially of the anterior legs ; the
second subfamily is the Ancistroi/astrinoe, for the one genus Anristro-
gaster : the third subfamily is Spongiphorinac, for the one genus
Sponf/iphom : Labia is undoubtedly closely allied to Sponi/iphnra,
its position, however, is not examined, but postponed for a further notice.
The fourth subfamily is a new one, the Allodahliinac, for the one new
genus Alhidahlia, erected for Anechura hii(/eli, Dohrn, and brachynota,
Haan ; These two names are regarded by de Bormans, who in this
is without question followed by authors, as synonyms of A. macropyga,
Westwood, and scabniisoda, Serville ; Anechura ronacea, Bormans,
which is close to A. scabrii(sciila, Serville, will probably fall in this new
genus. The fifth subfamily is the Opisthocosviiinae ; here we have a
new genus Cnsniiella, erected for the species of Opist/iocosuiia, with
rudimentary wings, i.e., dubia, Bormans, rebus, Burr, and aptera, n.
The sixth subfamily is the ForjicuUnae, which again is subdivided into
four " tribes," C/wlisochini, Anechnri^n, Aptenjifidini and ForfieuUni,
The first includes the familiar ('helisoches and the new C/wlisor/iella,
(why a diminutive termination for the largest species ?) erected for
the large species with metallic lustre. The Anechurini include the
remaining species of the old genus Anecluira, after the elimination of
A. inacroptpia and A. scabrittscula, and also the new genus I'seiido-
chelidura, in which he removes the remaining species of the old genus
Chelidura, which do not fall into the new arrangement ; so we have
Pseudochelidura siniiata, Germ., analis, Eamb., edeutiila, Wollaston,
nrsinii, Gene, and vara, Scudder. In the Apteripiidim, he restores de
Bormans suppressed genus Spliiitiialabis for " corticina, Dohrn" (a
species entirely unknown to me), and sanaibarica, Karsch ; if this is
restored for the large elongated African forms, it will include
mackinderi, Burr and huseinae, Rehn, but the type of de Bormans
genus is furcifera, Bormans, from which we cannot generically
distinguish borneends, Bormans, and hairaiiensis, Bormans ; either
these Asiatic species must fall into Verhoeff's Sphim/olabis, or else his
arrangement must be altered. Aucltenouuis falls here also, and
Apterip/ida, for taeniata, Dohrn, and liiteipennis, Serville, but A. media
Hagenb { = albi]iennis, Charp.), and arachidis, Versin, must be included
in this genus, as the former is the type ; the last genus of this tribe is
the new one Pter>/;/ida, iov jai/nri, Dohrn, and circtdata, Dohrn. The
tribe Fort'iculiui has but one genus, Forjinda, L. The last subfamily
is the Sparattinac, which are moved up to a position near to Forjicida
in spite of the strongly flattened body, narrowed pronotum, and
simple second tarsal segment, all of which would seem more naturally
to remove it to a considerable distance. It includes also CJiaetosjtania
and a new genus Sparattina, ion jiavicoUis, and probably .sT<»Zo.s'rt, Burr,
and arniata, Burr, though he considers a new genus may be required
for these. Platijlabia, which can be hardly discriminated from Sparatta,
is not referred to.

We now come to the more primitive IHandria, in which the
genital organs are fully developed in pairs, and not abortive on one
side. Here he includes six families, namely, Ani^tdabidae, (iotwlabidar,
holabidae, J>iplatj/idae, Fi/gidirraxidae and Labiduridac. The first
three of these families are entirely apterous and are dealt with in further

THE NEW SYSTEM OF THE DERMAPTEKA. 159

detail in the second paper quoted. The Anisolahidae contains
Anisolabis and " perhaps Braclnjlahis " ; considering the peculiar form
of the antenna^ pronotum and abdomen, it seems likely that the
latter genus will require a family for itself. The Gonolabidae contain
Gonolahix, Burr, and (Tounlahina, n., /:iiId/,-at:i, n., a new species and
genus from Chili. The Isolahidac are a new family with three genera
and four new species, all from Africa. They appear to resemble the
Anisolahidae, but the head is much narrower anteriorly, the eyes are
extremely large, the head has distinct impressions, the 2nd tarsal
segment is larger, the lateral folds on the 3rd and 4th abdominal
segments are very strongly developed, and the 10th segment is smaller
than the 8th and 9th together, whereas in the Anisolahidae it is larger
than these two together ; the 10th tergite is distinctly emarginate
posteriorly ; the shape of the genital organs appears also to differ.
The three new genera are holabin (1. hraueri, n.), Leptisolabis (usam-
barana and theoriae, nn.) and Ctenisolabis (to(ioe7isis).

In this second paper he refers again to the Monandria family
Cheliduridae, which he here divides into two groups, rhelidurinae, for
Mesochelidnra and (lielidurella, and also holabellidae, for Isolabella
ijraeca, a new genus and species from Greece, which make an interesting
addition to the list of European earwigs.

The Piplatf/idae follow in order, for Diplatys, Natinopygia and
Cylindrui faster, three very closely allied genera ; the distinction between
the first and the latter is but small, and Nannopynia will almost
certainly coincide with Diplatys. The next family is the Pyyidi-
cranidae, falling into two subfamilies, Pyyidicraniuaeiov Pyyidicrana and
Tayalina, and the Pyrayrinae, for Pyrayra, Echinosouia and probably
Echinopsalis. The last family Lahiduridae, calls for little remark, it
includes Labidnra and Forcipida, with, probably, Psalis.

There remain to be discussed, doubtless in some future paper, the
genera Labia, Xeolobophora, Stronyylopsalis, Carcinophora, Anataelia,
Platylabia, Lahidurodes and Mecomcra.

It has long been known that certain genera have very different
genitalia from others ; in the article dealing with earwigs in the
Cambridye Natural History, i., p. 211, Dr. Sharp gives a figure from
Dufour, showing the very different form of the ovaries in Labidura and
in Forficula, but no one has before made a comparative examination
of nearly all the genera with a view to the establishment of a more
natural system, and Dr. Verhoeft' is to be congratulated upon the
results of his preliminary publications ; the distinction of certain of his
new genera, e.g., Sphinyolahis from Aiiteryyida, ( 'osmiella from Opistho-
cosmia, appear to be somewhat arbitrary, and also the approximation of
the Sparattinae to the Forjjcidinae, but when he further explains his
" number of new characters and organs," and elaborates the new
system which at present he has drawn up in outline, doubtless these
points will be justified, though to one who is imbued with the old-
fashioned arrangement they appear to be a little forced.

We are aware that Dr. Verhoeft' has a third and fourth '^An/sat:: "
in the press, which will be discussed in due course, and a fifth is in
preparation, dealing mainly with Anisolabis and its allies.

Unfortunately no figures are given, and from the descriptions
alone, it is difficult to gather an idea of the general appearance of the
insects in question. We hope that the author will shortly give

160 THE entomologist's RECORD.

illustrations of the new characters and explanations in detail of the
new terms used, so that the arrangement will be clearer and easier to
understand. Although detail-figures are undoubtedly of the greatest
importance, still when so many new genera are erected " Habitus-
Bilder" would be very welcome. The new system has all the charms
of novelty, but it will be easier to appreciate it at its true value when
all the genera have been considered and the whole arrangement
reduced to uniformity.

JP>RACTICAL HINTS*.

Field Work for June.

By J. C. DOLLMAN.
1. — In late June carefully search seed-pod heads of cuckoo-flower,
garden -rocket, etc., for larv;e of Kurhlo'c ranUoiiuics. Examine those
parts where the growth of seed-pods seems irregular, which will be
owing to the feeding of the larva, and the latter will be found closely
imitating the growth there.

2. In examining buckthorn for larvjp of Gonepteryx rhamni, place
yourself so that the sunlight faces across the leaf, showing the
shadowed side of the larva, when it is at once discovered. Otherwise
it so exactly resembles the mid-rib along the centre of the leaf (where
it rests) that many will escape notice.

3. — An umbrella is preferable to a tray in beating for Zciihi/nift
betulae, as it can be fitted into the structural irregularities of the black-
thorn more successfully.

4. — The low branches of oak, with thin growth of foliage, on
isolated trees, will often prove the best to try for larv;e of Zephyr u,^
(jtierciis. Search the tray carefully, as the half-grown examples imitate
the fallen bud sheaths exactly in colour.

5. — The larv* of HyUqihUa bicolorana are most frequently found
in thickly-grown, rich, green, oak foliage. It is best to rear each
specimen separately, or the pupation of the earlier ones will be
disturbed by those still feeding.

6. — Do not chase the imagines of XeweopJn'la niHsKia but mark them
down and put the net over an insect, holding up the bag end of it.
The specimen may thus be taken unbroken. The S insects will often
start from the low growth by half a dozen at the time; on such
occasions search for the ? .

7. — Be careful not to pass by the nest of Lachuh lanrstris, mis-
taking it for spider's web, which it closely resembles in the earlier
stages of the larva.

8. — The young larva? of Malacosoma neu atria lie on the top of low
hedges, sunning themselves, in a group. Before making any attempt
at capture slip a net, cap, or sheet of stiff paper below the community,
as on being disturbed, they immediately wriggle from their position
with the activity of lizards, and drop to the ground.

9. — Beat the low boughs of ever-green oak for larvie of Asphalia
diluta, and, if found, keep industriously to the tree or trees. Also
search leaves spun together. This larva is best fed separately, as it

* Practical Hints fop. the Field Lepidopterist, published last May, and
already almost completely oiU of print, contains 1250 similar hints to these, dis-
tributed over every month in the year. Interleaved (for collector's own notes). — Ed.

NOTES ON COLLECTING.

161

spins up in the food-plant. Separate rearing will be found the most
successful treatment with all larvae which have this habit. It is
troublesome, but the results yield a harvest which will repay the
exertion.

10. — If the larva of A^}ilialia rtarimnua is lighted on, search the
birch-tree or bush carefully, as it is often present in batches on the
same growth.

11. — For setting small light-coloured Geometrid imagines, try a
dark setting-board, preferably dark green. The correct placing of the
wings can be arrived at much more easily than when a white ground
is used, as their shape is sharply defined against the colour, even when
seen through tracing paper.

12. — To kill delicate imagines, without producing ('///or, try the
following method. Place in the cyanide killing-bottle, and directly
the insect is motionless, transfer to a glass pickle- bottle which has a
wide mouth, with a large hollow-headed glass stopper. In the hollow
head of the stopper have packed a closely rammed filling of bruised
young laurel shoots. This is an excellent way of killing all insects, as
they never stiften, and will keep relaxed for days. It is most useful
at sugar.

13. — If a breeding-cage in which pupa? are kept be of metal,
like a wire-gauze meat safe, an excellent plan for keeping the pup* just
sufficiently damp will be found in having a double thickness of stout
serge, or old flannel, which has been soaked in water and wrung half
dry, tied round it. By this means the atmosphere is kept slightly
damp, and provides as close an imitation of natural conditions as is
possible. The damping and wringing of the cloth does not take more
than a few moments, and can easily be done each day when the cage
is examined. There is not the slightest chance of mildew occurring.
By PEECY C. EEID, F.E.S.

14.— At the end of May or beginning of June, Pliaretra iiwni/on-
thidis, Arctowi/sch vu/ritae, and Hadena (/la lira come to sugar, but one
cannot always depend on a good " sugaring " night, and one often has
an afternoon to spare, and (if on the Scotch moors) one may get
them all three at rest on the rocks at the lower elevations, especially
where the heather has been burnt within the last year or two, and is
still small.

15. — From an elevation of 2.500ft. and upwards Farlnwhia
hyperhorea (alpina) and Psodos eoracina {trcjndaria) are flying from June
21st, onwards. P. eoracina {trepidaria) flies freely if (which is not
always the case) the sun is shining. /'. alpina requires a night of hard
cold work to secure. But all through June the pupjie of both can be
easily obtained on the tops of hills of sufficient height, by turning
over the moss and lichens which cover the ground, especially along the
edges of foot- and sheep-paths, and round bare patches. P. alpina
pupa? are hardly, however, to be got except in the " even " years,
1902, 1904, etc., while those of P. eoracina {trepidaria), thongh generally
to be found, abound most in odd years, 1903, 1905, etc.

:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Distribution of Hemaris fuciforjiis and H. tityus. — If lleinaris
fuciformis be the broad -bordered species, and IJ. tityus (buinbylijunnia),

162 THE entomologist's record.

the narrow-bordered, I venture to say that Lancashire, Cumberland,
and Westmorland have never produced a specimen of H. fnciformis.
In north Lancashire, Cumberland and Westmorland H. titi/us is to
be taken sparingly every season in suitable localities, but in over 30
years' wanderings and collecting in these counties, I have never seen,
nor have I ever come across any collector who has ever seen, or taken
H. fnciformis. — Herbert Massey, F.E.S., Ivy Lea, Burnage, Didsbury.
April 21th, 1902.

I have done my best to get information about the Hemarids
recorded as Honoris fiicifonnis from Scotland. The Paisley record
(antea, p. 112) was accepted by the late Mr. Thomas Chapman in his
MS. list, and the captor is doubtfully put down there as John Scott
(i.e., John Scott, the hemipterist, of Douglas). I am fully convinced
that the late Mr. Chapman would not have accepted the record unless
he felt sure about it. J. P. Duncan is also said to have taken both
species in Ayrshire. The notes from Mr. Grimshaw and Mr. Service
are interesting, Mr. Service's letter leaves no clear room for doubt that
Lennon took both the species. — A. Adie Dalglish, F.E.S., 21, Princes
Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow. May 1st, 1902.

We acquired Lennon's lepidoptera at the same time as his collection
of beetles. In it there are four specimens of the narrow -bordered
Hemaris {i.e., bombyUfornns, FjSip. — fnciformis, Ochs.), but none of the
broad -bordered or honeysuckle-feeder. There are no localities given
with any of the specimens, so that I cannot give you any further
information. Is it not probable that Lennon confused the two
species ? Mr. Service (of Maxwelltown, Dumfries) knew Lennon
personally, and no doubt would know also where he obtained many of
his moths. — Percy A. Grimshaw, F.E.S., Science and Art Museum,
Edinburgh. April llth, 1902.

That my dear old friend Wm. Lennon took both species — Hemaris
bomb i/li form is (ind fncifonnis — there is no doubt, but he had only two
ratherwornand disreputable specimens of /^cZ/'on^/s. The former species
he gave away freely as he did everything else. The two fnciformis 1 saw
were taken at Castledykes, so far as my memory serves me. What became
of them I know not, but probably they disappeared by natural decay.
Very sorry I cannot give you any further information. Lennon
collected most assiduously for over half a century, most of the time
practically alone. Many of his haunts are gone — lochs drained, wood-
lands cut down, bogs reclaimed, the very spot where he told me he
found fnciformis, once a beautiful flowery brae, is now covered with
many acres of big trees. — Robert Service, Maxwelltown, Dumfries.
April 28th, 1902.

My memory is blank with regard to Hemaris fn<ifor}nis abfi a Scotch
insect. We knew, however, H. titj/ns {bombyliformis) well, and, there-
fore, H. fnciformis. I know I held out against several of Duncan's
things, until he proved his case up to the hilt, and I finally accepted
his data, many of his insects having since been confirmed by others.
I should think it highly probable that we actually saw Duncan's //.
fnciformis before accepting it, and there is no doubt that his record
must be accepted. That piece of Ayrshire coast produced a good
many species that I then (with Lanarkshire and Argyleshire experi-
ence) had got to look upon as, and a few that really are, very southern

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 163

(comparatively) species. — T. A. Chapman, Betula, Reigate. May drd,
1902.

Referring to your note {antca, p. 112), I have taken Ihmarix
fiirifoniiis (broad-bordered) near Market Rasen, Lines. It occurs in
that district fairly commonly, I took the larvae from honeysuckle on
August 7th, 1899, and bred some nice specimens. I do not know if
the narrow-bordered species occurs in Lincolnshire. — G. W. Mason,
Barton-upon-Humber. May 4:t/i, 1902.

Sphingids and tEgeruds taken around Carlisle. — Agrius convol-
vuLi. — One was brought to me on September 29th, 1901, having been
found sitting on the grass by some children, near the Maryport and
Carlisle Railway cottages, at Holme Head ; it was a female, and the
abdomen contained three ova. Theretra porcellus. — I took a fine
specimen at Orton, at rest on grass, on June 8th, 1900. It was in
splendid condition, I took another specimen at Carlisle at flowers of
sweet rocket, on .Tune 8th, 1901, it was also in very fine condition.
Eumorpha elpenor. — Mr. .J. Hunt, an old time collector, informs me he
has taken one specimen of this insect at sugar in Peastree Wood, and
has also frequently known it taken with the net at Cummersdale, at
what, from his description, I understand to be flowers of the willow-
herb. This was about twenty years ago. Smerinthus ockllata. — I took
a fine female at rest on a fence at High Cummersdale, on .June 3rd, 1901.
I also find the larva^ very commonly every year on sallow bushes, but
more especially on crab-apple. In 1899 and 1900 it was exceptionally
common. Amorpha populi. — Although I have never taken the perfect
insect myself, I have seen three taken at rest on a poplar trunk,
at Carlisle. I take a good number of the larva? each year on dwarf
poplars and sallows, and have also dug a good number of pupte at foot
of poplars during the last four or five years. My experience of digging
for pup^e of this species is that, contrary to other species, they almost
always occur on the south side of the trees. Sesia stellatarum. — I
have taken two specimens of this species, one at Silloth,on -July 19th,
1897, and one in the garden at my home, at wallflowers, in July, 1899.
I have frequently noticed this insect flitting at flowers in various
places around Carlisle, but have only been able to net the two
mentioned above. Hemaris tityus (narrow-bordered). — I took a
fine specimen at Orton on June 28th, 1898. I also noticed seven or
eight more flitting at flowers, but failed to net them. The only
other specimen I have taken was a rubbed one at Orton, on July 17th,
1900. I have also noticed this species flying on the railway banks
near Wreay, but owing to the steepness have always failed to net
any there. Trochilium bembeciformis. — Although not a Sphingid, I
may add that, whilst I have never taken an imago of this species,
I took a larva from a sallow-trunk in 1901, near Carlisle,
which I unfortunately killed in extracting. At the present time I know
of a sallow-tree that is practically riddled with larva^ of this species. —
J, E. Thwaytes, 8, Clement Place, Carlisle.

Manduca atropos, L. — I captured a fine imago at Little Salkeld,
at a bee-hive on June 1st, 1899 ; also a larva full-grown, but stung, on
October 6th, 1900, from a potato field, Great Salkeld, another full-fed
larva, October lith, 1901, and one pupa and one larva just turning,
October 16th, 1901 . The last two both went down, the first emerged on
November 18th. I heard of a lot of larvfe and pupje having been seen

164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

last season (1901) in the potato fields. Amokpha populi, L. — Imagines,
June 15th to 21st, 1898, a long series emerged in the breeding-cage ;
larvffi full-fed September 4th, 1898 ; imagines, May 30th, June 1st, 4th,
7th, 9th, 18th, 23rd and 28th, all emerged in the breeding-cage, 1899.
Larva^ full-fed September 3rd, 1899. Sesia stellatarum, L. — Imago,
April 21st, 1898, at flowers. Imago, June 4th, ? ovipositing on (Jaliin)!
venoii on the roadside under a wall ; by searching the plants carefully
I got twenty ova, they began to hatch on the 11th, I have no record of
thelarv^e turning to pupa\ but they started to emerge on August 25th,
and were all out by September 5th. The imagines swarmed in the end
of May and beginning of June at azalea and rhododendron flowers in
1899. Hemaris tityus (bombyijformis). — Imagines, June 10th to 22nd,
1897; June 16th and 19th, 1898, at Wan Fell, Great Salkeld. It visits
the flowers of lousewort {I'cilicidan's). — Harry Britten, Great Salkeld.
May Qth, 1902.

Cerura bicuspis from Tilgate Forest. — I have to record the
emergence of a <? Cenira hicusjiis, on May 15th, from a cocoon spun
by a larva beaten from birch at Tilgate Forest, on September 13th,
1901. — J. C. DoLLMAX, Hove House, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W.
May im, 1902.

LoPHOPTERYX carmelita IX SOUTH OF ScoTLAND. — I was greatly
surprised to find on April 19th last, that a female specimen of
TjOjihopteri/.v caniidita had emerged in one of my breeding-pots, which
contained puptB, from larv;e collected in this locality during the last
week in July, and first week in August, 1901. The larvie were
collected from birch and black Italian poplar. I knew that I had
Leiuraiiipa dirtaca, Ij. dktacoides, Xotadoiita droiiiedannn and A'.
ziczac, among those larva?, but never suspected that I had f.oidioptcnjx
caruH'lHa. — J. C. Haggart, Galashiels, N.B. ^[al/ 3rd, 1902.

Spring Lepidoptera in the xorth-east of Ireland. — The weather
has been rather unfavourable owing to prevalence of east winds, but
on the few favourable evenings at sallows insects were fairly common.
Near l^elfast — Tacni<>vaiiii>a »tahilis, T. Imtabilh, T. (jothira, and T.
(iraciHi< were common, and two T. opinia, with a sprinkling of
hybernated Calncampa retiista, C exvleta, Saipdosonia mtellitia and
Cerastis i-accinii. This week on the mountains near here J'acJinobia
ritbricosa fairly swarmed at a few small sallow bushes. By day
Vanessa to has put in an appearance in considerable numbers, a
surprise, as I have never observed this species in this district in the
spring before. — T. Greer, Lisson, Cookstown, Co. Tyrone. May 2nd,
1902.

Lepidoptera at Lyndhurst. — On March 27th, I went to Lynd-
hurst to stay over Easter, and though the weather was cold and wet,
did fairly well. The sallows were out in full bloom in sheltered
places and were very productive on two nights out of the five I spent
there. Panolh innijicrda was the most abundant of those insects
worth taking, the common Tacnintxoiipa stabilis, T. instahiliH, T.
pulreridenta,anA T. yothira being as usual a nuisance, with a few T.
mininm and T. inunda, whilst T. yrarilis did not appear to be out ; I also
took four Xylina soda { pet riji rata), two of which I have now alive, Da.^y-
eampa rubujinea $ , and also Xylina rhiznlitha, Xyhicainpa litlmrha,
Eupitheeiaabbredata was also common on some nights, Tephrosia

SCIKXTIFIC NOTKS.

Ul5

■bistortata was much scarcer than usual, taken at rest on larch trees,
Lobojihora lobiilata (one), Anticlea hadiata and A. derivata (one) were
also taken at rest. Breplios iiart/ienias was seen, but only two worn
■ones were ctiptured, and one Paclnjrucniia kippocastanaria and
Lari'iitici iimltistrigarici. We took a few <J Avtp/iidasya prodrowaria by
senihlinij:. our method being to tie crippled $ s by a piece of fine cotton
and then to tetherthem to a tree. (Ma.tor) R. P>. Eobkrtson, Forest View,
Sc>uthlK)vne Road, Boscombe. May 2/a/, 1902.

•eClENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Stray Lepidopterological notes during 1901. — Tiliacea (Xanthia)
Aui.AGo. — Larvffi hatched, March 31st. These feed up on sycamore, in
my experience, more rapidly and vigorously than on beech, and the
former has the added advantage of being earlier in leaf. Larvae full
fed about May 8th, but lay as larv® in their cocoons until about July
13th ; emergence began August 4th, all the moths were of slightly
greater wing expanse than the parent female.

Calocampa exoleta.— Hybernated 2 , taken at sugar, April 9th ;
laid a number of ova after being kept in captivity for some weeks.
All these proved infertile, however.

Cyaniris argiolus.— Pups that lay over from the summer of 1900,
successfully emerged in April 1901.

Pararge egeria. — A pupa from the first brood, 1900, also lay over,
and produced a 5 in May, 1901.

Cymatophora ridens. — A moth, unindentified, was seen to lay an
•egg on an oak-twig, about 9 p.m.. May 3rd, by lantern-light, and
subsequent searching next day revealed seven more ova, each egg
being carefully jammed between a terminal twig and an unexpanded
oak-bud. Eggs whitish when laid, soft and easily injured, beautifully
reticulated with a raised net- work, scarlet towards hatching time.
Ova hatched May 15th, and at an early stage discovered themselves
as those of C. ridens. The moths e)nerged during April, 1902.

EuGONiA polychloros. — This butterfly, as has been noted by others,
was abundant about Dorking and Guildford after hybernation, and
not rare at Reigate, where it is generally scarce, and where the freshly
emerged butterflies were fairly common for a short period in July.
Captured ? s laid batches of ova when sleeved on sallow, and fed with
syrup-soaked pieces of bark. On the whole, sallow-fed specimens
were larger than elm-fed ; although the reverse h;ip been recorded
where " willow " was the food-plant used.

Sesia FuciFORMis (broad- BORDERED). — The ouly specimen 1 have
ever seen here was captured flying on June 2nd.

Agrotis cinerea. — A very fresh <? of this species tapped for
admittance on the window on the evening of June 6th.

Choerocajipa porcellus. — This species (both sexes) was attracted
to a garden where early honeysuckle, white pinks, white tobacco and
Habenaria hifolia were the more obvious inducements ; nevertheless
the flowers of Vinca major proved a surer draw than any of the others
mentioned, which is interesting from its scentlessness (almost) to human
senses. I have taken some of the Plusiids from the same blossoms,
and other moths occasionally. ( '. porcellus appeared at early dusk
from June 9th to 21st. A captured $ laid only one egg (June 13th),
hatched 29th, full fed July 26th. Possibly a second pairing would

166

THR ENTOMOLOGIST S KECORD.

have occurred in nature, as the specimen was suspiciously fresh, and I
have found a wasted specimen, on a previous occasion, to lay freely.

Plus 1 A moneta. — A cocoon of this species sent to me from a
garden at Ewell, produced a moth on July 2nd, and three days later I
netted a wasted male specimen at Reigate, from Silene injiata.

Smerinthus ocellata. — A few ova of this species were found l)y
searching sallow leaves, on June 13th, hatched two days later, fuU-feil
about July 21st.

Nemeobius lucina. — Ova laid by captured $ , June 10th, hatched
June 25th, one of the resulting pupae, a ? , produced a butterfly on
August 22nd, the other pupn? hybernated as such. — R. M. PRiDKArx,
Reigate Hill, Surrey.

^^i7¥^ P T E R A .

Hydrovatus clypealis, Sharp, in the Isle of Wight. — ^I have
much pleasure in recording a new locality for this very local and rare
insect, it turned up (apparently m some numbers) near Sandown, on
April 22nd and 23rd, and half an hour's work enabled me to secure a
nice series and a few duplicates. It will be remembered that it was
one of Mr. Moncreaff's captures; that gentleman found it abundantly
near Portsmouth, but, as far as I know, except for one or two stray
captures in the New Forest, it has never been found until now out of
the Portsmouth district, and has not, apparently, been captured for
many years. It is a pretty little insect and very distinct, so there is
not much risk of its being passed over, its very short front legs render
it a very troublesome insect to set neatly. — (Professor) T. Hudson
Beare, F.E.S., 2, Heriot Row, Edinburgh. Maij Gt/i, 1902.

Huebner's "Tentamen."

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
Probably one of the most-abused and most-discussed publications
(;hat have to be considered by those who have tackled the question of
the synonymy of the lepidoptera is Hiibner's Tentamen. Possibly
this resulted from two causes ; (1) Its rarity, so few copies being
available for reference when synonymy began to be considered under
the present opposed methods. (2) The difficulty of fixing the date of
its publication, which Scudder and others have since authorita-
tively settled was in 180G. Scudder, some years ago, reprinted the
Tentaiiien from the copy in the Berlin Museum, we believe, and
Scudder's reprint is in general use for reference, but even this is so
rare, that workers at South Kensington are indebted to the courtesy
of Sir George Hampson for reference to a written copy in his possession.
It was, therefore, with much pleasure that I recently discovered, bound
at the end of a copy of vol. iv. of OchFenheimer and Treitschke's
Die Schntetterlinge von Knnqm, a set of which work I had purchased,
an original copy of Hiibner's Tentamen. Ochsenheimer refers to the
publication of the Tentamen in his preface to this volume of Die
Schmett, von Eiiropa, and, in the synonymic paragraphs, one finds
unfailing reference to those species which Hiibner has mentioned in
his publication. With the idea of showing our readers Hiibner's views
of the classification of the lepidoptera as set forth in the Tentamen^
we give a copy of the work, which, however, was issued as a quarto
sheet. The columns are arranged exactly as in Hiibner's paper.

HUBNER S TENTAMKN.

167

Tkntamen determinationis digestionis atque denominationis singulaeum

STIBPIUM LePIDOPTERORUM, PERITIS AD INSPICIENDUM ET DIJUDICANDU.M COM-
Ml'NICATUM, A JaCOBO HuBNER.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Phalanx I.
Tribu3 I:
I. Nereides
II. Limnades
HI. Lemoniades
IV. Dryades
V. Hamadryades
YI. Najades
VII. Potamides
VIII. Oreades

Tribus II
I. Kustici
II. Principes

III. Mancipia

IV. Consules
V. Urban i

Papii.ionks.

Nymphnles.
Nei'eis Polymnia.
Limnas Chrysippus.
Lemonias Maturna.
Dryas Paphia.
Hamadryas Jo.
Najas Populi.
Potamis Iris.
Oreas Proserpina.
: Gentile.-:.
Rustieus Argus.
Princeps Machaon.
Mancipiuni Brassicte.
Consul Fabius.
Urbanu.'^ Malvffi.

Phalanx II. Sphingk.'^.
Tribus I : Pupilioiioidex.
I. ZygEBiise Zygipna Filipendulse.

II. Chrysaores Chrysaor Statices.

III. Glaucopes Glaucopis Phegea.

Tribus II : Hymenopteroides.
I. Spheconiorphge Spheeoinorpha Incen-
diariti.

II. Sesiffi
III. Thyrides

Tribus III
I. Bombyliae

II. Eumorphaa

III. Manduc8B

IV. Amorphas

Sesia Culiciformis.
Thyris Pyralidi-

formis.
Legitimae.
Bombylia Stella-

taruni .
Eumorpha Elpenor.
Manduca Atropos.
Amorphii Populi.

Phalanx HI. Bomp.ycks.
Tribus I : Sphinrjoides.
I. Dimorpha! Dimorpha Versi-

ooloria.
II. I'tiloduntes Ptilodon Canielina.

III. AndriEe Andriii Vinula.

IV. Platypterices Ptatyptery.x Hamula.

V. Eehidnse Echidna Tau.

Tribus II : Verae.

I. Hersese Hersea Carpini.
II. Hipogymnse Hipogymna Morio.

III. Leucomse Leueoma Aurifiua.

IV. Dasychirffi DasychiraPudibunda.
V. Melalophse Melalopha Curtula .

VI. Hipocritae Hipocrita Jacobseaj.
VII. Hypereompse Hypercompe Caja.

VIII. Lachneides Lachneis Catax.

IX. Triehodffi Triehoda Neustriii.

X. Eutriehse Eutricha Quercifolia.

XI. Heteromorphffi Heteromorpha Casru-
leocephala.
Tribus III : Fodicanten.
I. Teiedines Teredo Cossus.

II. Hopioli Hepiolus Humuli,

NOCTO/E.

Bombycoides.

Apatele Aceris.

Diphthera Aprilina.

JaspidiaSpoliatricula .

Genuinae.
Miselia Oxyacanthse.
Pyrophyla Pyramidea.
Polia Flavicincta.
Achatia Atriplicis.
Graphiphora Gothica.
Agrotis Segetis.
Glsee Vaceinii.
Xanthia Fulvago.
Cosmia Affinis.
Bombycia Or.
Heliophila Pallens.
Xylena Lythoxylea.
XIII. Tribonophorffi Tribonophora Umbra -
tica.

Phalanx IV.

Tribus I :

I. ApatelEe

II. Diphtherse

III. .Faspidia^

Tribus II:
I. Miselise
II. Pyrophylas

III. Polia;

IV. Achatise
V. Graphiphorffi

VI. Agrotes

VII. GlffiHJ

VIII. Xanthise
IX. CosmisB

X. Bombycife
XI. Heliophilse
XII. Xylene

168

THK ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Tribus III
I. PlusifB
II. Erotylae

III. Anthophilae

IV. Heliothentes
V. AscalaphsB

VI. Lemures
VII. Blephara
VIII. Brepha
IX. Euclidiae

Phalanx V.
Tribus I:
I. Hylseae

II. Terpnse

III. Eusarcffi

IV. Lares

V. Eutrapelffi
VI. Erastriae

Tribus II
I. CyclophorsB

II. SpilotiE

III. Sphecodae

IV. Chleuastffi
V. Sciadia

VI. Cymatophorse

Tribus III:
I. Pachyes
II. Epirritss

III. Rheumapterae

IV. Hydrise

V. Petrophoi'ff!

Semir/eomftrae.
Plusia Chrysitis.
Erotyla Sulphurea.
Antophila Purpur-

ina.
Heliothis Dipsacea.
Ascalapha Lunaris.
Lemur Maura
Blepharum Sponsa.
Brephos Parthenias.
Euclidia Glyphica.

Geometb.*;.

Amplae.
Hyleea Fasciaria.
Terpne Papilionaria.
Eusarca Elinguaria.
Lars Sambucaria.
Eutrapela Lunaria.
Erastria Amataria.
: Tenues.
Cyclophora Pendu-

laria.
Spilote Grossulariata.
Sphecodes Pusaria.
Chleuastes Piniaria.
Sciadion Furvata.
Cymatophora Eobo-
raria.

^iiquivocae.
Pachys Prodroniaria.
Epirrita Dilutata.
Rheumaptera Hasta-
ta.
Hydria Undulata.
Petrophora Maeniata.

II. Elophilae Elophila Limnalis.

III. PalpitiE Palpita Urticalis.

Tribus III : Difformes.
I. Idiae Idia Bombycalis.

II. Chlaniiphorae Chlamiphora Palliola.

Phalanx VII. Tortrices.
Tribus I: Lascivae.
I. Hemerophilffi Hemerophila Pariana,

II. Olethreutre
III. Archipcs;

Tribus
I. Nycteola
II. Pseudoipes
III. Cochlidia

Olethreutes Arcuana.
.\rchips Oporana,
II : Pifjrae.

Nycteola Degenerana.
Pseudoips Quercana.
Cochlidion Testudo.

Phalanx VIII. Tine-^;.
Tribus I : Certae.
I. Canephorae CanephoraGraminella .
II. Enyphantae Enyphantes Gelatella.

III. Brosees Brosis Granella.

IV. Setes Ses Pellionella.

Tribus II : Incertae.

I. Tetrachilse
II. Hyphantae

Tribus III
1. Elasmia
II. Coleophorae

III. Phvllonoryc-
teres

Tetrachila Conchella.
Hyphantes Evony-

mella.
Mirabiles.
Elasmion Geerella.
Coleophora Anati-

pennellu.

Phyllon orycter Rajella .

Phalanx IX. Alucit^.
Tribus I : InJubidatae.
I. Pterophorae Pterophora Pentadac-

tyla.
II. Ripidophorae Ripidophora Hexad-

aetyla.

Phalanx VI. Pyralides.
Tribus I: Geonietriformes.

I. Erpyzones Erpyzon Barbalis.

II. Saliae Salia Salicalis.

Tribus II : Vulgares.
I. Heliacse Heliaca Purpuralis.

Ne e.xpectet quis, ordinem hunc nullam amplius correctionem, esse desideraturuui
■verunitamen magis satisfaciet necessitati, quam praevius quivis. Familiis indicandih
supersedere malni.

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF PIEDMONT : TORRE PELLICE. 169

The Lepidoptera of Piedmont: Torre Pellice.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The historical associations of the Vaudois valleys will always
attract many visitors, but so far as I know, next to nothing has been
clone entomologically by those who have visited the district. On
paper, the Vaudois looks promising. It is situated considerably
farther south than Susa, and is so far hilly in the lower parts abutting
on the great plain of Piedmont, and mountainous as one gets further
towards the French frontier, that one suspects there must be much
wild ground eminently fitted for the haunts of many rare and local
insects. Having found the mountains on the French side of Monte
Viso fairly productive for lepidoptera, I determined to spend a short
time on the Italian side among the same group of mountains, and
accordingly arrived on July 30th, 1901, at Torre Pellice, the principal
town of the district. Intending visitors will find the Hotel de I'Ours
a very satisfactory stopping-place, but must be careful to make arrange-
mants if staying en pension, as to wine, &c., or one will find himself
saddled with extras not usual in the district. I may say at once that
my visit, entomologically, was not a great success, due, evidently, to
three facts : (1) The closely cultivated condition of the ground,
leaving little in the shape of waste without long and tiring walks from
Torre Pellice to reach any suitable collecting ground. (2) The time of my
visit was much too late for the district. (8) I had no previous know-
ledge of the place, and, hence, had todD mush more or less useless pro-
specting. For future visitors I would make the following suggestions.
None of the reccgnised walks are of mush use ; that up the Valley of
Angrognais especially beautiful, but is much too highly cultivated, or
too thickly covered with groves of chestnut or walnut for the greater part
of its distance to be of much service entomologically, although here and
there in the more open parts Ercbia aethiops was in large numbers,
Pohjrjonia c«»(;»a, frequent, whilst Brenthia selene, McUtacaphoehc, Chryso-
phanus pldaeaa and LeKcophasia sinapis were common. Puli/nmniatus
icarus and Drijas papkia abounded, and, with the latter, var. valeslna,
whilst every head of EupatoriiiDi was tenanted by newly-emerged Calli-
niorpha Iiera, and frequently with An/ijnnh lathonia and A. ivUppe var.
deodnxa, and Satijrus herinione was commonly disturbed from the
trunks of the chestnut trees. Strange to say, Pobjommatus conjdon was
only just coming out, and only males were seen. The exploration of the
higher parts above the Barricade and the Pra del Tor must be left to later
visitors. Weather was against me the only time I made the attempt.
I did not make the trip to Luserna and Eosa, for which I was
afterwards sorry, as the landlord of the Hotel de I'Ours informed me
later that it was really the wildest district within fairly easy reach of
Torre Pellice, and, therefore, should have produced something. The low
ground from Torre to Bobbie is worth one day's work, but one
must keep one's eye open and explore all likely spots. I never have
seen so many Mclitaea pJioebe as there were on August 2nd, on the
curve of the road that one will find just beyond the hamlet of St.
Marguerite (almost to be considered an outlying part of Torre). It
had been wet the previous day, and the species simply swarmed on
the road and the flowers at the roadside ; one could easily have taken
several hundreds had one so desired between here and Ricat in
July 1st, 1901.

170 THE entomologist's record.

something over a tuile. The stubbles on either side swarm with
Aj/rophila trabealis, Ch'denbia ani/ustalifi, and other common
species, whilst Py rails sticticalis, Phlyctaenodes verticalis [cinctalis),
Spilodes palealh, Pijraiifiia pitrpuralis, Herbnla cespitalis, &c.,
were all noticed more or less abundantly. Fine examples of Cliryso-
phanus pJdaeax ab. elens, some of the males very dark, were everywhere,
so also was ('. dorilh, the females varying from dark to bright coppery,
but most of the species observed were common. Papilio viachann, a
single specimen only, (ronciitiri/x rhaiuni, just coming out, rich in ground
colour, but no tendency whatever to develop the orange flush of (}.
(icnpatra, (Jolias ednsa, a few females only, C. Jnjale, males only, but l)oth
speciesin good condition, and, one suspected, only just appearing. Lfiim-
p/iaaia sinapifi, dozens, some of the females quite pure white, and some
males very large, Pieris napisbud P. rapae in thousands, no P. brassicae,
and only two or three /'. dapUdiee. The Vanessids were strong — Euvan-
essa antiofia in lovely condition, Pj/ramcis cardiii, larvfe quite small to
full-fed and newly-emerged imagines, P. atalanta larvfe and imagines,
Vane>iea in, just out, Pobpionia c-album everywhere — wild hops abound in
the hedges. It is strange to see this species in the early morning resting
on the J'^tijxdori Kill flowers, with the edges of its wings just touching
the surface of the flower-head, reminding one of the way newly-
emerged S]iil(itln/ni>f alceac will rest, Kut/oniapolj/chloros one or two only,
and no sign of Aijlais iirticui'. Of the large fritillaries — Drijas paphia
and var. ralcsiua, Aniynnix adippe and var. clcodoxa and A. lathonia were
common, but A. adippe worn and over. Mr. E. Harrison first, I think,
recorded the fact that almost all the A. adipjie of these valleys were of
the cletido.va form. All that I inspected (perhaps three or four dozen)
were so except one specimen, a typically marked^, adippe. Single
worn-out examples of Mditaea atltalia and M. didyina showed that
these species were over, whilst the second brood of Brenthis selene was
well out. The blues were most disappointing; Plebeius aryns, Polyom-
iiiafii^ imrna, P. hylas, P. astrarche, P. corydon, were the only common
species, whilst a single (Jyaniris aryioliis on Kupatorium, near Villar, a
single male Polynnuuatus baton, near Eicat, at water on the ground, and
six large purple-black P. orion, between Torre Pellice and Villar, are all
there appears to be to record. Pamphila coinnia \\as only just appearing,
Niso7iiadci^ tayes, a second brood, just out, abundant and in line condition,
but P. sylvanus and Thymelicini thauvias were in swarms, although quite
worn out, SyricJithus alveus not uncommon at roadside puddles, a single
Spilotliyni-1 malvarum, and a worn S. aWiaeae, were all the skippers
observed. Hipparchia semele was seen sparingly, near Villar, on Eupatori-
nm flowers, Knodiahyperanthiis was worn to shreds, Satyriis lieriirione, here
and there on the tree trunks, Mdanaryia yalatea, worn, Epinephele ianira
and E. tithtnucs, were everywhere, so also was Coenonympha painphilus,
a worn ('. arcania showed that this species also was over, Pararye
iiN'yacra rare, P.iiiacra common on the stone walls. Cases of Canephora
iinicdlor from which males had emerged, wore found several times,
empty cases of Taleporia tubulosa, Eniiwa casta and a Liijfia with living
larva3 were also observed frequently, the Luffia, however, only on one
wet morning and on one restricted wall, a search later on a fine day
was fruitless, Hryophila nuiralis, here and there on the walls
between Torre and Villar. Lasiocawpa quercm is strong here, males
were flying at a tremendous pace from August 2nd-5th. In ground

TWO NEW ABERRATIONS OF NOCTUA RUBI. 171

colour they approach var. sictihi, hut the yellow band is normal and
shows none of the specialisation that characterises the latter form. I
need not add that Calliniorjiha hera was abundant everywhere on the
EupatoriiiDi flowers, and LithoHta (/riseola very frequent in similar
places. Undoubtedly the best ground in the immediate vicinity of
Torre is that on the right bank of the river. Cross the bridge (about
five minutes' walk almost directly behind the hotel), and work through
such open ground as can be found, and one can expect fair results.
Here it is that yrptis Iticilla lives, but one must come sooner. A worn
one in the field to the right, directly after crossing the bridge, was the
only one I saw that the storms of July Blst and August 1st had left,
but no doubt it is common here a month earlier. In the same field,
too, I took Lycoena alcon, whilst Melitara phocbe and Birnt/ns selene,
second brood, were very abundant there, and J/, athalia two quite
worn out and one quite fresh, the latter almost suggesting a partial
second brood but for its worn companions, Brenthis dia, one just
emerged, also evidently the forerunner of a second brood, whilst worn
Coenonijmpha arcania were very common. The southern fulvous form
of Parar;ie eijeria occurs here not uncommonly. The abundance of
Dn/as papliia and var. calcsina is worthy of remark, as also is that of
a fine large form of Erebia actliiops. One little coiner not more than
ten yards square, was covered with marjoram and Kupatoriitiu, and
the flowers of these seethed with insect life — perhaps a couple of dozen D.
paphia and var. valesina, several A. var. rh'inlo.ca, three or four dozens
of Calliiiioypha liera, and doable this number of Erebia lu-thiopfi, in
the pink of condition, all kept busily on the move by an army of
Epint'phele ianira, E. titlionns, Melanani'ia (jalatca, ('hri/sojilumus jtJilaeas
and Poli/oiiDiiatns icariis was something to be remembered, but the
greatest disturbance occurred when a busy ('(diets ediisa got among them,
and was apparently more startled than they. But these spots have to
be found, one might work at Torre for a week and conclude there was
nothing to be got there, if he simply waited for the insects to come to
him instead of seeking them. Other species that occurred on the vari-
ous journeys were Anthrocera ocJiHenheiineri and A. Imiicerae, both nearly
over, A. carniuUca and A. transalpina , common locally, Hyntomia plieyea,
occasional specimens here there and everywhere, larvje of Maerut/tylacia
ndn, crawling about the roads, Acijitilia jientadactyla, I'tcruphorus
))iunodacti/lus, Eviaturya aUnnaria, Macaria notata, Tiiiiandra a)iiataria,
Acidalia ornata, Lithosia lurideola, L. pi/t/maeola, almost typical form,
Ebidca croccalis, E. verbascalis, E)i)tijc/iia octomaculalis, Howoeosoma
sinuella, Craiubus pcrlellns, Penthina sdlaua, whilst, in one place,
I'orthetria dispar, sparingly distributed elsewhere, was exceedingly
abundant, and here, among others, I captured a specimen flying in the
usual mad male manner in the afternoon sunshine, which possessed
many white female patches scattered over the wing, the unusual colour-
ing making it most conspicuous.

Two new aberrations of Noctua rubi.

By S. WALKER, F.E.S.

1. Anterior wings rich chrome-yellow ; some specimens with an orange tint on
the costa ; the stigma and transverse lines rather indistinct; the quadrate spot
pale rosy, fringes yellow. Thorax and body yellow. Posterior wings greyish-
yellow =ab.^a t; a, n. ab.

172 THE entomologist's RECORD.

2. Anterior wings dull buiif, with stigma clearly outlined ; transverse lines
distinct ; the quadrate spot reddish-brown. Posterior wings greyish-yellow ;
fringes paler = ab. ochracea, n. ab.

As no description of these aberrations appears to have been hitherto
published, the above descriptions, together with the records of captured
examples, and an account of breeding from ova obtained, with further
notes on the subsequent pairing of the two forms themselves, and the
results of emergence, may be worthy of notice.

Noctua ruhi has been regarded as a species with a very limited
amount of variation in this country. On the contrary continental
varieties are known, for Mr. Tutt [Brituh Xnctuae, Sec, ii., p. 124),
quoting Guenee, says " it is very subject to variation," and again, " there
is no fixity in its modifications." Whatever these continental varia-
tions actually are, the European series of this species existing in the
South Kensington Museum collections discloses nothing whatever
approaching the two yellow forms described above, which appear, so
far as my enquiries go, to be confined to a district (Askham Bog) close
to this city (York). The first record of ah. Jiava is in British Noctiiae,
vol. ii., p. 121. This specimen was a female (but I did not risk it for
ova unfortunately, or results might have been obtained much earlier).
Later come two other records which appear in the E)tt. Record, both
being taken on the same ground as my own specimen. The AUis
collection in the Museum here, at York, contains one of the yellow forms,
but there are no data attached, although presumably it would be an
Askham specimen, where Allis did much work. A small collection
formed by a Mr. Helstrip, in York, sold a few years ago, contained yet
another example of the cib. t^ava, which I think is now in the collection
of Mr. Maddison. Helstrip believes he took the specimen in Askham
Bog. Last year in late June, the Rev. C. D. Ash netted a $ specimen on
the same ground, but I forget which yellow form it is. She laid a
number of eggs that resulted in every moth producing a typical A'.
rubi.

On June 27th I found two of the ab. ochracea together on a
sugared thistle, and as it was a windy night I secured them with
difficulty. Both turned out to be females, and I decided to keep one
alive. During the first night she laid a good number of ova, which
she increased in numbers the following night, the whole batch number-
ing 129. The ova hatched on July 23rd and 21th, and, being desirous of
gettmg as many as possible through as a second brood, I kept the
young larvae at a fairly high temperature. However, the usual thing
happened, a good proportion grew rapidly and reached the pupal
stage, whilst the remainder resisted my efforts to push them on, and
were still very small larvae at the end of September, when I handed
them over to Mr. Ash to hybernate, with what ultimate result we shall
know in a short time. The first emergence was on September 8th, the
specimen was hopelessly crippled on one side, but so differed from the
parent, being of the richer chrome-yellow tint of the example of 1892,
that it aroused special interest, as I had now evidence of the occurrence
of two quite distinct yellow forms. Along with these the ab. (or var.)
(jnadrata and typical N. rubi emerged. There is no need to give exact
dates of the emergences which were spread over a long period, the last
being on December 29th. I found when all were out that I had the fol-
lowing forms : — (1) Aberrations resembling the ? parent (the male of

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL ON INSECTS I DIPTERA. 173

course was unknown) nearly 25 per cent., (2) ab. ftava, working out at
about l-i per cent., the remainder being (3) ab. quadrata and (4) the
usual second-brood form of the species in about equal proportions.
The size of the specimens in almost every case was equal to those
of the June brood, and, in some instances, the males were even
larger, doubtless owing to an abundant supply of food. On September
12th a ^ example of a,h. jlava having slightly rubbed its thorax in the
cage, I decided to pair it if possible with one of its own form, should
one emerge in time, but the next day a $ of the ochreous aberration
appeared, and, fearing to miss a chance, although I should have
preferred pairing it with an example of nh. flaca, I kept this alive also
in the same box. I noticed ova on the 16th and succeeding days,
most of which hatched out on September 26th. Placing the young
larvae on dock and maintaining them at an ordinary room temperature,
I was surprised after they had been feeding about a fortnight to find
that a dozen were feeding more rapidly than the rest, and appeared
likely, although then late in the year, to feed up. With this view I
separated them from the rest, and, placing them in a warm position,
with a liberal supply of fresh dock, they duly pupated during
November. Of this third brood nine specimens ultimately came out,
the first on December 8th, and the last on the 21th of that month (three
dried up in pupa), Avith the result that all the nine followed in
colour and markings either the male or female parent, not a single red
specimen appeared. Three were of the male form, whilst six were
of the darker yellow tint and had the markings of the female parent.
By the success that attended the breeding of these two forms I
appeared to get convincing proof of the existence of two very interest-
ing and well-defined yellow aberrations of Noctna rubi. The remainder
of the third brood larvji? have been successfully hybernated and are
now in the pupal stage.

Migration and Dispersal of Insects: Diptera.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
The actual records of the migration of diptera are very few indeed,
and those that bear somewhat on the subject appear to refer rather to
dispersal movements on a small scale than to definite migration.
Wallace, however, notes [Geoij. Dist. Aiiimah, p. 82) a casein which a
southerly wind brought flies in myriads to Admiral Smyth's ship in
the Mediteranean when he was 100 miles distant from the coast of
Africa ? Scudder, too, made an observation on the movements of
certain diptera, at Little Boar's Head, N.H. He states [Psrjchc, v., pp.
402-103) that, on the afternoon of July 27th, 1890, he was sitting on the
shore there backed by a bank, when his attention was directed to the
constant southward movement of small flies. There was practically
no wind, but the flies moved swiftly in one direction for the space of
two hours, forming a stream such as might readily pass through an
open barrel. Their numbers varied, at times three or four would pass
a given point every second, at other times hundreds, but, on the average,
there were about as many in the given area as drops of rain in a smart
shower, rarely one would be seen moving out of the stream, and then
it was in a diametrically opposite direction, and just as swiftly. He
adds that the direction was evidently influenced in part by the trend

174 THE entomologist's RECORD.

of the low bluff at the base of which he was sitting, and that he did
not go elsewhere to observe them. The stream was not more than
three feet distant and only a few inches above the ground. The flies
appeared to belong to a single species, as several were caught for
identification, and proved to be a species of llythea, one of the
Ephi/dridac, and probably the European species I.spilota as that is the
only one recorded from that part of the United States.

Douglas notes {Ent. Mo. Mcui., xviii., p. 142) that, in the Shippiwi
and Mercantile (iazette of September 8th, 1880, there is the following
statement : " The master of the schooner ' Topsy ' informs us that at
10 a.m., on September 20th, while on a passage from Grimsby to
London, the 'Topsy' became covered with swarms of flies, and so thick
were they that the people on board were unable to remain on deck for
five hours. There were millions upon millions of flies. The air
became clear alDout 4 p.m., when the flies were thrown overboard by
shovels full, and the remainder were washed off the decks by buckets
of water and brooms." Interviewing the master of the " Topsy,"
Douglas said that he was informed that there was not the least
exaggeration in the statement. The vessel was, at the time, sailing
along the Norfolk coast, about a cable's length from the shore, the
air was obscured by the flies as by a cloud, and they fell as thickly as
snowflakes closely covering the rigging as well as the deck. Some of
the specimens were given to Douglas who sent them to Meade. He
reported that the examples were " females of Dilopns ndnaris-, an
exceedingly abundant rpecies on sandhills, sometimes appearing in
immense numbers or masses, in which the members of one sex usually
greatly prt dominate over those of the other." He added that "some of
the species of Bihio, to which Dil<ip/nis is closely allied, have the same
habit."

Van Bemmelen records {Handelirnjen Ned. Ent. Vereen., 1856, p.
96) that, in 1852, on a summer evening, a very large swarm of black
flies, Bihio, flew rapidly past him near Warmond in South Holland,
with a swift flight. It was blowing very strongly, and the
observer's face and hands were covered with a quantity of the insects
in a moment, but they disappeared immediately, and just as suddenly
as they came, in inirsuit of the troop before them. He further notes
a great swarm of diptera, also supposed to be liibio, which suddenly
appeared in suiamer of 1854, outside the gates of Leiden, and which,
he says, was l^rought by the wind. Further he notes {anted, p. 91)
that, on July 13th, 1855, at 11 a.m., he was on the sea at a short
distance from the shore at Noordwijk aan Zee when he saw an innumer-
able multitude of insects, coming flying over the sea, wildly and
irregularly, at a considerable distance from each other. He distin-
guished among them Pieru hrassicae, one or more species of sand-
wasps (SpJier), and certain flies, very like Miisca romjtoria, which flew
with such amazing swiftness that when he returned to the shore it
was impossible to catch them, and he was only able to knock down a
sandwasp, and a fly, and even these escaped. As soon as the swarm
had reached the dunes, they slackened their speed, some settled down,
whilst others flew on. The flight was under observation for more
than an hour, but as the observer could not stay longer on the beach
he could not say how much longer it lasted. They flew from W.N.W.
to E.N.E. The wmd was W.N.W. and gentle.

Rowley observes [Ent., vi., p. 143) that, on May 10th, 1872, the

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS ! DIPTERA. 175

Kemp Town end of Brighton was caught by a cloud of Bibio marci.
These covered the pavements, windows, kc, in great numbers. They
were not so numerous as was Syr}>hns purastri in August, 1864, but
followed the same course.

Species of the genus Si/rphus occasionally appear in vast swarms.
Kirby and Spence note {Introduction, &c., 7th ed., p. 295) that Curtis
informs them that the aphidivorous flies, Scaera ribesii, 8. pyrastri,
etc., like the ladybirds, at times, appear in myriads on the seacoast,
all flying in one direction, and not even avoiding objects that lie in
their path. Curtis himself observes {Brit. Knt., fol. 509) that
Syrphiis pyrastri and S. selenetica sometimes appear in myriads on the
seacoast, all flying in one direction and not even avoiding objects that
lie in their path. He was informed that on July 30th, 181b, a very
hot day, they quite covered the fishermen's boats at sea off Broadstairs ;
the next day was cloudy with several slight showers, when scarcely
any were to be seen, the two days following were warm, and a few
were observed flying about, but the next day they had entirely
disappeared ; on the 30th they were equally abuudant at Eamsgate
and at the Nore. In 1864, three species of Syrphids, Syri)hus pyrastri,
S. a7-ciiatus and S. balteatuf, were reported as being exceedingly abundant
on various parts of the south coast of England. Gibson records {Ent.,
ii., p. 84) <S'. pyrastri as swarming in the Isle of Wight during the third
week in August, hundreds of dead ones being observed on the 20th
lying on the beach between Black-Gang and Atherfield. Seaman also
records (loc. cit.) them from Northwood during the same week, as
swarming everywhere, being found in great numbers on the seashore,
and he notices that when on flight they appeared to travel from south
to north. Walker notes (7-7^;^ Mo. May., i., pp. 136-140) that, " on
August 13th, 1864, many thousands of Syrplnis arcitatas were settled
on Kyde Pier, and most of them were paired. Neither S. pyrastri nor
6'. balteatns occurred there, but, on the two following days, these species
hovered in hundreds and thousands along the seashore near Cowes,
and S. balteatns was more numerous than S. pyrastri. They mostly
settled on the wet seaweed, to which they seemed to be very partial.
<S. arciiatus was less numerous, but occurred in greater abundance at a
short distance from the shore, while the other two species preferred the
sea-line. On the 16th, large numbers of SyrpJd were passing through
the air between Newport and Freshwater, and some of them became the
prey of wasps. On the two following days, N. /^^/r^.s^;/ appeared to be the
most common species about Freshwater and Alum Bay. On the
19th and 20th the weather was cooler, and the Syrphi were numerous
near Black-Gang Chine, in shrubberies and such like sheltered situations.
Daring the following week at Ventnor, Shanklin, Sandown and Hyde,
.S. jiyrastri and S. balteatns were scarce, but S. arcuatus was still tolerably
common, and was accompanied by a few nearly allied species. Two
individuals of pyrastri were of the variety nnicolor.'' Walker then says :
"It may be asked by what means the usual checks on the increase of the
Syrpliiis race were diminished last year, and whether all the three species
this year exceeded in numbers the excess of the average annual amount,
and on what kinds of Aphides they were dependent. S. pyrastri Tpveiers
the so-called sycamore Ajdiis, which is limited to the maple, and does not
belong to any of the^ migrating groups of Aphides. The flittings of the
migratory Aphides are, I believe, very short, and are only voluntary in

176 THE entomologist's record.

very calm weather. In such weather, large swarms of the sycamore
Ajyhis hover about the tree which it frequents, and the rising of the
wind might sweep it away, and accumiilate it in swarms at a distance
from its native place. Last summer was very favourable to the
sycamore Ajy'/ns, and its swarms are reported to have been as extra-
ordinary as those of the Si/rjihi ; and if the former was the only food
of the latter, the usual numbers of them have been of no benefit to
the crops." Again, in 1S69, Home observes (loc. cit., iv., pp. 356-357)
that, at Margate, a great number of Syrphids — Syrphiis baltcafii^. S.
decorus, S. taeniatus — as well as Krutalh tenax, arrived on August 24th,
thewind then blowing from the east coast and thew^eather being very hot.
The pier at Eamsgate on the same day was almost covered with them,
and everyone said that they came from the channel. After that the wind
was from inland, and, by September 9th, they had become quite scarce.
The same observer notes that, some years previously, Mr. F. Smith
saw the line of surf on the beach for miles at Bournemouth covered
with the dead bodies of Si/ypJnis pijrastri, so that they might have been
taken up by shovels full, the insects having been drowned in the sea,
and their remains thus cast ashore. The Proceed ijujs of the Knt. Soc.
London for November 15th, 1869, contain the following observations:
" At Walton-on-the-Naze, on August 24th, Mr. Dunning fell in with
a countless swarm of SriniJii, which appeared to have all hatched
simultaneously, and to have at once commenced buzzing about in the
hot sunshine in a foolish kind of way, without caring to take food, for
most of them seemed to be mere shells without any substance inside.
Noticing that Mr. Home had recorded {Entom., iv., p. 356) the
occurrence of a swarm at Margate on the same day, which was said to
have included specimens of Syrphus balteatus, S. decoruf!, S. taeniatufi,
S. topiaiiiis SindEristalistena.r('>), Mr. Dunning placed in the hands of
^Ir. Verrall, for examination, a few remnants of the Walton s\\'arm,
and had been favoured with the following note : " Having looked
closely through the diptera you sent me, I find that out of 56 or 57
specimens which I can recognise from the fragments, there are 27
S!J)p/ni.s rihesii, sixteen iS. cnrollae, eight S. pi/rastri, two S. lunu/er,
one ^S'. balteatus, one or two S. vitripennis {'>), and one S. pyrastri var.
iinicolor. This last variety is generally rare, but has this year appeared
in tolerable abundance. Mr. Verrall added that S. balteatus- was rare in
swarms, .S'. topiarius, if British, was extremely rare, and did not occur
in the collections of the British Museum or the Entomological club,
and that, if Kristalia tenax occurred in a swarm of Syrphidae, it could
only have got there accidentally as it might appear anywhere else
from its imiversal distribution. He had once come upon the tail-end
of a swarm of SyrpMdae, and the stragglers seemed to be nearly all S.
auricollnanditsvavietymaciilicoims. Eogers notes (Z'ooZ.jXxii., p. 9254)
that Si/rjiIiKs jiyrastri was swarming at Freshwater from August 14th to
16th, 1S()9, in countless thousands; on the 15th they passed over Fresh-
water in an eastward direction in large masses. At other places they
were seen continuously passing for six hours, and an orchard was
completely covered ; on the 17th at Freshwater Gate, the dead bodies
of these Hies formed a line on the cliffs more than four miles in length,
viz., from the Needles to the Monument ; Colwell shore presented
the same appearance, and millions were still flying there. At Yaimoutb
Bridge, when the rails were being painted, the rails were completely

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS I DIPTERA. 177

covered with flies firmly fixed to the wet paint for a distance of 50
yards. The number of a mass of flies 50 yards wide, passing for six
hours, seems almost incredible. Newman states {loc. cit.) that he
was inundated at the time with notes on the subject. Smith observes
{loc. cit., p. 9273) that he saw Sijrphuii pijrastri in thousands at
Bournemouth On one of these days a line of dead flies extended from
Poole Harbour to Christchurch Bay, a distance of not less than six
miles ; their numbers were really incredible. Symes observes {loc.
cit., p 9278) that on August 16th, as he went to bathe a mile west of
Bridport Harbour, he observed the flies (he calls them " bees ")
buzzing around him, and on swimming out about 100 yards he
noticed them floating on all sides ; on the same day his son, bath-
ing about a mile to the east, observed a similar phenomenon, whilst a
boat two miles out at sea was surrounded in like manner. There
was a gentle breeze shifting from north to south, and a long drought
had preceded the first day of their appearance. Many were noticed in
gardens a mile and a half from Bridport on the 21st. Button
observes {loc. cit., p. 9333) that, in August, he noticed at Eastbourne
many examples settling on flowers, but on August 18th while bathing
about fifty yards from shore he passed through a line of them, dead
and floating with the tide in an easterly direction ; this line was about
a foot in width and from the conformation of the coast at this part,
possibly extended for many miles. A few days later on the shore
near Seaford he saw a great number of the same insect which settled
on any flowers at hand on the beach, and many on his own clothes
whilst sitting down to rest.

In New Zealand the swarming of certain species of diptera have
frequently been recorded, although, as to their actual migration little
or nothing appears to be known, except in the case of a species of gnat
known as Culex argyropus, which is generally accredited by the New
Zealand entomologists with migrating habits. Smith observes {Ent.
Mo. Mag., xxvi., pp. 320-321) that, on September 19th, 1889, the
Lyttleton Times describes a swarm as occurring about eighteen miles
from Christchurch. It states that a train " passed through a wall of
mosquitoes or midges, three-quarters of a mile in length, twenty feet
high, and eighteen inches thick, whilst an entomologist at Ashburton
records having observed swarms of less size. On January 15th, 1890,
at Tinwald village (near the Ashburton river), the same observer
noticed immense numbers of Tipnla novarae in spiders' webs attached
to trees and gorse hedges. Great numbers were flying about or
moving slowly through the grass, whilst a considerable number were
resting. This latter observation appears to us to point rather to an
unusual local abundance than to a definite movement.

This large local abundance of Culicids is not confined to New
Zealand and has been recorded from our own islands, althouo-h
without any special reference to dispersal being noticed. Thus
Haliday notes {Zool., 1864, p. 8920), that Culex pipiens occurs at
Holywood in Co. Down, "in multitudes, during the day amon»
hedges on the seacoast, in the evening, in columns about the tops
of trees, appearing like smoke at the distance of a furlong." Even
in the London district such swarms are occasionally met, and
Douglas describes {Ent. Mo. Mag., xxxi., p. 239), how, in July
1895, for some ten days, Lewisham Eoad, in the South-east London

178 THE entomologist's record.

district was invaded by vast hordes of large Culices, the air thick
with millions of them, at times charging in close column up the road
like a squadron of cavalry, at other times engaged in dancing up and
down after the manner of their race ; whilst, at the same time, another
species, possibly (.'. detritus, also already noted — Douglas says — as occur-
ring in multitudes at Holywood by Haliday, are described by Douglas
as "congregating in enormous swarms ; at first appearing like a small
black cloud curling about the ends of the branches, and soon, when the
air is calm, rising in a dense column like smoke from a chimney for a
distance of some 20 or 30 feet, the bulk gradually becoming more grey
and attenuated until lost to sight in the upward progress. When a
breeze is moving, the insects, always preserving close order, are blown
out laterally, and after skirmishing with the wind, return to their cover
among the top leaves of the tree. It is a wonderful sight."

Sharp observes {Insects, ii., p. 467) : " Swarms of various species
of CuUciitae, consisting sometimes of almost incalculable numbers of
individuals occur in various parts of the world ; one in New Zealand
is recorded as having been three-quarters of a mile long, twenty feet
high, and eighteen inches thick." In Insect Life, i., p. 351, is a note
to the effect that in the days just preceding March 28th, 1889,
immense swarms of Chironomus nigricans appeared in that vicinity,
coming from the Mississippi and forming in the air immense clouds,
covering everything with which they came in contact. But Butler's
description of "a mosquito night" in Dakota, in The Great Lone
Land, gives one a most vivid idea of the movements of these insects
in the warmer parts of America. He writes : " There came upon us
dense swarms of mosquitoes, humming and buzzing along with us as
we journeyed on, and covering our faces and heads with their sharp
stinging bites. They seem to come with us, after us, and against us,
from above and below in volumes that ever increased. As soon as
the sun had dipped beneath the sea of verdure, an ominous sound
caused me to gallop on with increasing haste. The pony seemed to
know the significance of that sound much better than its rider. He
no longer lagged, nor needed the spur or the whip to urge him to faster
exertion, for darker and denser than on the previous night, there arose
around us vast numbers of mosquitoes — choking masses of biting
insects, no mere cloud, thicker and denser in one place than in another,
but one huge wall of never-ending insects, filling nostrils, ears, and
eyes. Where they came from I cannot tell ; the prairie seemed too
small to hold them, the air too limited to yield them space. I have seen
many vast accumulations of insect life in lands old and new, but never
anything that approached to this mountain of mosquitoes on the
prairies of Dakota. To say that they covered the coat of that horse
that I rode would be to give but a faint idea of their numbers ; they
were literally six or eight deep upon his skin, and with a single sweep
of the hand one could crush myriads from his neck. Their hum
seemed to be in all things around. To ride for it was the sole resource.
Darkness came quickly down but the track knew no turn for seven
miles. I kept the pony at a gallop, my face, neck, and hands, cut and
bleeding. I took as but little time to rush over the gangway and
seek safety from our pursuers within the precincts of the steamboat,
but they were not to be baffitd easily. They came in after us in
millions, like Bishop Haddo's rats, they came in at all the windows
and in at the doors, until in a very short space of time the interior of

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS : DIPTERA. 179

the boat became perfectly black with insects. Attracted by the light
they flocked into the saloon, covering walls and ceiling in one dark
mass," &c. {Ent., vi., pp. 310-312).

We may here observe that Van der Wulp records (Herkiots'
Bouwstojf'en, i., p. 140 (1853), that Chironomus Iw/iibris, Fries,
[z=occultan!i, Meig.), was to be seen by millions in March, 1852, in the
ditches near the railway-station (? at Leyden) where the neighbourhood
is generally under water in the winter, and in many places the water
was black with the abundance of these midges. They cannot fly, but
live on the surface of the water, over which they can glide with a
quivering motion of their wings as if sailing, and meantime, their
legs are stretched out motionless. From time to time they closely
shut their wings, a movement that covers the abdomen like a roof,
and then walk on the water just as another insect runs on a leaf.
Out of the water they begin a more rapid pace, and run like small
spiders swiftly in a circle very diflerent from other species of
ChiroyiomuR, which generally sit still, or walk forward slowly and
clumsily. In the same magazine {loc. cit., i., pp. 186-187 (1855)),
is the following notice from Rijwijk, which was published in the
Handehhdad of January 8th, 1855. Among the unusual phenomena of
the present winter may be mentioned the innumerable multitude of
black flies which have been found on the quay of the flooded land,
living on the surface of the water, and which were brought by the
south and southwest winds. They were not localised to a single
spot, but extended as far as the length of the quay (for more than a
quarter of an hour's walk), and, in several j)laces, were equal to a palm
in thickness. It was strange and wonderful to see them. The
midges were apparently Chironomus occidtana, Meig. { = lH(jubriH, Fries).
The preceding winter the same insect was found in innumerable
multitudes on the flooded meadows in the neighbourhood of the Hague,
and is probably always to be found in suitable localities in flooded
districts in mild winters.

Sharp notes (Insects, ii., p. 505): "The species of the genus
Chlorops are famous for the curious habit of entering human habita-
tions in great swarms, many millions being frequently found in a
single apartment. Instances of this habit have been recorded both in
France and England, Cambridge being perhaps the place where the
phenomenon is most persistently exhibited. In the year 1831, an
enormous swarm of ('hlorojis Uneata was found in the Provost's Lodge
at King's College, and was recorded by Leonard Jenyns ; in 1870,
another swarm occurred in the same house if not in the same room.
Of late years such swarms have occurred in certain apartments in the
museums (which are not far from King's College) , and always in the same
apartments. No clue can be obtained whatever as to their origin ;
and the manner in which these flies are guided to a small area, in
numbers that must be seen to be believed, is most mysterious. These
swarms always occur in the autumn, and it has been suggested that
the individuals are seeking winter-quarters." Attention may here be
called to the peculiar swarming habit of Atlurix ibis when ovipositing.
For details see Ent., xxii., p. 193, pi. vii., figs. 1-2.

Bearing on the question of the exportation of diptera into distant
countries is an interesting paper by Osten-Sacken [Trans. Ent. St,c.
Land., 1884, pp. 489 et seq.). He deals with the remarkable d'stri-
bution of Eristalis tenax, its sudden appearance over a great area in

180 THE entomologist's record.

the United States in 1877, and makes an attempt to explain the same.
He also deals with the importation of Psilojnis pallens into America
under most improbable circumstances ; the importation of Ciilex into
the Sandwich Islands, and lastly notices some of the remarkable
peculiarities in the geographical distribution of Si/rplms pj/rastri, but
this paper is rather outside our projected limits, and besides is easy of
reference. We may, however, mention an interesting note on the
introduction of F^ristalis tena.r and Miisca vomitoria into New Zealand,
which was published by Hudson {Trans. Keic Zeal. Inst., xxii.,
p. 187), but much more important is that of Smith {Knt. 21o. Mag.,
xxvi., pp. 240 et seq.) on Kristalis tena.r, M-hich, between 1888 and 1890,
not only appeared in the country but spread in great numbers over the
whole extent of the country on the east coast of the south island ; he
considers that its actual introduction was from the Pacific coast, and
points out that the numerous intervening groups of islands would
provide a ready means of dispersion if the necessary conditions for its
larval stage existed in the islands, but he is inclined to suppose that it
was imported direct by the mail steamers which ply monthly between
San Francisco and Auckland. In 1894, Smith sent another communica-
tion {loc. cit., XXX., pp. 54 etseq.) about the introduction of i\[iisca (Calli-
phora) vomitoria and concludes that the transoceanic migration of
nearly all the exotic diptera now flourishing in New Zealand has been
accomplished artificially, and especially so by fast steamers during
recent years. The genial climate of the islands with long summers
and mild winters is extremely favourable to the habits and development
of diptera from colder climes. It is possible that fresh immigrants of
previously introduced species may continue to arrive especially if the
fast steamers leave England or the ports of call during the summer
months. The species here referred to as M. vomitoria is, according to
Meade {loc. cit., p. 136), M. eri/throcephala, which is, in England, far
commoner about houses and towns, whilst M. vomitoria is commoner
in fields and country places.

The gradual extension of Merodon eqtwstris in Britain is interesting.
It was not known in Britain till a specimen was caught by Verrall at
Denmark Hill, on June 8th, ls,S9, in a garden, where large quantities
of Dutch bulbs were annually planted. Since then it has become
abundant where the bulbs of Narcissi and allied plants are largely
grown, and McLachlan {Knt. Mo. Ma;/., xxxi., p., 114) notes that
there is no doubt that Merodon is becoming more common than
formerly owing to the large exportations of bulbs from the south of
Europe. He states that a friend of his, a well-known horticulturist,
never observed any signs of the ravages of the larvae until after having
purchased, in an unlucky moment, a bag of imported bulbs, since
which time the species has caused considerable damage in his garden.
The larva will feed on any kind of bulbs ; recently it came under
notice as destroying those of Eiinjcles, an Austalian genus. Bulbs of
Narcissus (and probably of other plants) that have been attacked by
the larva of Merodon, but not killed outright, are found next season to
have divided themselves into a varying number of healthy smaller
bulbs, so that to some extent, the attacks of a larva form a means of
propagation.

The distribution of the Hessian fly {Cecidomi/ia destructor) during
the last quarter of a century has been the subject of a whole library of

A FEW weeks' ENTOMOLOGISING IN SPAIN. 181

detailed facts and speculation which can be readily consulted by those
interested in the subject.

A few weeks' entomologising in Spain {'rith map).

By T. a. chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
{Concluded from p. 121).

A few notes on some of the Heterocera may be of interest. We
took several Phryxus livornica on the wing in the forenoon at
Tragacete, and an imago of Hyloicm pinastvi on a pine-trunli at
Arcachon, the larvte were frequent on pine at Tragacete and
Bronchales. Thaumatopoca pityocampa, imagines taken at Arcachon and
Tragacete ; '/'. hercideana ?, larvie at Tragacete ; ludepia (/ramniica,
common everywhere, abundant at Bronchales ; K. cribriun, one at
Bronchales, reputed to swarm there some seasons; Kiithe)iiunia russula,
Tragacete, &c. ; Callininrpha hera, Cuenca, Euchdia jaruharac, upper
Jucar valley. Lithosia complana, Tragacete, &c. ; L. pyi/maeola,
Albarracin and Tragacete, small dark, and large pale forms; Nndaria
mitrina, Tragacete, abundant at Albarracin ; Malacosoma rastrensis,
imago frequent at Tragacete; Albarracina korbi, larvae at Albarracin ;
0;v/yirt.s7)/<?«r/i(/rt, frequent at Tragacete and Albarracin, Ocnoijijna ^oraida,
larva at Albarracin; Dyspessa idida, Tragacete; Adscita {I'mcris) (/eryon,
one specimen, Tragacete ; Anlhroccra famta, Tragacete, Albarracin,
abundant at Guadalaviar ; A. sariiedun, Cuenca and Tragacete ; A.
tranudpina, Tragacete ; A. hinicvrac, Cuenca and Tragacete ; A.
achilleae, one worn, Tragacete ; A. tnfuUi, Tragacete ; A. caniiolica,
Tragacete and Cuenca, a large form, with the red spots confluent and
involving nearly the whole wing; Aylaope infaasta, Tragacete, common;
.Eyeiia andrt'iiiformis, Tragacete; .2'7. ajfiiits, Cuenca; L'atocala
cunversa, Cuenca, Tragacete and Albarracin ; C. iiyuijdiaca, Cuenca ;
Triphaena fiiidiria, Tragacete ; T. coiiii's, Tragacete ; '/'. orhona,
Tragacete ; Ayrutis jimbriata, Tragacete ; 'T. tniculenta .' , Tragacete ;
Apupctites (Spinthfropa) spectrinn, Albarracin; A. dilucida, Tragacete and
Albarracin, bred; Mameatixi (diry^ozona, Tragacete; Hailena oc/irulciica,
Tragacete and Albarracin ; //. >iiibltistri^, Tragacete ; IJ. sccalis,
Tragacete ; (Jaradrina cuhicidari^, Tragacete ; Cyutatophora uctni/esinia,
Albarracin; Bryophila })erla, Albarracin; //. iiniralis, Madrid: B.
fraudatricida, Cuenca ; B. raptricitla, Madrid ; (Ciidia) chamaesyces,
larvae abundant at Guadalaviar ; Pliisia yam ma and Uhizoyramma dctersa,
Tragacete; Erastria nnmcrica, Guencaj; Thalpucliares blandida, Albarra-
cin ; T. polygram ma, Cuenca and Albarracin ; T. ostrina, Cuenca ; T.
piira, Cuenca.

I have handed the Geometers to Mr. Prout, amongst them is a
specimen which he has not yet determined, taken at rest (with wings
folded as in Luphopteryx camcUna) on Ephedra, near the river at
Albarracin, where arborescent vegetation existed. I am not at all sure
that this may not prove to be a Notodont not very far from Rheymato-
phila.

An odd specimen or two were picked up of the following
Phycitids : — Ephestia tephrinella, Cuenca; E. elntella, Tragacete;
I'terothri.c riifrlla, Cuenca and Tragacete ; Etiella ziiukenella,
Tragacete ; Dioryctria splendidella, Tragacete ; Aiispa auyustella,

182 THE entomologist's record.

Albarracin ; Hoiiiueosona niinhella, Tragacete ; H. sinuella, Cuenca ;
Salebria semirubrella, Tragacete; Hi/pochalcia lirpiella,'? Cuenca.

The following Ci'ambi were met with : — ■Crambus pinetellus, varying
much in the degree of division of the white dash ; C. CHlmellm, inquina-
tellux, pratellti^, falsdliis, perldliis, sa.wnellus, craterellin^, jiascuellus,
tristellus. I appear to have brought home only tv/o Scoparias, S. cratae-
(jella and uiercurella, both from Cuenca.

The most abundant Pyrale was certainly Pi/rausta sa)i(/i(inalis which
often swarmed. Herbnlo cespitalis was also common, Pyroiinta pitrpxralis
and oatrinalix, ohfuwalis, trinalis and jiavalis. The larvae of Botys repan-
ilalis were common. Noctnelia fioralis, was common at Cuenca and at
Tragacete ; Nymphitla nyniphacata was abundant at Lago d' Una, not seen
elsewhere ; I'yralis farinali^, Tragacete ; Kreri/atis politalifi, Tragacete ;
Actacnia iiadcssalis, Cuenca; Pionea /VjT»//rt//.s, Albarracin and Cuenca;
institcilis, Cuenca and Albarracin ; fiilralis, Cuenca ; Odontia dcntalis,
Tragacete and Albarracin ; Mrryua pulyf/iDialis, Albarracin ; Metasia
siippandalis, Cuenca ; Xomojihila noctueUa, rather rare ; L'ledeohia
aiiiiiixtalis, Tragacete and Albarracin ; )iioldavica, Cuenca and Lago
d'Una.

Shiuidhis neinorana was met with at Cuenca, where also L'horeutes
bjerkandrella swarmed, and was not rare at Tragacete. We neglected
Tortrices shamefully, our list giving only eight species, viz., Tortrix
lafaiiryana, Cuenca ; ConcJiylis lathoniana, Albarracin ; rrsjiirantana.
Cuenca; (Jrapholitha trimaculaxa (?), Scricoris lacunana, Tragacete;
Pcnthina cynoabana, Plialoiiia loioj)er()idcs (Wlsm. MSS.); Oypsonoma
iacnmana (?).

The plumes brought home appear to be: — (Kiyptilus di.stam^,
Albarracin; ( 'iioiiiilnji/iorus rliododactylus, Tragacete; Aiiiblyjitilia acan-
thodactybts, Tragacete ; Alinita baliodactyla, Tragacete and Cuenca ; A.
tetradactyla, this species was abundant almost everywhere ; Pterophoriis
DunKMlactylns, Tragacete and Cuenca ; T.eiojitilns (Meodarti/lus,
Tragacete ; Sfcnnptilia bijninciiilactyhi, Tragacete.

Of the Tnieids one of the most abundant in the dry limestone
region was Bntalis disdunlella, a Plenrota with bright silver streaks
was also common, this seems to be lioiwrella, whether specimens vary-
ing to an absolute want of the silver streaks occur in the same species
or not I do not know, nor can I separate them from some that appear
iohe. fichlaeycriella. Only one specimen of Ccrostonia trichonella was taken
at Albarracin, where also another species was bred from Ephedra, which
is either instabildla or a new species, ('olcophora li.vdla, Tragacete ;
C. fabricidla, Tragacete ; C. fitscipunctdla, Tragacete ; Anesycliia bi-
■pinictdla, Albarracin ; DasyccraoUvidla, klhd^vYdiCm ; Oecophora formo-
!>dla, Cuenca ; Symvwca siynatdla, Arcachon ; Gdechia dccurtella,
Trao^acete; (}. hyoacyamella, Albarracin; G. xrn'rella^, G. terrdlo?,
Cuenca; Jh'jiressaria jwrcosa larvae were plentiful on Caniui veiiicillatnm
at Tragacete, where also a smaller species was bred from leaves of Cniciis,
&c. ; Glyphiptery.rtlirasondla, Tragacete ; Gracilaria tionydla, Cuenca ;
Phyllocnutu surhayenella, larvae at Cuenca ; Neinatois fasciellus,
Tragacete.

^ A R I A T I 0 N .

T^NiocAMPA puLVEKrLENTA AB. HAGGARTi, n. ab. — The form of
Taeniocantpa pulveridenta noticed by Mr. Haggart {antea, pp. 130-131) is

VARIATION. 183

quite new to me, and much darker than anything I have previously
seen in this species. The following is a description of this form made
from one of the examples which Mr. Haggart has kindly given me, and
which I name harmarti.

T.ENiocAMPA PULVEUULENTA AB. HAGGAKTi, 11. ab. — s Anterior wings uniform
dark brown ; the costal edge narrowly yellowish the outline of the reniform, and
orbicular, and the hindiiiarginal line yellowish, inclining to orange; the cilia
distinctly divided into a dark basal area and a rather paler outer area by a longitu-
dinal line. Posterior wings very dark grey, the basal area perhaps a little paler than
the outer area ; the cilia, grey intersected by a longitudinal line separating the
inner and darker from the outer and paler part. Thorax almost of the tint of the
forewings, but with a number of grey scales intermixed ; the abdomen of the same
dark grey colour as the hindwings. Galashiels. One example, March, 1901 ; three
examples, March '27th, 1902. All four j specimens on same sallow bush.

It is to be hoped that Mr. Haggart will breed this form when
opportunity offers. I was struck, on first looking at the specimen, by
its superficial similarity in some aspects to one of the melanic forms
of CU'occrn riiiiinalU with which Mr. J. Harrison supplied our cabinets
some years ago, — J. W. Tutt. May 1th, 1902.

Aberration of Aleucis pictaria. — I have an aberration of Aleucis
pictaria, taken here on April 19th last. The markings of the wings
are the same as in the type, but the whole colour of the moth, which
is usually of a smoky tint, is changed into butt'. I should like to know
if this form has been taken before. — (Miss) E. Miller, The Croft,
Rainsford Road, Chelmsford. Mai/ 2'drd, 1902.

Aberration of Manduca atkopos. — I also have a fine Manduca
ativpos, bred in the autumn of 1901, which has the outer band in the
left hindwing very wide, and almost touching the inner band. The
outer edge of the wing itself has two curves instead of one. It is
quite a perfect moth and in no way crippled. — Ibid.

Notes on Lasiocampa quercCs and L. var. callun.e. — Is there
any possible means of defining the difierences said to exist between
L. (jiierci'is and var. rallioiae ! I can find no real distinction except
that of habitat, and I am inclined to think that this is the only one.
I have read all the authorities to which I have access, and I have
obtained the opinions of many correspondents as well as those of the
members of the Birmingham Entomological Society. I have obtained the
larvae from various food-plants and difierent localities, and also imagines
captured by means of " assembling " and otherwise. They have come
from Jersey, Swanage, Starcross, Sutton Park near Birmingham,
Cannock Chase, &c., and from larvaj found near Goole. Placing
imagines from all these localities in a line with the so-called typical
L. (juercusat the top, and the well-marked var. callunae at the bottom,
one observes that a perfect gradation between the specimens, in spite
of the ditt'erence between the extremes, exists, and one is quite unable to
replace the specimens in their own sets again without reference to the
labels. One finds from larv* taken at the same time and place and
from the same food-plant, both forms represented, and every rule
that is laid down for their separation appears to fail when the
specimens are critically examined. For example, if we consider the
larvae obtained in this district, we find that they usually hatch in
August, they are then rarely to be seen till the middle of next April,
when they may be found in some seasons freely by searching the
heather, still in the second instar or just moulted into the third (easily
seen in the latter stage). They are best obtained from 10 a.m. until

184 THE Entomologist's record.

12 a.m., after which they are more difficult to find, crawling further down
the heather stalks until 4 p.m., when they have gone down for the night.
Taken home and transferred to whitethorn, which they eat readily, they
will feed up on the new food, spinning in the latter part of May or in
early June, the imagines appearing in J uly. Therefore, according to the
rule that states that var. callmiae goes over winter in the pupal stage,
these must be L. querciis. Yet all my correspondents immediately refer
them, on the imaginal facies, to var. callwnae. It is also asserted that
the $ L. qitcrcHs is pale yellow, var. caUntiac of a darker coloration, more
nearly approaching the J , but I have a ? bred from a larva taken at
Sutton in May, very nearly as dark as the <? , yet this imago was the
very first to emerge in the year in which I obtained the larvjB. To which
form is this to be referred? Again, from a larva taken at the
same time and place I bred a yellow ? admittedly of the tint of
typical L. qitercm. Larvfe from Cannock Chase produced pupse that
went over the winter in the pupal stage and produced very dark examples,
which satisfy the usual conditions laid down for var. calliinae in
these respects, yet they altogether fail in the band, the yellow band
of the hinilwings not turning down, indeed, the bands are hardly
visible. Again, I have taken larvte on sallow between Dawlish and
Starcross close to the sea, and the imagines therefrom appeared the
same July, as they do here ; the females, however, are more darkly
banded than the admittedly typical L. qnercih, though not much, yet
here again, by the direction of the hindwing bands, the imagines
should be var. callunae, for these turn more distinctly than any other
imagines in my series. Having, therefore, reared larvae taken on
sallow, hawthorn, heather and bramble, and being unable to define
the differences between the imagines except in the depth of the
coloration, I am at a loss as to what really constitutes the vital
differences between L. qiiercuH and var. callunae. I may add that I
have a dark ? bred from a larva found on a young ash some years
since. It came out after a pupal period agreeing with that of L.
qnercih, in spite of its vallHiiaf'-like coloration. I have taken larvae on
bramble as early as February and as late as September on heather,
the latter fullfed, and these produced imagines in the next season. I have
come to the conclusion that there is no real difference in the imagines of
L. querciis and var. callunae, and am led to believe that such racial
differences as there are, are due to habitat ; at any rate, the breeding
of both forms from our midland larvte suggests that there is no real
distinction between the forms. — J. T. Fountain, Birmingham. May
14.th, 1902. [In British Lepidoptera, vol. iii., shortly to be issued, will
be found an exhaustive summary of all the published facts to hand relat-
ing to L. querciis and its local races. The study of the racial peculiarities
of this species offers possibly one of the very best lessons in the
development of species that is to be found in our lepidopterous fauna,
and there is no doubt that, when the various opposed facts are brought
into comparison, our lepidopterists will get a step forward in under-
standing the phenomena presented by the variation of this interestmg
species. — Ed.]

(^OLEOPTERA.

The Coleoptera of the Victorian History or Cumberland. —
Mr. F. H. Day is responsible for the list of coleoptera of this county

COLEOPTERA.

185

in the Victorian series, and we do not hesitate to at once congratulate
him and " the active though sinall band of resident collectors," who
have already done so much to confirm the old records, and add
largely to the number of species known to occur in Cumberland. Mr.
Day estimates that about one-third of the species on the British list are
now recorded from this county, and they are steadily adding to this
number year by year; in 1900 alone, the list was increased by over 150
species by their zeal and industry. Some idea of the extent of these
additions may be gathered by the perusal of the articles on Cumberland
coleoptera in the K'uf. Fwconl for 1898, pp. 126-129, 1899, pp. lOB-106,
1900, pp. 99-101, and 1902, pp. 76-80. Mr. Day expresses the opinion
that close on 1700 species will ultimately be found in the county. In
Mr. Morley's "Coleoptera of Sultblk," 1899, he gave the totals of species
found in Norfolk and Suffolk as 1728 and 1763 respectively, so Cuniber-
landneedhave no fearof being behindhandin this respect. The mountain
species, as might be expected, are well represented, and, in fact, nothing
appears to have been neglected that can help to swell the coleopterous
fauna of this county. A few of the rarities taken lately may be briefly
noticed, although we hardly think it necessary to refer to the old
records, such as Oberea ocitlata, Diapcris bolcti, Lixus parrajilficticiis, etc.,
preferring to wait till our Cumberland friends can retake and confirm
such captures. One of the finest captures in this list is that of Lebia
crii.r-iiiinor, taken by Mr. Day in a meadow near Carlisle, in 1899, this
is just one of those instances which show what rare beetles will occur
in new localities to the painstaking worker. lieiubidiiim srJi'npdli,
originally found in Cumberland, has been turned up again not un-
commonly by our collectors. The rare Aleochara rnjicornis has
occurred on several occasions, and Ancii^trnnyeha abiioininalia is found
not rarely in the Gelt valley. Hi/ihot/iassa Juoniovcraiia, only previously
recorded from Yorkshire and Hampshire, was taken in some numbers
near Little Salkeld by Mr, Day. Ascuinni striatum is now recorded
from Cumberland for the first time, and Callidimn riolarcmn from
Eskdale is its most northerly record up to now. I'achiita rcrainbi/ri-
Jhniii.s a species that used to be taken in this county (Barron Wood)
by J. C. Heysham, some 70 years ago, has been taken by Messrs.
Routledge and Murray in the Gelt valley. Plujllodevta cavifrons,
from near Carlisle, is not unworthy of notice. Anthiciis scoticiis occurr-
ing at AUonby is its only English locality at present known. Although
not in this list we must here call attention to the capture since of
Sji/tacritcs (jlabratK.^, by Messrs. Britten and Day, near Great Salkeld
{knt. Record, 1901, p. 331), the only other record out of Scotland being
a single specimen, taken at Wooler, in Northumberland. We think,
however, enough has been said to show that this list was made as com-
plete as possible at the time of its publication, and that the work of
adding to it in the future is in the best of hands. We deplore the fact
that there are no notes of habits, etc., to any of the species, as is the
case with the other county lists in this series, but this we understand
is not the fault of the compilers, but of the publishers. — Horace
DoNisTHORPE, F.Z.S., 58, Kensington Mansions, S.W.

Protective resemblance in beetles. — In my paper •■ on "Cases of
Protective Resemblance, Mimicry, etc., in the British Coleoptera," when

* Trans. Ent. Soc. of Lond., Pt. iii., 1901, p. 373.

186 THE entomologist's record.

referring to Mr. Holland's capture of specimens of Cleonin sidcirostris
of a reddish colour which were found on the red sands of Boar's Hill,
I mentioned that I thought I had found a parallel case in Limobins
)iii.rtHs of Avhich I had taken two speennens of a white colour among
the white pebbles on the Chesil Beach, its normal colour when found
amongst sand at Deal, etc., being yellow. I mentioned that further
specimens were required to prove the case. These have now been
taken by Mr. Forsyth, of Weymouth. I also stated ray opinion that
many such cases would be found when looked for. I see that Mr.
Morley in the Ent. Mo. Man., 1896, p. 91, recorded a case in point of
a llypera jtiiiictata he captured in a sand-pit, its colour being the exact
counterpart of its surroundings. — Horace Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., 58,
Kensington Mansions, S.W.

CoLEOPTERA OF GLAMORGANSHIRE. — Your reference (antca, p. 140),
to the lack of Glamorganshire lists, leads me to say that I have been
collecting material for one of the coleoptera for some years. I ceased
to reside in the county two years ago, and am beginning to think of
putting my notes togethei-. I know of only one or two collectors who
have recorded anything from tlie county. Perhaps a request in the
Ent. lii'coni for any records of Glamorganshire beetles will lead to a
useful correspondence with other workers and to references to published
notes. Of course there is Dillwyn's Swansea list to work on. —
Brockton Tomlin, F.E.S., 69, Liverpool Koad, Chester. May IQih,
190'. .

List of Species, Varieties, and Aberrations of Lepidoptera so far
only recorded from the British Islands.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

T.^xiocAMPA MUNDA AB. PALLIDA, TuTT. — A pale grcyish-white form.
T. AB. STRIATA, TuTT. — With black longitudinal lines.

T. iNCERTA AB. (et var.) C/T2RULESCENS, TuTT. — Of a pale slaty- or
bluish-grey tint. T. ab. atra, Tutt. — An extreme melanic form. T.
AB. KUFA, Tutt. — Unicolorous bright red ; Lancashire.

T. opiMA ABs. brunnea, Tutt, AND uNicoLOR, TuTT. — Extreme
melanic forms only recorded from Britain. T. ab. grisea, Tutt. —
Extreme pale greyish-white forms with the usual markings almost
obsolete.

T. gracilis ab. rosea, Tutt. — A rare aberration in England,
commoner in Scotland and Ireland. T. abs. (et var.) rufescens, Ckll.
and BRUNNEA, Tutt. — Extremely dark forms, recorded, at present, from
only some three or four localities in Britain.

T. populeti ab. obsoleta, Tutt. — Pale-grey with obsolete markings.
T. ab. nigra, Tutt. — Another extreme melanic form.

T. GOTHicA AB. PALLIDA, TuTT. — Pale whitish-grey form. T. ab.
RUFA, Tutt. — Bright red form culminatmg in ab. brunnea, which is
deep red-brown in colour. T. ai;. pallida, Tutt. — Pale stone-grey in
tint.

T. pulvekulenta ab. pallida, Tutt. — Pale greyish- or ochreous-
white form. T. ab. rufa, Tutt. — The bright red form of the species.
T. AB. haggarti, Tutt. — ^klelanic form from Galashiels.

T. MIMOSA ab. virgata, Tutt. — Palc greenish-grey with red central
band. T. ab. pallida, Tutt. — Pale ochreous-grey, unicolorous.

LIST OF LKPIDOPTKRA PECUIJAR TO THE BRITISH ISLANDS. 187

Dysghortsta suspecta ab. nigrescens, Tutt. — An extreme melanic
form, blackish-red, almost iinicolorous. D. ab. rufa, Tutt. — Unicolor-
ous bright red.

D. FissiPUNCTA AB. variegata, Tutt. — A rare variegated form
occasionally taken in Kent with the type. D. ab. nigrescens, Tutt. —
A rare melanochroic form of the species somewhat widely distributed.

Orthosia lota ab. pallida, Tutt. — Whitish-grey form. 0. ab.
suFFusA, Tutt. — ^A melanic form only recorded as yet from Sligo. 0. ab.
rufa, Tutt. — A red form of the species widely distributed with the
type.

0. macilenta ab. straminea, Tutt. — A pale straw-coloured form
occasionally taken with the redder type.

Anchocelis pistacina ab. brunnea, Tutt.— An extreme brown
form, sometimes unicolorous.

A. LUNOSA ab. obsoleta, Tutt. — Pale reddish-ocbreous form without
pale nervures. A. ab. brunnea, Tutt. — A dark red-brown form with
pale nervures.

A. LiTURA VAR. (et AB.) RUFA, TuTT. — -The dark purplish coloration
of the fore wings of the northern type is in this form bright reddish-
brown in colour.

Dasycampa rubiginea ab. unicolor, Tutt. — Unicolorous reddish-
brown.

Hoporina croceago ab. (et VAR.) lateritia, Raynor. — Dull red-
brown, very local form.

Tiliacea citrago ab. (et VAR.) AURANTiA, TuTT.^ — Gi'ound colour
orange-yellow.

Mellinia gilvago ab. (et VAR.) SUFFUSA, TuTT. — A soiiiewhat melanic
form much sufi'used in the middle of wings.

Plastenis retusa ab. gracilis, Haw. — A red-brown form occurring
with the type.

Calymnia trapezina ab. (et VAR.) RUFA, TuTT. — Deep red, some-
times dusted with black scales. C. ab. nigra, Tutt. — A rare aberra-
tion deep blackish-grey in colour.

DiANTHCECIA CARPOPHAGA AB. (eT VAR.) PALLIDA, TuTT. A white form

confined to chalk districts.

D. conspersa VAR. ocHREA, Gregson. — The ordinary white marks
ochreous; replaces the type in Orkneys, Shetland, Cornwall and
Devon. D. var. oBLiTERiE, RoBSON (hethlandica, Stdgr.). — The
extreme dark Shetland form.

D. c.EsiA VAR. MANANi, Gregson. — A suffused race peculiar to the
Isle of Man and Irish coast.

PoLiA CHI AB. (et VAR.) oLivACEA, Stephs. — Green-grey form peculiar
to the north of England and southern Scotland. P. ab. (et var.)
SUFFUSA, Robson. — Suffused form peculiar to west Yorkshire, P. ab.
(et var.) NIGRESCENS, TuTT. — An extreme melanic form only recorded
from the Huddersfield district.

P. x.\NTH0MiSTA VAR. STATicEs, Gregson. — A Very marked race
from Cornwall and the Isle of Man.

Cleoceris viminalis ab. (et var.) obscura, Stdgr., and ab. unicolor,
Tutt. — Very marked melanic race from the northern counties of
England.

Epunda lutulenta var. albidilinea, Tutt. — A race confined to the
Orkney Islands.

188 THE entomologist's record.

Bryophila muralis var. impar, Warren. — A distinct inland race
occurring in Cambridge. B. ab. (et var.) obscura, Tutt. — A dark
brown -grey form occurring as a local race in some localities, but as
an aberration with other forms in others.

MisELiA oxyacanth.e AB. cAPuciNA, MiLL. — One of the most special-
ised purely British melanic forms, generally distributed with the type.

Aplecta nebulosa VAR. (et ab.) p.allida, Tutt. — White with nearly
obsolete markings ; from Glasgow district. A. ab. robsoni, Collins. —
A beautiful melanic form quite glossy black, only recorded from
Warrington.

A. ADVENA AB. (et VAK.) uNicoLOR, TuTT. — An uuicolorous form.

Hadena protea AB. (ET VAR.) VARiEGATA, TuTT. — Paler and more
variegated than the usual forms.

H. pisi VAR. scoTicA, TuTT. — PurpHsh-brown instead of red ; a most
marked race.

H. THALASsiNA AB. HUMERALis, Haw. — A grey fomi found in the
south-eastern counties of England.

Xylina conformis var. suffusa, Tutt. — The deep violet-grey
melanic form from Wales and the western coast.

X. sociA AB. (et var.) kufescens, Tutt. — From the southwest of
England and south of Ireland.

Calocampa vetusta var. suffusa, Tutt. — Northern form — chiefly
Scotch.

LiTHOMiA solidaoinis VAR. SUFFUSA, TuTT. — Dark ashy-grey form
from Aberdeen.

Anarta myrtilli var. rufescens, Tutt. — The usual red form in the
south of England.

Catocala nupta ab. c^rulescens, Ckll. — One of the most remark-
able purely British forms, the red hindwings being changed to
purplish -blue.

DELTOIDES. — Hypena rostralis ab. unicolor, Tutt. — Unicolor-
ous greyish-fuscous.

NOTODONTIDES. — Notodonta dromedarius var. (etab.) perfusca,
White. — Smaller and darker; northern counties of England and
Scotland.

Stauropus fagi ab. obscura, Tutt. — Suffused form, locally almost
as common as the type.

ARCTIIDES {ojitea p. 114). — Spilosoma menthastri var. scotica,
White. — The ground colour ochreous not white.

CYMATOPHORIDES.— Cymptophora or var. scotica, Tutt.—
Pale form peculiar to Scotland.

C. DUPLARis var. (et AB.) ARGENTEA, TuTT. — A silvcry white form,
most frequently met with in Ireland. C. var. obscurata, Tutt.^ — A
melanic form confined to the northern counties of England and
Scotland.

Asphalia diluta ab. nubilata, Robson AND Gardner. — Suffused form
from Yorkshire.

A. FLAvicoRNis VAR. GALBANus, TuTT.— The pale yellow-green form,
typical in the south of England.

A. ridens AB. iNTERRUPTA, TuTT. — Ths band broken ; occurs with
the type.

[I'o be continued.)

PRACTICAL HINTS. 189

J^RACTICAL HINTS*.

Field Work for July.

By J. C. DOLLMAN.

1, — 0\{i oi J'^iitlu'iiiiiuia rKssitla, obtained early, will produce a second
brood in captivity, if fed up well upon living plants of broad-leaved
plantain. Set the plants in earth in a good-sized box and keep in the
sun with a cover of muslin stretched on a frame lying on the top. The
$ oviposits freely in a chip-box.

2. — To give the "Emeralds" a favourable chance of preserving
their colour while being killed, place them in the cyanide bottle until
moribund, and then stab in the thorax between the second and third
pair of legs with a steel mapping pen which has been dipped in a
saturated solution of oxalic acid. The solution must be a saturated
one, to kill. Drop the crystals into boiling water until no more will
dissolve ; pour oft' the liquid, and if, when cold, it precipitates any
crystals, it is a saturated solution.

8. — Those Avho have tender skins should be wary of handling the
cocoons of Lasiocainpa qucrcus. The stinging power of these can be
beaten by no living larva?.

4. — In taking Dri/as jiaphia and Limcnitia sjbi/lla with the net in
the New Forest, it will be found, upon trial, that a useful proceeding
is to wait until the end of the afternoon, when the setting sun shining
through the tree-stems lights up the bramble bushes along the
borders of the rides. These insects are then to be seen gently hovering
and flitting from leaf to leaf, making capture so easy that selection can
be exercised.

5. — If Ze}i]njrni> (jiierciis be required, make a small hoop and net six
inches in diameter, which will take the place of the top joint on a
fishing-rod. The matter then resolves into the question of selecting
your tree. This insect is extremely fond of flying around and sunning
itself on ash as well as oak. Wait until it settles and sweep it oft' the
leaf.

6. — Hadena trifulU $ s will deposit ova without trouble in chip-
boxes, and the young larvte can be reared well, and quickly, on knot-
grass.

7. — Lncnllia unibratica has a remarkable talent for imitating a
knot, or flaw, on a grey paling.

8. — Pamphila comnia is restricted locally to particular spots on the
South Downs. These are generally sunny and windy slopes. If one
be found, keep to the place for a close examination in sunlight. The
insect sits at rest during cloudy intervals.

9. — Timandra aiiiataria will nearly always yield ova if boxed with a
piece of dock, and the larvae can be readily reared airtight on that
plant.

10. — The larva of Euclid ia mi can be swept from long grass by
day. It is a long tapering larva, greyish or drab in tint, with two
fine white subdorsal stripes. It has but two pairs of abdominal
prolegs, and moves with a pseudo-geometrid action. It can be reared
on couch-grass, or trefoil, but is very liable to be stung by ichneumons.

* Practical, Hints fok the Field LKPinopxErasT, published last May, and
already almost completely out of print, contains 1250 similar hints to these, dis-
tributed over every month in the year. Interleaved (for collector's own notes). — Ed.

190 THE entomologist's recokd.

11. — Geowrtra vernaria can be taken between five and seven p.m.
on Clewatis ritalbata. It is at this time that the specios emerges, and
can be readily seen if present.

12. — If there is nothing yon want on a tree when sugaring do not
disturb the moths that are on the sugar. Even Xoctiia xantho-
(jrapha and Triphaena pronnba will give confidence to more timid
insects to come in spite of their greediness.

13. — Show no hesitation with the " Crimsons " at sugar, but get
the bottle under them quickly and quietly, and keep the lamp from
flashing on the bottle. ( 'atocala proniissa is sometimes particularly
skittish, and it is best to let the light disc from the lamp only just
include it, so that the bottle is in darkness up to the last instant.

14. — A favourable time to take the Lycfenids is just before sunset
on a fine day, when they can be boxed from the long grass or herbage
upon which they have settled for the night. It is a good plan to pay
particular attention to those patches of growth which catch the last
rays of the departing sun.

15. — Where trees, by the roadside, in residential localities, are
infected with Ccmus li(/mperda, the imago is quite as likely to be found
drying oft' on the garden palings as on the trees. The larva, travelling
to construct the pupal cocoon, Avill often enter the ground under the
weather-boarding of a wooden fence.

16. — The larvfe of Apatda accris may be found by standing under
a young sycamore tree, and looking up at the undersides of the leaves,
where larvfe can be seen at rest in a half-coiled position.

By J. C. HAGGAET.

17. — Search the trunks of larch trees in Scotland in the afternoon,
for the imagines of Cleora (jlabraria. At the same time the imagines of
Ellopia prosapiaria [fasciaria) can be obtained by searching the base of
Scotch fir-trees.

18. — About the beginning of July the full-fed larvne of Panulu
piniperda are to be beaten from the young Scotch fir-trees, sometimes
in great numbers.

19. — Towards the end of July, the larvffi of Craniopltora Iviiistri are
to be found by standing underneath young ash-trees and looking up
among the leaves, when the larva- can be readily distinguished, stretched
at full length along the midrib of the leaf ; they feed up quickly and
are not difficult to rear.

20. — Towards the end of July, by sugaring the posts of wire-fences
which cross moors, Mainentra furra is attracted sometimes in con-
siderable numbers together with Xoctiia festira, CItaraeas (jraniinis,
N. ii))ibn)sa, &c.

21. — ];5y searching juniper bushes in July, with a lantern after
dark, the imagines of Eupithecia sobrinata can be freely taken ; the
full-fed larva^ can be beaten in great numbers in early June.

22. — When sugaring in woods in July a careful watch should be
made for specimens of Triphaena aiibsegiia, which may be amongst the
T. coiHfs which come to sugar.

23. — In July the flowers of wood-sage are a great attraction to the
imagines of Aijiotis lucernea ; the dusk of the evening is the best time
to find them.

24. — I find the flowers of the common rush a great attraction to

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

191

the Noctuids in July, they are easily taken by searching with a light
after dark.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Successful rearing of Amorpha populi ^ and Smerinthus
ocELLATA $ . — Later I propose publishing a full description, with
figures, of an imago reared from a crossing of Amoriiha iiopuU $ with
Smerinthus ocellata ? , the reciprocal cross to S. hybr. Injbridna,
Stephs./'' so at present I merely propose stating the following bare
facts leading up to the successful rearing of the same. In the year
1900, I obtained, between May 19th and June 16th, pairings between
Amorpha populi J and Smerinthus ocellata 5 , which remained
together some twenty hours, i.e., the normal copulation period of these
species. A single pairing thereof. May 19th to 20th, 1900, yielded on
June 4th, one properly developed larva, which came to grief through
an unfortunate accident. Larvfe developed in several hundreds of
eggs of this cross, but most of them only to a certain point, then they
died without making an attempt to break through the shells. In the
year 1901, 1 repeated the attempt, and obtained between May 20th and
June 28th, eighteen pairings between A. populi $ and N. ocellata $ .
One pairing May 21st to 22nd, yielded, on June 7th, in all, six
larvaj, all six monstrosities, which died off Avithout taking any food.
A pairing on June 25th to 26th yielded eighteen larvte, thirteen of
which, like the early six, were monstrosities and died without taking
food. Five of the larvae, however, fed normally (among them one,
which, to a limited extent was a monstrosity). Of these five larvae
two pupated normally. On March 20th, 1902, one moth emerged, and
the second on May 11th. The moths are nearer Amorpha pojiuli than
those resulting from the pairing of .S'. ocellata $ and populi $ ,
but yet show unmistakable indications of the eye-spot of S'. ocellata.
For these experiments in the crossing of Amorjiha jiopuli ^ and
Stnerinthus ocellata J , several thousand, mostly dug, pupfe were
used.— (Dr.) M. Standfuss, Zurich. Mai/ llth, 1902.

Classification of the Gracilariides. — Dr. Chapman, in a recent
paper read before the South Ljudon Entomological Society, discussed
the affinities of the " Gracilarian cohort," or, as we should term it,
the superfamily Gracilariides. His conclusions are summarised as
follows : —

A. Superfamily : Gracilakiides.

Fam. I : Gracilariid.e. — Larva with Gracilarian Irophi in first two or moie
stages. Pupa incomplete, 1-4 abdominal segments fixed.

Subfam. 1 : Gracilariin.'e. — First two larval stages Gracilarian.

Genus 1 : Gracila7-ia.

Genus 2 : Corisciiim {(■KriilipciDicllum).

Genus 8 : Oniix.
Subfam. 2 : Lithocolletin.^;. — First three or more larval stages Graci-
larian ; 6 or 7 larval instars.

Genus 1 : Litlioi-olU'ti!< (European group).

* We have already, in Ilritish Lepidoptera vol. iii., p. 390, named this cross
Amorpha hybr. inversa (=populi (? x ocellata ? ), and have suggested that we have
considerable doubt whether all the individuals recorded as belonging thereto had
really this parentage. It is, theref ire, with great pleasure that we received from
Dr. Standfuss a note to the ellect that he had at last been successful in rearing
this form. — Ed.

192 THE entomologist's RECORD.

Genus 2 : Cameraria (type guttifinitella).
Genus 3 : Leucanthiza (ostensackcnella, Fitch).
Genus 4 : Acroco-cops (type hroiKjniardellum).
Subfam. 3 : Phyllocnistin.^e. — Three Gracilarian larval stages and one
modified normal stage ; 4 larval instars.
Genus 1 : Phyllocnistis.
Fam. II : Phyllobuostid.'e. — Pupa does not leave puparium, but segments
5 and 6 free (also 7 in <?). Larva normal (?).
Subfam. 1 : Phyllobrostin.e.
Genus 1 : Phi/llohroxtis.
Fam. Ill : Lyonetiid.e. — Pupa immobile, fusion of parts feeble. Larva
normal.

Subfam. 1 : Leccoi'terix-E. — Pupa with appendages shorter than
abdomen.

Genus 1 : Leucoptera (Ceiidostonia).
Subfam. 2 : Lyoxetiin.e. — Appendages reach end of pupa, weakly
fused.

Genus 1 : Lyoiietin..
Subfam. 3 : Bedelliin.e. — Appendages to end of pupa rather firmly
fused.

Genus 1 : Bedellia.

Of the genera usually placed among the Gracilarias, but having no
real affinity thereto, Chapman instances Huccidatrix and Tisrhcria,
neither of which is Gracilarian, and must be removed therefrom ;
neither have these genera any affinity inter .sc ; both are more
generalised than the Gracilarias, both in the larval and pupal stages.
Tischeria, which is placed with the Tine^-Aculeat.e by Spuler, is not
an Aculeate, for it has no piercing ovipositor, nor has it spiculated
wing-membrane. Among other genera not placed for want of know-
ledge of their earlier stages are OinnjihUa, Opostci/a, Ocncroatouia,
Palumhina and Opminna. Doubt, however, is expressed as to any of
these being Gracilariids. — T. AV. Tutt.

:ia.OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Sphingids of Cumberland. — Manduca atropos. — Imagines have
been taken as follows — One in 1892; one, 1895; one, 1897; one, 1898:
unfortunately I have no exact dates, all from Carlisle. Agrius convol-
vuLi. — One, Maryport August 81st, 1897; one August 27th, 1897,
at Carlisle. Hippotiun cp:lerio. — One, formerly in ]\[r. J. B.
Hodgkinson's collection. Mr. Swainson, of Maryport, has one which
he took himself in 1892. S:\ii;rinthus ocellata. — Taken in the
Carlisle district. May 6th, 18th, 25th, 26th, 1898. Amorpha popull—
Taken in the Carlisle district—June 19th, 1888; May 13th, 1HH9 ;
June 19th, 1890 ; July 12th; May 17th and 20th, 1896; April 21st,
1898.— G. Wilkinson, 55, Trinity Buildings, Carhsle. Maii Htli, 1902.

Keeping the larv^ of Phorodesma smaragdaria during the
winter. — I am so often asked how to keep the larvae of this insect
safely during the hybernation period, that it may be of general interest
to publish a short note upon my experience, which has now covered a
good many seasons. I have almost invariably found that the larvae
die if the attempt is made to keep them indoors during the winter,
although this is, I find, contrary to the experience of several of my
friends. When turned loose upon the food-plant, generally speaking,
all disappear before spring, but when "bagged" out-of-doors, these
difficulties disappear. The only question is what foodplant to select
for winter-quarters. Artcuiitiia iiiaritinia and A. abmnthinin, kc, die

CURRENT NOTES. 193

down to the gi-oand, and do not affoi'd stems on which to place the
bags. So I select southernwood, of which suitahle branches are
abundant, and have the great advantage of afitbrding some, if little,
foliage during the winter months, when protected by the bag. In this
way I successfully hybernate every larva without loss. I will not give
statistics, but have satisfied myself that this spring I have found in
my bags, a few more individuals than I counted into them in the
autumn. — -(Rev.) C. R. N. Burrows, Mucking Vicarage. May 3rd,
1902.

Sesia stellatarum in April. — A worn specimen of Sesia stellatanim
was observed at flowers of Arabis on April 16th, 1902, at Reigate. —
R. M. Prideaux, Reigate Hill. Mai/ 12th, 1902.

HippoTioN celerio in THE IsLE OF Man. — Several specimens of
JHippatidii cclerin were again seen on the evening of May 25th, hovering
over flowers of Silciic iiiaritiina on the Douglas coast. — H. Shortridge
Clarke, F.E.S., Douglas, Isle of Man. May 31st, 1902.

Agrius convolvuli at Boxworth. — I took the larv* of Ai/rias con-
vulndi here from August 19th to September -Ith, 1901, nearly fullfed.
These pupated in due course but only two emerged — forced. I captured
imagines, however, at tobacco plants from September 23rd to October
1st. — E. H. Thornhill, Boxworth, Cambridge. Mai/ 23/v/, 1902.

PRESER^^NG rare insects. — I have a tint/ wood and rough piece of
ground, in which I am growing plants and trees in a perfectly wild
state that belong to this country, and I want to make it a habitat of a
few rare or uncommon indigenous creatures, moths, butterflies, beetles,
spiders, or anything^especially anything that is likely to become
exterminated. I am putting in Hdi.f pomatia and Cycloatuma
eleyans. The soil is on chalk and very dry. I would plant there any
tree ov plant as food. Can you (or any of the readers of the Record)
suggest one or two likely creatures, especially in the way of insects,
which would be likely to succeed ? If so, I should be greatly obliged.
It is almost too small to hope to get any particular kind of bird or
mammal. — (Rev.) H. A, Soames, The Hawthorns, Otford, Kent. May
loth, 1902. [We know that many of our readers have tried similar
experiments. Perhaps they will communicate with Mr. Soames.]

Abundance of Larv/E of Nudaria mundana. — Seen more commonly
than usual this spring in dry weather under (and just before rain,
moving on the upper surface of the) stones of Oolitic freestone dry
walls (built without mortar, hence, called " dry walling ") of our
Cotteswold hills. I saw from between 30 and 40 of these larvte singly
on walls near here within half an hour the other evening. They
are not easily seen unless looked for, as their protective colours
resemble the lichen -blotches so numerous on the weathered surfaces
of our local limestones. Mr. W. B. Davis of Stroud remarks of this
species (in his excellent local list sent to me): "I have generally
beaten these larvfe from blackthorn and also observed them on stone-
walls."— C. J. Watkins, F.E.S., Kingsmill House, Painswick,
Gloucestershire. June Qth, 1902.

@^URRENT NOTES.

At the Royal Society's Conversazione at Burlington House, held on
May 14th, some of the exhibits of interest were : — Mr. F. Enock,

194

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S EECORD.

F.L.S. — Living specimens of Ovivorous parasites {Mymar'nlae),
together with larvfe and piipjB, in the eggs of Libtirnia (Froghoppers).
Eecent research into the economy and life-history of these microscopic
insects, shows that they are most fastidious in their choice and
identity of their "host eggs, "one species of ^/rty/f/f.s ovipositing in the eggs
of a certain species of Fsncus, while the delicate Anca/n make diligent
search for the minute eggs of some of the Froghoppers. Examples
of eggs of Libtirnia were shown containing from one to six Anaf/ri in
an advanced state of development. (2) Lieut. -Colonel Bruce, F.R.S. —
Tri/pauosoma theileri — a new species of parasite, discovered in the
blood of cattle in South Africa. This new TrijiHotosniiia was lately
discovered by Dr. A. Theiler, who is in charge of the Bacteriological
Laboratory of the Medical Officer of Health, Pretoria, Transvaal.
The species can be at once distinguished from the Trypanosomas of
Surra, Tse-tse Fly Disease, or Rat by its larger size, it being almost
twice as large as any of the others. In general appearance it conforms
closely to the others in possessing an oval protoplasmic body, a
ongitudinal fin-lil^e membrane, and a single Hagellum. It only infects
cattle. Horses, dogs, goats, rabbits, and guinea-pigs are all immune,
neither showing symptoms nor the presence of the parasites in the
blood. (3) Mr. -J. Everett Dutton, M.B., on behalf of the School of
Tropical medicine, Liverpool. — Specimen of a Trypanowina found in
the blood of man. The Tri/panosoiiia was first discovered in the blood
of a European in Government employ at Bathurst, West Africa. The
presence of the parasite was associated with symptoms closely
resembling those occurring in animals suffering from tsetse fly disease.
The parasite was again found in a preparation of blood taken from a
native child at Bathurst. We noticed, among other entomologists
present at the Conversazione, Messrs. A. J Chitty, W. L. Distant,
H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, H. Druce, H. .J. Elwes, H. Goss,
R. McLachlan, H. Rowland-Brown, C. 0. Waterhouse, Professors
Meldola and Poulton and the Rev. Canon FoAvler.

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at 58, Kensington
Mansions, on May 5th, Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe being the host, the
guests being received by Mr. and Mrs. Donisthorpe. Among the
guests present were Messrs. R. Adkin,F. Bouskell, M. Burr, H. Rowland-
Brown, A. J. Chitty, J. Collin, T. W. Hall, W. J. Kaye, G. T. Porritt,
G. H. Verrall, E. A. Waterhouse, and Colonel E. Swinhoe. After tea
and cott'ee had been served the members adjourned to Mr. Donisthorpe's
museum, where the host's collection of British coleoptera was
inspected, and his system of labelling duly appreciated. His observa-
tion nest of Formica riifa, in which the life-history of Chjthra
quadripHnitata has been worked out, attracted much attention. Mr.
A. J. Chitty exhibited specimens of Khiiis ciohurKu from Scotland, also
Dt/tiM-iis circtiuiji(\nis, etc. Supper was served at 9 p.m., and one was
strongly reminded of the olden times when these meetings were so
thoroughly enjoyed by an earlier generation of members. Altogether
one of the pleasantest meetings that have been held, was the eulogy
passed on it by the guests.

Messrs. Scudder and Cockerell give us a First List of the Orthoptera
of New Mexico, in the Proceedings of the F>ai'cn})ort Acadeiinj of Sciences,
Davenport, Iowa, 1902, vol. ix. In an interesting preface the authors
discuss the geographical distribution within New Mexico, considering
the life-zones and discontinuous distribution, also the food-plants ;

CURRENT NOTES. J 1)5

seven species are considered as. endemic, of which six are apterous or
subapterous forms of Mdanopliis. The fauna of New Mexico and that of
New England are compared in some detail ; there are thirty-two genera
■connnon to both, with eighty-seven genera found in New Mexico,
and fifty-four that occur in New England but not in New Mexico.
Of the species, New England has a hundred and one unknown in New
Mexico, which in turn has two hundred and thirty not occurring in
New England ; twenty-two species are common to both. Only two
.earwigs are recorded to New Mexico, namely Sponnip/iora bniniieiiwniiis,
Serv., and Apteri/nida taeniata, Dohrn ; there are only eight cockroaches
and one is new. There are four Mantotica, but six I'haamatodea, two of
which are new. AcriiHodea are more numerous, and several new
species and two new genera are described. There are thirty-two
Locustodca, of which six are new ; and only thirteen crickets, of which
one is new ; three good plates illustrate the novelties.

Dr. K. W. Verhoeli", in the Sii-iiiu/n-hcrirlitiit dcr (icsclhclutft
natiirfoischfudcr Fretmdc, Berlin, 1902, No 4, discusses the question
of the systematic position of Hciniiiicnis. This much-debated genus
was originally placed by Walker among the Mole Crickets ! whilst de
■Saussure, deceived by a bad preparation, gave it a sejiarate order under
the name DipUxjlosmta, but later authors have considered it as a sort
•of detached appendix of the Forjiculan'a. As such it was regarded by
Dr. Sharp in the "Cambridge Natural History," and by Krauss in das
Tierreich. It possesses considerable affinities with the Blattodea and
Yerhoeff regards it as a sort of intermediate form between earwigs and
cockroaches, being more closely allied to the former. He finally
places it as a suborder of the Bermaptrva under the name Derniodcr-
wapteia, characterised by the following points : — Head broader
posteriorly than anteriorly ; eyes absent ; tibiae very compressed,
almost triangular ; " microthoraxsternit " without " Vorplatte," ultimate
segments of parameres asymmetrical ; interior copulative organs
consisting of one penis and two pncnuptial sacks; cerci not
developed into forceps, rod-like, hairy; vasa deferentia ("samenwege")
meeting the pmenuptial sacks posteriorly instead of anteriorly;
viviparous birth and parasitic habits.

The Thirty-second Annual Report of the Kutoiii(doi/ical Socirti/ of
Ontario,''- 1901, has just been received, and, as usual, is full of excellent
and useful reading. The President has chosen for his annual address —
" The importance of entomological studies to the community at large."
Some parts of this are rather too clerical for a scientific address.
Dr. Fletcher has a short address on " The value of nature-study
and education." Papers of quite general interest, apart from some of
the more important Economic papers, are " The trend of insect
diffusion in North America," by F. M. Webster; "The painted lady
butterfly," by .J. Fletcher; "The North American fall webworms "
{with plate), by H. H. Lyman, a stupid title for a first-class paper on
Hi/phantria citnea and H. te.rtor, and one that should be referred to by
all those who are at work on tbe variation of our Spilosomas, especially
as to variation in spotting. " Nature-study lessons on mosquitoes,"
by W. Lochhead, is useful as showing how general information
on entomological subjects is gradually reaching the masses. Dr.
Pletcher's suggestion of an " Entomological Record " for the year is
good. It is an extension of our own idea of an annual " Retrospect "
*Published by L. K. Cameron, Toronto, 11102.

196 THE entomologist's record.

as crystallising captures made, work done, and publications to be placed
in the entomologist's library. A photograph of the late Miss Ormerod
and a sympathetic review of her work may be noticed. Mr. Moffat's
note on Anosia archippua, entitled " Anosia archip/ms does not hyber-
nate," is interesting. He eliminates the idea of the species hyber-
natiug in the true sense, and shows that the habits of this species are,
indeed, very similar to those of Pi/rameis cardui in southern Europe, the
species being preserved in the warm parts of the southern United States,
not by delinite hybernation, but by a process of continued activity, flying
when the weather is suitable, and ready for the duties of parentage
with the first advent of the necessary vegetation in spring. Altogether
a most interesting and instructive volume.

Cassell and Co. are publishing, in 7d. parts, a work on The Butter-
jlies and Moths of Europe, with 54 coloured plates. The text is by
j\[r. W. F. Kirby, F.L.S. The first four parts, all that have yet been
issued, are very satisfactory, and, as the work will include all the
European butterflies, it is likely to have a wide circulation. Plate iiiis,
in our opinion, especially well executed ; most of the plates, however,
are really good, and the letterpress, of course, accurate. Our only
objection is that there is not enough of it.

Ai<le-Mei)ioire (lu Cecidiidopue pour les Plantes d' Europe et du Bassin
de la Mediterranee-'-, is the title of this little booklet of 68 pages. It
certainly contains a great store of information on the excrescences
found on plants in consequence of the reaction which is developed
against the action of parasitical insects. The abbreviations used to-
determine what part of the plant is affected, by each species, materially
assists the observer. This publication is far in advance of the subject
it treats of, as may be seen on every page where we find the group named
to which the insect belongs without the specific name. This is not sur-
})rising, seeing that the life-histories of some of these neglected orders
have yet to be written. The groups mentioned in this publication as
affecting plants are the following, arranged alphabetically : — Anpuiiluli-
dae, Aphididae, Bdellidae, Bruchidae, Cajmidae, C'eci<loiiit/idae, Cerainbyci-
dae, Cercopidae, Chalcididae, Coccidae, Curculionidae, Ci/nipidae, Erio-
phi/idae, Harpacticidae, Hpdatinidae, Muscidae, Mt/cetophilidae, Orneu-
didae, Psi/llidae, Pterophoridae, Pyralidae, Scoli/tidae, Se.siidae, Tenth-
redinidae, Tineidae, Tinpidae, Tortricidae, Tro)nbidiidae.

The Proceedings of the South London Entonioloj/hal a)id Natural
llistorp Societi/i, for 1901, have come to hand. The volume strikes
one as being the smallest that has been issued for many years, yet the
subscriptions to the " Publication fund " reach the round sum of £43
10s. Gd. Only two of the eleven papers read have been printed —
" Fossil Insects," by W. West, L.D.S., and " Notes on rearing
Lepidoptera," by A. M. Montgomery, F.E.S., the latter a most useful
paper to the practical lepidopterist. We especially miss the paper
read by Mr. W. Bateson, F.R.S. Reports of the Field meetings at
Oxshott, Byfleet, Mickleham and Brasted, form interesting reading,
and there is much valuable matter scattered throughout the Abstract
of Proceedings (pp. 24-69). The Society maintains its great popularity,
is in a first class financial position and retains an excellent membership.

* By G. Darboux and C. Howard. Published by Gebriider Borntraeger, S.W.
40, Dessauerstrasse 29, Berlin. 1902.

t Published at the Society's rooms, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge, S.E.,
Price 2s.

Vol. XIV

I'l,. IV

LaKVA of DiCKANUEA lilCUSI'IS.

Kntom. Record, etc., 1U02.

THR LARVA OF DICRANURA BICUSPI3. 197

The Larva of Dicranura bicuspis {with plate).

By J. C. DOLLMAN.

The plate of the two diaf^rams, representing the larva of Dicranura
bicuspis, has been prepared from drawings taken of a larva which was
beaten from birch in Tilgate Forest on September 13th, 1901, by a son
of mine, while we were working for Cymatoplmra flvctuosa. It was on
the lower part of a young birch tree, which was about ten feet high,
and probably was descending for pupation to the main stem, for it
spun its cocoon, in captivity, the following morning. The larva
seemed an active, strong creature, and fed no more after capture, but
roved restlessly about the box containing the samples of birch bark
which were submitted for its selection. It was occupied in this way
until the noon of the day after being taken, when it settled on a piece
of bark, containing a depression, and therein quickly spun itself up,
without any change whatever taking place in its coloration.

As is seen at a glance, the larva bears a strong resemblance to
those of Dicranura furcula and D. bifida, but its appearance differs
from theirs in many of the following respects. The general character
of its form is longer, more cylindrical, and more worm-like. The
texture of its skin is smoother, being free from the reticulated, or
granular, surface shown in its relations. The segments are not so
heavily accentuated, and it bears no lateral brownish-red ocellated spots
or blotches. The head is smaller than the prothoracic segment, into
which it can be withdrawn at will, and is of a rich chestnut-brown in
colour, without any grey or purple tendency, the cheeks of the face being
of a deep black. On the prothoracic segment, which frames the head,
are two blunt points, one on each side, from which a bold triangular
blotch is drawn to the dorsal summit of the mesothoracic segment,
terminating at its posterior edge in a pointed projection. This triangle
is of the same rich chestnut colour as the head, and it is divided by a
white tapering dorsal line, running from the crown of the prothoracic
nearly to the elevated point on the mesothoracic segment. The meso-
thoracic is the largest in diameter of all the segments, and gives a
suggestion of tadpole-like proportions to the whole creature. On
the dorsal area is a beautifully designed, elongated, saddle-shaped
marking, which begins on the metathoracic segment in an
isolated spot at its posterior edge, and which widens on the 1st
abdominal segment ; and again widens on the 2nd. On the 3rd
it is wider still, with a dip towards the lateral area. On the 4th
abdominal segment the saddle is at its widest, and extends downwards
to the spiracular region, where it all but touches the spiracle placed
upon it. On the 5th, Gth, and 7th abdominal segments it gradually
tapers, to extend again on the 8th ; where it forms a diamond-shaped
lozenge ; sharply finishing at the anal segment with a small black
plate. This saddle-shaped marking is of a fine variegated chestnut
tint, without any grey tendency, and is lightest in colour at its widest
part, as it is darkest also at its narrowest. The edges of it are firmly
accentuated by a bold rich line of red-brown, and from the 2nd abdo-
minal segment, longitudinally across the widest part of the saddle, is
a distinct dorsal line of a purplish colour, extending to the darker
colour on the 8th. On each side of this dorsal lino, on abdominal
segments 2 and 3, is a light distinct spot, considerably lighter than

July 26th, 1902.

198 THE entomologist's record.

the ground colour. At the edge of these dorsal markings, both of the
thoracic region and the abdominal, is a bold whitish-yellow border,
which is only broken on the 4th abdominal segment ; where it rests
on, and encloses, the spiracle. The body, lateral and ventral surfaces,
is of a bright, light, apple-green colour, very appealing in its quality
owing to its smooth fleshy texture. The caudal horns are yellowish-
red, with a red tip, and a red ring a little distance from the tip. They
bear black setae, not green as in Dicranina fnrcula and I), bifida, with
red setffi. The spiracles are yellowish, with a fine black ring around
them, and below each spiracle is found a fine brown spot. The legs
are red, and the claspers are green, with a chestnut ring just above
the feet; and they are finely dotted with dark brown. On the ventral
surface there is a chestnut line on the last three segments from the
anal end, finishing between the last pair of claspers.

The length of the larva, from the head to the anal plate, exclusive
of the caudal horns, was If inch, and the cocoon it spun was con-
siderably larger than that of either Dkranum furciila or D. bi/ida.
The breeding-cage in which it was Ivept through the winter was
placed in a glass-house, without heat, and was brought into a room
with a fire in it, on April 3rd, where it was kept with a damp cloth
tied round it. The imago, a perfect ^ specimen, emerged on May
16th, 1902, about nine o'clock in the evening. I observed during
that day, and also when I examined the cocoon on the previous after-
noon, that the pupa could no longer be heard to roll in its interior,
which had been quite a perceptible fact up to that date. It may be
inferred from this that operations to achieve its liberty had been
commenced by the insect fully 21 hours before its emergence.

On some Geometrides collected in Spain by Dr. Chapman in 1901.

By LOUIS B. PROUT, F.E.S.

I have been greatly interested in working out the collection of
Spanish Geometrides, which have been kindly handed over to me by
Dr. Chapman, being the fruits (so far as this superfamily is concerned)
of his visit to Spain in 1901, which has been already reported in these
pages. Unfortunately the small amount of material which I possess
for comparison, combined with the weak representation of the fauna
of South-western Europe in our National Collection, has placed con-
siderable difficulties in my way, and I am not yet able to report quite
exhaustively, but the collection is certainly of suflScient interest to
merit some notice.

The collection consists of 155 specimens, comprising some 54
species. Perhaps the thing which strikes one most forcibly in looking
through them is the same fact upon which Dr. Staudinger commented
in writing of the lepidoptera of Greece — the strong representation of
his genus Acidalia, and the very weak representation of his Cidaria.
According to his recent Catalo;/, the former genus contains 179
Pal«arctic species and the latter (now called Larentia) no less than
205, notwithstanding the removal from it of Astliena and Phibalap-
teryx ; yet this Spanish collection yields about 18 species of Acidalia
and only 8 of Cidaria, in other words, the percentages are respec-
tively 10 and 1^ in relation to the entire fauna. The Larentiidae — if
indeed they be a natural family as now classified by Staudinger and

ON SOME CJEO.METRIDES COLLECTED IN SPAIN. 199

others^are, howevei-, further augmented by reprosantatives of several
of the outlying genera, such as Lijthiia, Oiiliolit/ia, &c. Of the so-
called GeoitietrUlae ( — iaae), in other words the " Emeralds," &c., we
only find two species, but they are interesting and characteristic ones,
of which I shall speak immediately. The Boarnnidac, also, are not
very much in evidence, and the favourite genus Sciadion (Giwphos) is
only represented by single specimens of three species, if we except some
aberrant members whose position in the genus has been challenged.

The Emeralds, just alluded to, are : —

Pseudoterpna cownillaria, Hb., 2 <? s and 1 ? from Arcachon ; the
latter and one of the former are rather sharply marked, and the ?
almost entirely lacks the usual discoidal spot. Notwithstanding the
substitution of the clear grey ground colour for the familiar green of
the family, the close relationship of this pretty species to P. ■pruinata
is manifest even at first glance.

Enchloris [Thetidia) plusiaria, Bdv., 6 <y s from Cuenca, 1 3^ and
1 2 ffom TrcXgacete, nearly all in good condition, but showing no
particular variation. This beautiful species is very poorly represented
in our National Collection, and I was very pleased to get a series. Its
affinities seem to me somewhat doubtful, and I can scarcely believe it
can be congeneric with Euchluris sniarat/daria, Fb., with which it has
generally been placed ; two or three friends who have seen my
specimens have even suggested that it had Larentiid aflinities.

The Oenoclirominae (Hampson's classification) are represented by a
single specimen of the variable Aplaata ononaria, Pues., from Albarra-
cin ; it is a female, in fairly good condition.

The " Acidalias " have proved somewhat beyond my present ability
to determine, and a few of them still remain unnamed, although I have
tried hard to trace them both in the British Museum collection and in
the works of Milliere. The longest series is of SterrJta scriccata, Hb.,
4 from Cuenca and 8 from Tragacete ; the specimens on the average
are rather fine and large. Next in point of numbers come two of our
British species of Pti/chopoda, namely P. huiniliata, Hfn. (8 specimens)
SbXid P.fuscovenosa, Goeze { = iiiterjectaria, Gn.) (7 specimens); neither
shows any perceptible tendency to form local varieties, and any of the
specimens might have been captured in our own country. The
remaining species of the group are almost entirely in one, twos or
threes ; Leptomerh maypinepanctata, Goeze, however, appears to be
represented by 5 specimens, but some are a little worn, and I am not
prepared to say positively whether some of them may be referable to
its close allies — e.p., one of the forms of the variable L. Inridata. Z.
Perhaps two of the most interesting species are Craspedia concimiaria,
Dup., 3 nice specimens from Cuenca, and 1 Pti/chopoda subsatiirata,
Gn., from Tragacete ; the latter agrees well with the four in the
British Museum collection, which are all labelled as from Spain ; so
far as is yet known this distinct little species has rather a limited
range, being only recorded from southern France, Spain and north-
west Africa. Ptpchopoda herbariata, Fb., so evidently a mere casual
importation in Britain, is at home in southern Europe, and was
brought singly both from Albarracin and Tragacete. The single
representative of Kininiltis rahipinata, Hfn. (from Albarracin), shows
a somewhat unusual ground colour, not very reddish, and is strongly
marked. The single Sterrha moniliata, Fb. (new to my collection,

200

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

though not rare in many parts of Europe), is a male in perfect
condition. The three Cosinoi-ho'e niRticata, Fb., are interesting, one
of the two from Tragacete being of the ab. mustclata, Rbr., which
Staudinger has sunk as virtually a synonym of the type, but
which should have been separated with the diagnosis " al. ant.
fascia media abbreviata." It is worthy of note t)iat Rambur's type
was Spanish (Andalusia), and that one of the other specimens brought
by Dr. Chapman shows a slight tendency in the same direction. Two
specimens of the ornata group (from Tragacete) are not easy to name
with precision from the material available to me ; they are probably
one of the forms of Craapedia violata, Thnb. { = decorat<i, Bkh.), though
so weakly marked at the margins that I, at first glance, took them for
C. ornata, Scop. ; I cannot make them square with the ab. aeqiiata,
Stgr., which is recorded from Spain, but on the other hand they
appear to agree entirely, unless it be in size, with the allied C. am-
(jruata, 7i., which seems to be only recorded from Sicily, and of which
Staudinger writes : " Sequ. (violata) an praec. (ornata) forma Darw.,
an var. ?"

The specimens of Kmniiltis ochrata, Scop., and Ptt/chojwda rnfaria,
Hb., are also a little puzzling. In their typical forms these two
species are distinct enough, but these Spanish examples (Cuenca,
Tragacete, Albarraein) look curiously intermediate, and without a close
study of the leg-structure I really should not care to pronounce upon
them positively. The three from Cuenca seem to be &'. ochrata, but
the central dots are rather distinct.

There are also a few specimens present which seem to be referable
to the variable Pti/chopoda obsolctaria, Rbr., though they are very
different from my previous representatives of this species from Herr
Bohatsch, of Vienna. A rather Avorn specimen of apparently Hi/ria
ostriiiaria, Hb., and another which I take to be probably Leptomens
inornata, Haw., though exceedingly small, complete my records in this
huge and incongruous " genus."

Of the other genera which are at present placed in the same sub-
family (or, rather, family), only one occurs in the collection, namely
Rhodostrophia. Here, again, one meets with a series of allied species
or forms, which are rather hard to work out without a somewhat close
knowledge of the genus and an abundance of material for comparison.
The 7 B. vibicaria, CI., are all referable to the var. strigata, Stgr. (the
usual southern form), although they vary somewhat inter se, and one
of those from Cuenca has the central line considerably widened. The
other 3 specimens are certainly either R. sicanaria, Z., or R. calabra,
Pet. var. tabidaria, Z., but I confess I have not at present been able
to make much out of the differences of the posterior tibiae. The only
one of the three which is in good condition (from Albarraein) is very
like my typical specimens of calabra, and has practically no central
spot; the two from Cuenca are very worn, but the central spot is large
and conspicuous, and I am inclined to make them calabra var. tabidaria.
In the Larentiidae, as I have already remarked, there is little to
discuss. The species are : Rhodomctra sacraria, L., one<y , Albarraein
(broadly, brightly, and strongly marked) ; 1 ? , Tragacete (narrowly,
obscurely, and weakly marked). Rythria (Botys) sani/uinaria, Dup..
1 S , 1 ? , Albarraein, of the usual summer form, the S perhaps
rather weakly marked. Plerotymia (OrtlwUiha) chtiiopcdiata, L.

ON SOME GEOMETRIDES COLLECTED IN SPAIN. 201

{=linutata, Scop.), 2. P. (0.) coelinaria, GrasL, 1 S' , Ti-agacete ; 3 ^ a,
Albarracin, the former slightly different in tone, and less ochreous
behind the central fascia, &c. P. (0.) bipnnctaria, Schiff., 3 from
Tragacete, rather dark, and well undulated. Calocalpe [EucosDiia)
montivarjata, Dup., 1, Albarracin; 10, Tragacete. Cidaria falvata, 1.
Catach/s)iie dissiinnlata, Rbr. (?), 1 Cuenca, 1 Albarracin, larger and
decidedly different in appearance from the one I had before ; Campto-
(jramma bilineata, L., 3, the one from Tragacete more testaceous-tinted
than the two from Cuenca. Eupithecia siibnotata, Hw., two ; and two
unidentified species of the same genus.

Turning now to the Boarmiid section, I have to discuss probably
the most interesting specimen, as it has certainly been one of the most
puzzling in the whole collection; this is the Notodonta-Y\\\e Geometer
which Dr. Chapman has already mentioned [antea, p. 181). The only
Geometrid afiinities which I could think of for it were with the
aberrant genus Endymia (ProsolophaY'', which belongs characteristi-
cally to southern or south-western Europe ; and when I found that it
did not agree structurally with that genus I was for a time altogether
nonplussed. I find, however, that it either belongs to, or is an
excessively close ally of, the Syrian PhaseUa deliciosaria, Led., which
Lederer and Staudinger rather absurdly retain in the gBn\\s8[inopna\,
although Guenee pointed out that the differences were " numerous
and important." According to Meyrick {Tr. Ent. Soc. LoiuL, 1892, p.
122) the genus PhaseUa only comprises three species, serrnlaria, Ev.,
deliciosaria, Led., and strictaria, Led., all belonging to south-eastern
Europe, and south-western to central Asia. I am interested to notice
that Eversmann, in erecting the first species {serridaria), compared it
with Endymia (Prosolopha), and that Meyrick {loc. cit.) writes that
PhaseUa is " doubtless a development from the Prosolopha group, but
the actual point of connection seems uncertain." Guenee, on the
other hand, places it in his Boarmidae, far away from his Li(jidae.
The early stages are, I believe, entirely unknown. PhaseUa deliciosaria
was originally discovered at Beyrout, and has hitherto only been
recorded from Syria and Palestine. There is, of course, just a bare
possibility that our Spanish example was introduced by Mediterranean
shipping, but the locality and the circumstances of its occurrence do
not lend much colour to the idea. It is also possible to invent pretty
little theories such as that it was accidentally introduced in some way
by Phoenician traders two or three millenniums ago, and found a
congenial climate ; but the fauna of many parts of the Mediterranean
coast is so insufficiently catalogued at present that it is quite possible
its Spanish station is not really so thoroughly insulated as it now
appears, and in any cas3 it is well known that several Syrian species
crop up again in Spain. There is no specimen of P. deliciosaria in
our national collection, but my example seems, upon comparison with
Lederer's figure and description, to be of a little less clear white than

* Ligia, Dup., a preoccupied name, was corrected to Endymia by Gistl in
1848 (Natarg. Thierr., p. ix) and to Prosolopha by Lederer in 1853 ; the earlier,
though less known, naine must of course be restored. If Guenee was right in
making this genus the type of a separate family, it will have to be called
Endijiniidae.

t Lederer admits that this species and the allied P. serrnlaria, Ev., form a
separate section of the genus.

202 THE entomologist's becobd.

is the type, and to have the acute angle at the margin of the basal
area, between nervures 1 and 2, more produced.

Other Boanniidae {sens, lot.) are as follows : — Spilote {Abraxas)
pantaria, L., 2 from Escorial, 2 Albarracin, not variable ; this con-
spicuous species, which was so long reputed British, was originally
described by Linne from the Iberian peninsula (Portugal).

Steijania tn'i)iaciilata, Y ill., one good specimen from Albarracin;
Macaria (Semiothisa) littirata, CI., one from Tragacete ; Nijchiodes
lividaria, Hb., one fine example from Cuenca ; Tcplirosia sepiaria,
Hfn., one from Tragacete somewhat badly crippled.

In Sciadion (Gnophns) we have one S. obscurata, Schiff., from
Albarracin, fairly light in colour ; two rather worn specimens of the
varier/ata group, the one from Cuenca apparently S. mncidaria, Hb.,
the one from Albarracin rather suggesting a small 5. varifr/ata, Dup.,
but reminding me more of the Croatian than the southern French
form at the British Museum, yet in some degree intermediate. There
is also a series of S. rcspersaria, Hb. (Tragacete 8, Cuenca 1),
unfortunately all more or less worn, a species whose claim to a
position in this genus does not seem absolutely assured. As to the
aberrant little 8. aspcraria, Hb., which is represented by a single
example from Albarracin, it looks ridiculously out of place among the
"Annulets," and I prefer to record it as Bhoptria (Guenee, 1857)
asperaria ; Herrieh-Schjiffer actually placed it in the Larcntiidae,
Guenee in Fidonidae, and Meyricl\ has it in his very unnatural genus
Psendnpanthera.

Of the pretty little Anthomctra plnunilaria, Bdv., which seems to
be confined to Spain, Portugal, and south-western France, there are
two males, characterised by their short and very strongly plumose
antennae, and one female, all from Tragacete; one Selidosema plumaria,
Schiff., also from Tragacete, apparently referable to the var. (ab. ?)
Pl/renamria, Bdv., yet not very unlike some of my least strongly dark-
bordered New Forest examples ; one Itamc {Tliamnonouia) rincularia,
Hb., from Cuenca, in good condition ; three /. (T.) raiioria, L., from
Tragacete, rather small in size, but not otherwise remarkable ; and
four normal Aspilotcs (/il vari a, SchiS., three <? s f rom Tragacete, one
$ from Cuenca ; these complete the list with the exception of one or
two odds and ends which have not yet been made out.

List of Species, Varieties, and Aberrations of Lepidoptera so far
only recorded from the British Islands.

By .J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

GEOMETRIDES. — Zonosoma annulata ab. (et var.) obsoleta,
Riding. — Omicron absent on forewings ; Devonshire. Z. ab. biobsoleta,
Riding. — Omicron absent on both fore- and hindwings ; Devonshire.

Ortholitha limitata ae. monodii, Th.-Mieg. — Much darker than
the type ; Northumberland, Durham.

Lygris testata vak. (et ab.) insulicola, Staud. — Forewings
narrower, dark reddish-brown ; Shetlands and Hebrides.

Melanthia eicolorata ab. (et vak.) plumbata, CriiT. — All the wings
darkened, the forewings with a complete fascia ; northern England
and Scotland. M. ab. fumcsa, Prout. — Wings uniformly deep smoke-
coloured, all the markings obscured ; northern England and Scotland.

LIST OF LEPIDOPTEEA PECULIAR TO THE BRITISH ISLANDS. 203

Melanthiaalbicillataab. suffusa, Carrington. — Entirely suffused.

Melanippe fluctuata ab. (et var.) thules, Prout. — All the wings
strongly infuscated ; Shetlands.

M. multistrigaria ab. nubilata, Tutt. — Darker than the type ;
north of England.

M. montanata var. (et ab.) shetlandica, Weir. — Smaller than the
type, ground colour much more ochreous ; Shetlands.

M. sociATA VAR. OBScuRATA, SouTH. — Much darker, Hebridean
form.

Oporabia autumnata var. filigrammaria, H.-S. — Smaller, darker,
wings narrower, especially in the $ ; northern England, Scotland,
Ireland. Perhaps a quite distinct species.

Larentia flavicinctata var. OBSCURATA, Staud. — Darker grey, CButral
fascia hardly distinguishable ; Scotland.

Camptograbijia bilineata var. atlantica, Staud. — Smaller than the
type, forewings more or less smoky; Shetlands and Hebrides. C. var.
hibebnica, n. nom. (ixfusgata, Kane nec Gppbg.). — Forewings almost
unicolorous fascous-brown, hindwings ochreous-brown ; Kerry. C.
var. isolata, Kane. — -Wings sooty-black ; from a rocky islet off the
Kerry coast.

EupiTHEciA pulchellata VAR. HEBUDiuM, Sheldon. — Inner and
outer transverse bands narrow, very dark brown ; Hebrides.

E. venosataab. NUBILATA, Bhtsch.— Dark grey-brown, less sharply
marked than the type ; Shetlands.

E. jAsiONEATA, Crewe. — Dcvonshire, Ireland, etc.

E. SATYRATA VAR. cALLUNARiA, Dbldy. — A Small moorland race,
very characteristic and well-marked. E. var. curzoni, Gregson. —
Narrower than the type, with well- developed transverse bands ;
Shetlands.

E. albipunctata ab. angelicata, Barrett. — Melanic form ; York-
shire.

E. soBRiNATA VAR. sTEVENSATA, Webb. — Paler than the type; Dover.
Possibly a distinct species.

Chrysoclystis debiliata ab. nigropunctata, Chant. — Paler and less
strongly marked than the type ; Devonshire and Ireland.

Emmklesia albulata var. HEBUDIUM, Weir. — Hebridean form; white
without markings.

Hybernia marginaria ab. (et var.) fuscata, Harrison. — All the
wings deeply suffused with fuscous ; north of England.

Phigalia pedaria ab. monacharia, Staud. — Unicolorous blackish ;
north of England.

Hemerophila abruptaria abs. brunneata, fuscata and unicoloe,
Tutt. — Darkened and more or less unicolorous (brown, sooty-fuscous
and sooty-black respectively) ; north London.

BOARMIA GEMMARIA VAR. (eT AB.) PERFUMARIA, NeWMAN. Dark

violet-grey, hardly speckled with fuscous ; London, Huddersfield, etc.

B. ribeata ab. sericearia, Curtis. — Darker than type, almost
black ; New Forest, Box Hill, etc.

B. REPANDATA VAR. NIGRA, TuTT. — Deep inky-black ; Huddersfield.
B. VAR. soDORENsiuM, Weir. — Smaller than type, much greyer ;
Hebrides.

Tephrosia crepuscularia AB. NIGRA, Thierry-Mg. — Black, with
pale submarginal line ; Wales.

201 THE entomologist's record.

PhORODESMA SMARAGDARIA ABS. UNILINEA, AlilNEA, AND OBSOLETA,

Burrows. — ^Forms in which the ordinary markings are more or less
obsolete.

Abraxas sylvata abs. obscura and suffusa, Tutt. — Melanochroic
forms suffused with oohreous and slaty-grey respectively ; York-
shire.

PYRALIDES. — HoMCEosoMA nimbella var. saxicola, Vaughan. —
Rather larger than the type and more ochreous in tint.

Ephestia ROXBURGH, Gregson. — Generally considered a dark form
of E. elutella.

E. semirufa, Haw. — An obscure and little-known species.

Myelois CERAT0NI.E AR. PRYERELLA, Vaughan. — A Very marked
whitish aberration.

Epischnia bankesiella, Rchuson. — Confined to the south coast,
easily overlooked.

ScoPARiA cembr^ var. scotica, White. — A Scotch form of this
insect.

S. ULMELLA, Knaggs. — A Very distinct little species confined locally
to the northern, midland and south-western counties of England.

S. basistkigalis, Knaggs. — A well-defined species, recorded also
with doubt from Germany.

S. DUBiTALis ab. tristrigella. Stphs. — A dark form of the species.
S. var. (et ab.) purbeckensis, Bankes. — An almost white form confined
to the chalk cliffs of the south coast.

S. frequentella var. portlandica, Dale. — A fine local race from
Portland. S. ab. concinella, Curt. — Dark, almost unicolorous.

PTEROPHORIDES. — Amblyptilia zetterstedtii ab. t^niadac-
TYLUs, South. — Scarcely differs from type.

PLUTELLIDES. — Theristis mucronella ab. striata, Tutt. —
Streaked longitudinally with black.

TORTRICIDES. — Peronea caledoniana, Stephens. — By many
supposed to be a moorland form of P. aapemana.

P. schalleriana ab. (et var.) perplexana, Barb. — A dark form,
sometimes occurring fairly commonly in Ireland.

Caccecia musculana var. musculinana, Kenn. — A very distinct Shet-
land race.

Cnephasia penziana var. bellana, Curt. — A very distinctly banded
local race. C. var. colquhounana, Barrett. — A melanic race largely
confined to Ireland, Isle of Man, west coast of Scotland, and Shetland
Isles.

C. ocTOMAcuLANA, CuRT. — A distiuct northern species.

LozoPERA BEATRicELLA, Walsm.- — Suflolk and Kent.

EupoEciLiA griseana, Stphs. — Formerly taken in Britain ; awaits
rediscovery.

E. ekigerana, Walsm. — South-east of England.

E. suBRosEANA, Haworth. — Also recorded with doubt from
Germany.

E. flaviciliana, Wilk. — Very marked species, taken in Isle of
Wight, Oxford and Kent.

E. DEGREYANA, McLach. — A local Norfolk species with narrower
forewings than K. cilidla.

E, angustana vab. thuleana, Vaughan. — A very specialised race
inhabiting the Shetland Isles.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA OF KESWICK. 205

CoNCHYLis suBBAUJiANNiANA, WiLK. — A distinct spscies, quits
unknown on the continent,

EvETRiA piNicoLANA, Dbldy, — Not distinguished from E. huoliana on
the continent.

Olethreutes wooDiANA, Barrbtt. — A very iine species confined to
mistletoe.

Penthina sauciana var. staintoniana, Barr.— a Scotch form,

P, vARiEaANA AB. NUBiFERANA, Haw. — A vBrj marked, white-clouded,
recurrent aberration.

Sericoris urticana ab. rufa, Tutt, — Aberration with rod ground
colour,

Catoptria scopoliana var. parvulana, Wilk, — A small race from
the Isle of Wight.

Grapholitha cinerana, — Closely allied but larger and possibly
distinct from G. nisana.

Phoxopteryx subarcuana, Douglas. — Possibly an unicolorous form
of P. biarcuana.

Bagtra lanceolana var. (et ab.) nu>rovittana, Stephens, — A large
marsh form with a very distinct facies.

Corrections and Additions to the List of Lepidoptera of Keswick.

By H. A. BEADLE.

In the 6th volume of the Entnni. Record (pp. 276 ct seq.), I published a
list of the lepidoptera of this district. I now give a supplementary
list with some corrections : —

Papilionides. — Euchloe cardaminea. — Common, no aberrations met
with, Colias edusa. — One September 5th, 1900, CoenunywpJia ti/phon.
— I found this species in a bog rather high up amongst the hills, it is
much yellower than Lancashire and Westmorland specimens and not
so strongly marked on the underside.

Arctiides. — Neiiieophila plantai/inu. — For several seasons I have
taken ab. hospita. Larvae are found on the mountains feeding on
Potentilla. Spilosoma fulifiinotta. — Common amongst ling on the hills,
occasionally in the valley ; all are var. burealis or intermediates, none
quite so large or brown as type. I noted an interesting case of
assembling last season as I was collecting on the fells. I netted a nice ^
and, while bottling it, another came to exactly the same place, which I
also netted ; this aroused my curiosity and, on searching closely, I found
a cocoon containing a $ , which, having been unable to force her exit,
was stuck fast with her head and part of thorax out; in this position she
had apparently given up the attempt to free herself and wished to
mate; this was impossible, but, nevertheless, she was "calling," and,
for a time, uuiks were attracted and netted as they came. In a short
time the males ceased to come, so 1 took up the cocoon, freed the J
and moved her to another ling patch, when almost at once males began
to come up again in ones and twos ; the experiment of moving was
repeated several times with the same result till about 4 p.m., when
no more were attracted the ? having ceased "calling."

Notodontides. — Drymonia cliaonia. — One from dug pupa. D. trima-
cnla. — Two netted.

Moctuides. — TapiitdntoUt fuLca. — Common in boggy places, both

206 THE entomologist's RECORD.

valley and mountains. Chortodes arcuosa. — Taken in several woods but
not common. Lupcrina testacca. — Common. [ManieMra abjecta. —
Inserted by mistalie, not taken here.] Mamestra fnrva. — Fairly
common. Apamea unaniiiiis. — A few each season, very local.
Grammcsia tritirainiuica. — Several at sugar 1900 and 1901. Caradrina
ahines. — Kare. C. taraxaci. — Few each season at sugar. Aijrotis
ai/athina. — Have since bred a few from Skiddaw, feeds on ling only.
A. lucernea. — Found on Skiddaw. Tn'phaena janthina. — Very
plentiful some seasons, never absent. Nnctiia triam/uliini and A*".
stiiiwatica. — Have taken a few at sugar several seasons. 'N. baia. —
Very common, fine and variable. Orthosia lota and O. ivacilcnta. —
Since occurred plentifully at sugai'. Citria fitlvario. — Thenh. Jiavescens
and intermediates occur in some seasons, in other seasons the type only.
Cirrltoedia xerampelina. — Taken at Friar's Crag. Dlantlioecia capsincola
&ndD.cnciihali. — Common at flowers of Lj/chniajlos-cticitli; larvas of D.
capsincola on L. dioica, there is no Sllene within four miles. Aplecta
prasina.— Common, very fine green forms. Hadena adnata. —
Taken near head and foot of Derwentwater. H. clenUna. — Very
common. Hi/ppa rcctilinea. — Maybe taken at sugar every season, but
not plentifully, a very fine form, the inai-kings being darker and
browner than Scotch specimens. Plnaiafc^incac. — -Taken at flowers
oi L. flos-cncnli, Svaie, io July 6th, 1899-1900. P. interropationis. —
Fairly plentiful on the mountains where ling grows, I have tried
breeding but cannot get it beyond pupal stage. Phytametra viridaria.
— Very common on ling.

DiiLTOiDES. — Uypenodes costaestHr/alis. — Fairly common in one
place, a boggy wood.

CYMATOPHORmES. — Ci/watopliova Jinctnosa. — Found plentifully in a
birch wood. C. ridens. — One this spring.

Geometrides. — Uraptcryx mmhncaria. — Generally distributed but
not numerous. E'pione apiciaria. — Not rare in one or two birch woods.
Venilia macular ia. — In several woods. Etrnotnos eyoxavia. — One ? at boat
landing. Tephmsia bintortata (crepnscnlaria). — Very common in larch
woods in April and May, and very variable ; some are suffused with leaden
grey with few marks, others are very richly marked, some being very
brown, others grey, there is also a banded form. AcidaUa fmnata. —
Since found at Watendlath. {A. imnnitata. — Recorded by mistake,
not found here.] Bapta teincrata. — Found close to Derwentwater, east,
west and north, large specimens. Panar/ra petvaria. — Common about
brackens. Nnmeria pulvera^ia. — Found in several localities. Larentia
caesiata. — Common on most hills, larvae on ling. Enpithecia sati/rata.
— Common at Watendlath, on knapweed flowers. Lohnphora viretata.
— Taken this season, April 27th to May 23rd. Melanippe Jiastata. —
Found in two localities high up on the fells near birch and bog-
myrtle. Coremia qnadn'fasciaria.—A visitor took some close to Der-
wentwater near Lodore. Phibalapterijx vittata. — Plentiful in three
localities close to Derwentwater (both broods).

Anthrocerides. — Adscita statices. — Taken in Naddle Valley.

HEriALiDES. — Hipialus sylviniis. — Common on Skiddaw and other
mountains amongst bracken.

CossiDES. — Cossus liyniperda. — One bred last season.

MICJBATION AND DISPEKSAL OF INSECTS : HTMENOPTERA, TERMITES. 207

Migration and Dispersal of Insects : Social Insects — Hymenoptera,

Termites.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

We have already noted (E7it. Rec, xiv., p. 174) that Van Bemraelen
observed the migration of one or more species of Sphe.v, which came
over the sea to the coast of Holland with a swarm of Pierh brassicae,
il/)(sfrt vomitirria, &c., but was unable to determine the species, whilst
Ki)-bv and Spence trive (hiirod., ii., p. 10) an account of the migration
of a species allied to Atluilia centifolia. It is true that they do so
doubtfully, with an admission that it does not rest on the evidence
of entomologists, but only on that of fishermen, etc., who would not
know one insect from another. They write : " It is the general
opinion in Norfolk that these insects come from over the sea. A
farmer declared he saw them arrive in clouds, so as to darken the air,
and the fishermen asserted that they had repeatedly seen flights of
them pass over their heads when they were at a distance from land,
and on the beach and clifts they were in such quantities that they
might have been taken up by shovels-full. Three miles inland they
were described as resembling swarms of bees. This was in August,
1782. Unentomological observers, such as farmers and fishermen,
might easily mistake one kind of insect for another, but supposing them
correct, the swarms in question mi^^ht perhaps have passed from Lin-
colnshire to Norfolk." Did it stand alone, one might well doubt such a
record, but Douglas notes {Ent. Wk. Int., iv., p. 149) tbat, on July 3lst,
1858, he observed on the road from Newhaven to Seaford, countless thou-
sands of Athalia centifolia, which passed him going with the wind. Right
and left, and upwards as far as could be seen, the air was full as when
snow is falling thick. He further reports that, after a while, he
saw hosts of ladybirds among the sawflies, chiefly the seven-spotted
ladybird [Coccinella septenipimctata), and they continued to fly after the
sawflies had gone over. Presently, there was not an insect in the air,
and the whole affair seemed like a vision. Another interesting note
on these species comes from Deal. Harding writes : " The coast here
is remarkable for its flights of various insects. I have never seen the
same kind, however, two years in succession. On one occasion it has
been a large flight of ladybirds (Coccinella), on another the large
White Butterfly (Pieria brassicae), yet another, the air is filled with
winged ants; last year with a species of diptera ; this year (1859)
with Athalia centifolia. On June 16th, with the day hot and still, the
wind south-west, as is the case when these flights take place, I observed
this last-named species (which had been resting on almost every kind of
plant for some days before), at about 10 a.m., commence its flight, passing
alono: in a cloud over the herbage and skirting the sea. At about 1 p.m.
they came thicker and faster; by 1.30 p.m. they had all passed. I
have not seen twenty since." An interesting note, extracted from the
" Report on the Migration of Birds, 1884," is published by Cordeaux
(/'7»^, xviii., p. 267), and reads: "Under date of June 30th, Mr.
Owen Boyle, of the Larigard lighthouse reports ' A skylark followed
by a string of bees. The plaintive cries of this poor bird first attracted
my attention ; it flew so close tbat I almost caught it ; it was closely
pursued by a large number of bees, and in its fright, took to the water
followed by its pursuers. When last seen it was making for the Essex

293 THE entomologist's record.

coast.' July 31st, at 10.14 a.m., ' A cloud of mosquitoes pitched in
this neighbourhood, similar to those seen in India ; most of them were
carried off at noon by a light breeze.' Mr. Chas. Williams of the
Hanois lighthouse, Guernsey, says, under date of July 10th, ' A great
quantity of large winged ants passing; a great many settled on the
rocks and about the lighthouse. I have only once seen them before
like this, viz., when I was stationed at the South Bishop Rock, off the
coast of Wales.' "

Fabre, in his Souvenirs Entomolorfiques, records (Engl. TransL,
pp. 185-186) that, whilst ascending Mont Ventoux, at an altitude of
6000ft., he discovered under a big stone several hundreds of Atinnophila
hirsuta, a species that he had previously found isolated on banks along
roads in the plain. He notes (pp. 193 et seq.) that they were almost
as compact as a swarm of bees, that, as soon as the stone was lifted,
the insects began to move about but without any attempt to take
wing. He removed whole handfuls but not one seemed inclined to
leave the heap ; common interests appeared to unite them mdissolubly,
not one would go unless all went. An examination of the stone, the
soil around, etc., gave no explanation of the strange assemblage. He
discusses his observation at length. He points out that Ammophila
hirsuta hybernates in the imaginal stage. He puts aside as improb-
able that they had taken up their winter-quarters in this unpropitious
spot in x^ugust, and concludes that it was probably a temporary halt
of the swarm which Avas migrating from the cold land of the Drome to
descend into the Avarm plains of the olive, and which, having to cross the
deep wide valley of the Toulourenc, and surprised by the rain, had halted
on the mountain top. There is no positive evidence forthcoming on
the point, but Fabre concludes that A. hirsuta has to migrate to escape
the winter cold.

A South American wasp, Polistes bipustulatus, was taken at Ince,
near Liverpool, during an excursion of the Liverpool Nat. Field
Club, in the summer of 1875; the same species had been taken in the
London Docks by Douglas, in 1868, whilst in Ent. Ann., 1868, p. 87,
and 1869, p. 68, the same Brazilian species is recorded as being taken
at Penzance in 1866 and 1867, undoubted importations.

The migration of the social insects — Hymenoptera and Termites
— is closely connected, however, with the necessity of their finding
a new home, and, although the details of their "swarming," as
their emigrations are called, are different, the result is somewhat
the same. Ants and bees are well-known for their swarming habits,
but, whereas the winged males and females of the former rise into the
air in great numbers for the purpose of a nuptial flight and copulate
on the wing, the swarm of the honey-bee, Apis melUjica, is accom-
panied by the already fertilised queen, and the phenomenon is usually
stated to be due, in confinement, to the want of room in the hive. Layard,
however, noticed at the meeting of the Ent. Soc. of London, May 7th,
1866 {Ent. Mo. Mag., iii., p. 24) that, although it was generally
supposed that the swarming of bees was caused by insufficient
room in the hives, yet, in South Africa, where large numbers of
wild bees, allied to the honey-bee, live in large caverns (the entrance to
which they block up with a curtain of propolis), they invariably swarm,
though there could scarcely be any want of space, but Tegetmeier said
that, in England, it had been found possible to prevent the swarming
of A. mellifica by adding to the size of the hive before the usual period

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS '. HYMENOPTEEA, TERMITES. 209

arrived. Sharp notes (Imecta, ii., p. 65) : " When a swarm of Apis
mellifica leaves a hive it consists of the queen bee and a number of
workers, these latter being, in fact, the surplus population that has
been produced in the hive ; the swarm is not a nuptial flight, as is so
often supposed, but an act of emigration." He adds {loc. cit., p. 67) :
" It is interesting to notice that, in confinement, when a swarm goes
from a hive, it is the old queen that accompanies it, and this swarm, as
a rule, settles down near the old hive, so that the queen bee, being
already fertilised, the new swarm and its subsequent increase are
nothing but a division of the old hive, the total products of the two
having but a single father and mother. When a second swarm goes
off from a hive it is accompanied by a young queen, who frequently,
perhaps in the majority of cases, is unfertilised ; this swarm is apt to
fly for long distances, so that the probability of cross-fertilisation is
greatly increased, as the fertilisation of the young queen is effected
during a solitary flight she makes after the colony has settled down.
But, in a state of nature, the colonies do not send off swarms every
year or once a year, but increase to an enormous extent, going for
years without swarming, and then, when their home is really filled up,
send off", it may be presumed, a number of swarms in one year. Thus
the phenomena of bee life in a wild condition differ considerably from
those we see in artificial confinement." A rather remarkable occur-
rence is noted by Baly {Ent., vii., p. 293) who observed that, in early
October, 1874, a swarm of bees issued from one of his hives, and that,
after remaining in the air for a few minutes, making the usual hum-
ming noises they suddenly returned, clustering round the entrance of
the hive for a little time before re-entering. The hive was not more
than a third full of comb, the stock small, and examination of the hive
gave no clue as to the cause of this movement. Smith stn.tes (Trans. Ent.
Soc. of Land., 1868, p. 133), on the authority of Peckolt, that one of the
stingless bees, Trif/ona mosquito, sends off swarms after the manner of
the hive-bee in this country, and that, after searching six hives, only
one royal female could be found in each. Von Ihering has recently
shewn {Ann. Nat. History, (6), xix., 1897, p. 136) that social insects
in Brazil may be divided into two great groups by their habits, viz.,
(1) Summer communities lasting for one year, and founded annually
by fertilised females that have hibernated — example, Polistes. (2)
Perennial communities founded by swarms after the fashion of bee
colonies — examples, Polybia, Cliartrryns.

The migration of ants, is, in many respects, analogous with the
swarming of bees. The swarms of male ants, however, which are
driven from the nests by the workers during the summer months, and
which occasionally form dense clouds, and have frequently been
described by various observers, are not of this nature. When queen
ants migrate they usually fly off from the nest singly, although they
have been found with workers (which are wingless) attached to their
bodies, undoubtedly to aid them in the foundation of a new colony.
The " swarming" of the males and the migration of the female ants
take place, however, almost at the same tiine, whilst the number of
males that may be produced in a single nest seems almost incredible.
The winged males usually appear a day or two before the females of the
same nest, and, forming a swarm, fly away from the near neighbourhood
of their own nest, often uniting on their journey with similar bodies of ants

210 THE entomologist's record.

which have flown off from other nests. We have ourselves seen
swarms of the males of various species of ants when their number
has been legion. The largest swarms with which we have met that
come readily to our remembrance are (1) On Ben Beulah (Argyle-
shire), in August, 1893, when near the Avaterfall which may be seen from
Lochgoilhead. (2) In the Dora Valley, on the slopes of Mont Gourmet,
at the back of the village of Courmayeur, in August, 1894. In the first
ca=5e,we actually crossed the swarm, which caused the greatest discomfort,
filling nose, eyes and ears in a few moments, whilst the rapid sweep of a
butterfly net to and fro gave almost at once, quite half -a- pint of the
insects, and the operation had to be again and again performed, until
we had crossed the path of the swarm. In the second case the swarms
were equally large, and two or three distinct swarms were to be
observed on different parts of the mountain at one time. In both
cases the ants were literally in myriads. Kirby and Spence also
record {Introd., ii., p. 54), that Frazer, on October 6th, 1813, was
enveloped by a swarm of ants so numerous as entirely to intercept
his view on the mountain called Pena de Aya or Les Quatre
Couronnes. These authors assert (p. 51) that, when the autumnal
swarms of ants leave their nests, the males rise, as it were by a general
impulse, into the air, and the females accompany them. The whole
swarm alternately rises and falls with a slow movement to the height
of about ten feet, the males flying obliquely with a rapid zigzag
motion, and the females, though they follow the general movement of
thecolumn, appear to be suspended in the air like balloons, seemingly with
no individual motion, and having their heads turned towards the wind.
Sometimes the swarms of a whole district unite their infinite myriads,
and, seen at a distance, produce an effect resembling the flashing of an
aurora borealis. Rising with incredible velocity in distinct columns they
soar above the clouds. Each column looks like a kind of slender network
and has a tremulous undulating motion, which has been observed to
be produced by the regular alternate rising and falling just alluded to.
The noise emitted by myriads of these creatures does not exceed the
hum of a single wasp. The slightest zephyr disperses them. . . .
After this " danse de I'amour " is celebrated, the males disappear,
probably dying, or becoming, with the females, the prey of birds or
fish. That many, both males and females, become the prey of fish, one
of these authors is able to assert from his own observation. He writes:
"In the beginning of August, 1872, 1 was going up the Orford river, in
Suffolk, in a rowboat, in the evening, when my attention was caught by
an infinite number of winged ants, both males and females, at
which the fish were everywhere darting, floating alive on the
surface of the water. While passing the river these had prob-
ably been precipitated into it, either by the wind or by a
heavy shower which had just fallen." Bates gives {Naturalist on the
Ariiozons, p. 15) the following description of the dispersal of the
winged members of the Saiiba ant of Brazil. He writes: "The
swarming or exodus of the winged males and females of the Saiiba ant
takes place in January and February, that is, at the commencement
of the rainy season. They come out in the evening in vast numbers,
causing quite a commotion in the streets and lanes. They are of very
large size, the female measuring no less than two inches and a quarter
in expanse of wing ; the male is not much more than half this size. They

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS '. HYMENOPTERA, TERMITES. 211

are so eagerly preyed upon by insectivorous animals that, on the
morninG; after their flight, not an individual is to be seen, a few
impregnated females alone escaping the slaughter to found new
colonies." Abbott writes {American Naturaluf) that, on October 6th,
1873, at about 4 p.m., he was attracted to a part of the large yard
surrounding his house by a multitude of large-sized insects that filled
the air, and proved to be a brood of red ants, Formica, that had just
emerged from their underground home, and were now, for the first time,
using their delicate wings. The sky, at the time, was wholly overcast ;
the wind strong southwest ; thermometer 66°F. Taking a favourable
position near the mass as they slowly crawled from the ground up the
blades of grass and stems of clover and small weeds, it was noticed
that (1) they seemed dazed, without any method in their movements,
save an ill-defined impression that they must go somewhere, (2) they
were pushed forward usually by those coming on after them, which
seemed to add to their confusion. As a brood or colony of insects,
their every movement indicated that they were wholly ill at ease, and
once at the end of a blade of grass they seemed even more puzzled as
to what to do. If not followed by a fellow ant, as was usually the case,
they would invariably crawl down again to the earth and sometimes
repeat this movement until a new comer followed in the ascent, when
the uncertain individual would be forced to use his wings. This flight
would be inaugurated by a very rapid buzzing of the Avings, after a
short rest the violent movement would recommence, and finally
losing fear as it were, the ant would let go its hold upon the blade of
grass and rise slowly upwards, ten, twenty, or thirty feet, until caught
by a breeze or by the steadier wind that was moving at an elevation
equal to the height of the surrounding pine and spruce trees. So far
as Abbott was able to discover, their wings were of the same use to them
in transporting them from their former home, that the " wings " of
many seeds are in scattering them ; both are wholly at the mercy of
the wind. Referring to Bates' account of the Saiiba ants {(Ecodoma
cephalotes) , already quoted, Abbott points out that Bates shows that the
successful debut of the winged males and females depends similarly
upon the workers, there being considerable activity and excitement at
the nest when the exodus of the winged individuals is taking place ;
the workers clearing the roads of exit and showing the most lively
interest in their departure. But Abbott observes that, in the Far mica
migration that he witnessed, only a few wingless worker ants were
discovered, and these took no interest whatever in the departure
of their winged brothers, nor did examination of the nest show any
marked movements connected with the exodus on the part of the
workers. The flight appears to have commenced about 4 p.m., and
lasted until nearly 7 p.m., or a considerable time after sundown, and
the next morning there was not an individual, winged or wingless, to
be seen above the ground, whilst the nest itself was comparatively empty,
and the few occupants seemed in a dazed condition. As supporting
Hiiber's views, quoted by Duncan {Transformations of Insects, p. 205),
Abbott considers that ants that leave the nest do not return again
to the original nest.

The similarity of these wmged hosts to smoke is sometimes
very remarkable and well illustrated by the account given by a
daily paper, of the occurrence of an immense swarm of ants around

212 THE entomologist's record.

the spire of a church in Coburg, in 1866, and referred to Entom.,
vii., p. 14. So similar to smoke did this cloud appear that, as soon
as it was observed, firemen prepared to make the ascent, and the
whole neighbourhood turned out to see the fire. When the fire-
men reached the top of the tower, they were seen by the spectators
below to be apparently warding off the attacks of something, aiid,
rapidly descending, they reported that the apparent smoke was nothing
more than millions of winged ants gyrating about the steeple.
Mackay observes (Tnacct Life, vii., p. 52) of a swarm of Prenolepis
parvula that appeared on August 24th, 1894, in the valley of the
East River in the county of Pictou, Nova Scotia, that the cloud was
dense enough on some occasions to intercept the light of the sun, that the
ants did not appear to alight until dead, that they were visible during the
whole afternoon until 7 p.m., and that their course appeared to be along
the valley of the river in a direction from southwest to northeast. Fiske
notes {loc. cit., p. 280) that, in September, 1894, at Mast Yard, New-
Hampshire, a quantity of "smoke" was seen rising above a group
of pines. Instant investigation was made, and it was found that the
"smoke "was an immense swarm of winged ants. Smith observes
{Ent. Annual, 1856, p. 94) a vast swarming of Mi/rnuca scabrinodis,
M. laerinodia, and Formica rnfa during the third week of September,
1856, in the neighbourhood of Dover. On a calm, gloomy, and
sultry day, clouds of winged Myrmicids {Mynnica scabrinadu and M.
laerinodis) occupied the summit of the Shakespeare's cliff, but their
hosts were surpassed by the countless myriads of Formica riifa, which
hung like a cloud over the cliffs to the east of the town ; thousands upon
thousands of these were floating on the sea, in some places, in dark
masses, four or five yards in length and breadth, whilst a marginal
line of dead and dying individuals extended nearly a mile along the
shore. Hall notes {Ent. Mo. Maf/., xxiv., p. 91) that, on August 7tb,
1887, at Biickland, near Dover, the air was literally full of males, and
the ground and walls covered by myriads of both sexes, of Laaiiis
alioins. He observes that the evening was still and sultry, and that
although he had previously seen the insect in great abundance on the
Deal sandhills, he had never before witnessed anything to compare
with the countless thousands observed on that evening.

As far back as 1814 another remarkable swarm was recorded by
the captain of a hulk lying in the Medway, who noticed something
black floating down the river with the tide. A boat was sent off, and
a bucket full of the suspicious matter brought on board, when it was
found that the floating substance was a mass of Avinged ants. The
report states that the living mass was about five or six miles long,
eight or ten feet broad, and six inches thick (Kirby and Spence,
Introduction, ii., p. 53). We have never heard of any other
instance of living winged ants being transported by water. Gatcombe
vouches {Ent., vii., p. 283), however, for the fact that, on August 20th,
1874, a yacht cruising off the Longships' Lighthouse, on the
coast of Cornwall, about seven or eight miles from Falmouth, sailed
through millions upon millions of winged ants, and that the sea was,
for a long distance, black with them, indeed, the men on board
amused themselves for a long time in dipping them up in buckets,
and that the waves thrown off from her bow in dividing the water were
black instead of white." At the same time {loc. cit., p. 234) Gatcombe

Migration and dispersal of insects : hyjienoptera, termites. 213

gave a quotation from a Plymouth paper, in which the writer states
that, driving along the road to Redruthan, he was surprised by a
sudden gust of wind bringing with it an immense swarm of winged
ants, too many of which settled upon himself and his friends for their
comfort. Upon arrival at Redruthan a large portion of the sand was
found to be darkened with dead ants, evidently drowned, and each
receding wave left a wide mark along the beach. A somewhat similar
occurrence is recorded by Bates, but in this case also the ants were dead.
He notes that whilst travelling up the Tapajoz, near Point Cate-
juba, he noticed a large quantity of drowned winged ants along the
beach. " They were all of one species, the terrible 'formiga de fogo'
{Myrmica saevissima) , the dead or half-dead bodies of which were
heaped up in a line an inch or two in height and breadth, the line
continuing for miles at the edge of the water. The countless thousands
had been doubtless cast into the river while flying, during a sudden
squall the night before, and afterwards cast ashore by the waves " (Nat.
on the Aiiiaions, p. 201). White observes {E)it.,\x., p. 234) that, towards
the end of iVugust, 1.S76, a swarm of ants, fourteen yards broad, which
took half an hour to pass in a south-east direction, was observed by
him whilst he was fishing in the Ouse, near St. Ives, that thousands
fell into the river and were eagerly preyed upon by the roach and
dace. Smith, remarking on this record, says that such swarms are
common about the middle of August, that they generally take place
after rain, and when the air is moist and warm, and usually belong to
the Myrmicidae — Myrmica scahrinodis, M. rwjinodis and M. laevinodis,
being the best-known of the migrating species.

Some very interesting accounts of migration, or perhaps it would
be more correct to say the movements of male ants, in America, have
been recorded. Lawton Williams records [I'syche, vi., pp. 180-181)
that, on the night of August 27th, 1891, Hornellsville, New York, was
visited by a vast shoal of small Hymenoptera that came from the south,
and which, as long as observed, moved in a northerly direction. They
made their appearance about sunset, and, on the following morning,
they had entirely disappeared. They were of minute size, pos-
sessed four membranous, glossy wings, and the abdomen was
separated from the thorax by a narrow constriction. " The after-
noon preceding the evening of their appearance was sultry and
oppressive, and the sky was unclouded. Just before dusk, a vast
mound-like cloud became visible south of the city. It had an ap-
parent altitude of about two thousand feet, and was of the cumulus
type. It shone with a semi-metallic lustre due to reflections from the
western sky. A few luiuutes later the insects began to come from the
direction of the cloud. It would be impossible to estimate their
numbers. Probably there were, at least, hundreds of millions. There
were places where they flew as thick as hail, and like hail in a
common direction. When they had fully arrived the electric lights
became the chief centres of their activity. They flew about the lights
until exhausted, when they fell to the floors in such numbers that they
were swept up by the merchants." Hornellsville is situated in a
valley extending approximately north and south. One remarkable
fact observed about this occurrence was that " these insects occupied a
limited belt in the centre of the valley and did not extend to the
elevated portions of the town on either side. There were no insects

214 THE entomologist's record.

about the electric lights ou the hillsides, and further down in the
valley the lights were frequented only by lepidoptera. Looking from
the hillsides, a cloudy phosphorescence was seen to extend over the
city in an irregular sheet with here and there patches and protuberances
rising high above the common mass." " Comparing the position of
this cloud at different times, from seven until ten o'clock, it was
evident that the maximum density was moving northward, i.e., in
the same direction that the insects moved in the early part of the
evening. There was no perceptible moisture in the air, and the
appearance of the cloud must have been caused by the reflection of
the city lights upon the glossy wing of these insects." Professor
Saunders states {loc. cit., p. 181) that a very similar cloud to that
described above passed over Alfred Centre, a village about twelve miles
southwest of Hornellsville, on the evening of August 6th, i.e., eleven
days before the previous swarm was noticed. The insects forming the
cloud were "ants with deciduous wings, so that, after the cloud had
passed, their wings were found very abundantly scattered over the ground . ' '
This cloud made its appearance about sunset and had passed over
by dark. It came from a steep hill overlooking the town, and swept
across the town in a narrow belt, leaving the upper and lower parts
unmolested. Other clouds of insects had been observed by Professor
Saunders in Florida during the same year, and he states that the
inhabitants there are quite familiar with them. A rather remarkable
cloud which he particularly observed in the month of May at Sisco,
Florida, was composed of large insects with very glossy wings. The
cloud began to form about eight o'clock in the morning and lasted
half an hour. The insects seemed to rise from a flat meadow densely
overgrown with grass. They ascended to an altitude of about twenty
feet, and continued the rest of their course in a horizontal direction.
The cloud seems to have been confined chiefly to a twenty acre lot
and did not pass to adjacent parts. It was a warm bright day, and
the reflection of light upon their wings gave the cloud a striking
appearance. Their wings were deciduous and the neighbouring
pools were pretty well covered with them. One suspects that this
last record may refer to termites and not true ants.

May at the Italian Lakes.

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Arriving at Brunnen, on the Lake of Lucerne, at the end of the
first week in May, intending to stay there some time, we found the
weather, which had been fine and warm as evidenced by the state of
vegetation, had fallen into the same wintery phase as appears to have
prevailed at that time over England and most of the west of Europe,
and so, at the end of a week, things looking hopeless, a move was
made to Locarno, where, for nearly a month, fine and sometimes
summery weather was almost continuous. Cold and snow continued
with thick downfall to Goeschenen ; at Airolo all was bright and fine.
At r>runnen, Microptcrtix aiinncuuila was on the wing on May 7th
and 13th, two or three Leiitidia sinaj)is ventuved out during a few fine
minutes on the 10th, on the 12th Nt'iiieobiiis Incuia was flying, and a
large ? Afilia tan, who appeared to have laid all her eggs, was found
at rest on a beech tree at Axenstrasse, though snow was thick on the

MAY AT THE ITALIAN LAKES. 216

ground close by. Ilcwans fnciformis was seen at Ajtif/a reptans on the
13th, and two or three common butterflies were seen. The impression
received was that many insects would have been met with had the
weather been favourable. Near Brunnen, cases of Kpichnopterix
pulla were frequent, these nearly all produced 5 s a little later, the two
or three <? s that emerged were very densely black.

A search was also made for larvffi of Pamassiiis apollo, and was so
far successful that two were found, the object being to compare them
with those of P. delius, if these could be met with later. To complete
this item I may digress so far as to say that on June 8th an excursion
in search of P. delius was made from Faido, where we were at the
time. The train was taken to Goeschenen, carriage to Andermatt, and
a walk thence as far as Oberalpsee. The temperature was pleasant at
Faido, cool ai Goeschenen, cloudy at Andermatt, misty and cold on
Oberalpstrasse. Returning, the walk from Andermatt to Goeschenen
was in face of an icy wind with hail and rain. The ground by the
Oberalpstrasse, where P. delius is found, and where the larva must be
abundant enough, was still under thick snow, as was everything at the
Oberalpsee and about the hotel there. By a curious stroke of luck a
small patch of 8axifra<ja aizoides was noticed beside a little stream on
the sunny side of the road, and two larvae of P. delius were at once
seen on it. Not another scrap of S. aizoides free from snow, i.e.,
absolutely none other than this little patch was seen, and so the search
otherwise was in vain. The material for the comparison of the two
larvfe was thus perhaps adequate or nearly so, but certainly not too
liberal. A comparison of the two larvfe is made a little difficult by
the P. apollo being now full-fed, whilst the P. delius are only about
half their size and have still to grow. Both are very dark dull black,
with shining black tubercles, the tubercles glistening so as to look
steely blue against the dull black skin, in some lights. In both
species, there is, just above the supraspiracular tubercles (iii) a row
of yellow spots, three to a segment, on the abdominal segments, two
smaller just above the tubercle, and a larger one behind these. The
form of these spots varies somewhat, but I can see no specific diffe-
rences in this item. On the thoracic segments 2 and 3 the same spots
occur. In one P. apollo these only, in the other a trace of a further
spot; in one P. delius this trace is much stronger, whilst in the other
the fourth spot is nearly equal to either of the two smaller ones. This
extra spot is on the first subsegment, in front of the two ordinary
small spots. This spot is, therefore, better developed in P. delius than
in P. apollo, so far as my material shows, but it affords no reliable
specific character. The hairs on the tubercles and on the general
surface (black, and about 1mm. long) are the same, both as to length
and distribution, in both species. The only really definite point of
distinction that I can detect, is the well-known and very obvious one,
that the yellow spots in P. apollo are a deep yellow, almost orange,
whilst in P. delius they are of a pale bright lemon-yellow. The two
species would thus seem to have a colour character in the larvse (the
yellow spots) and a colour character in the imago (that of the antennal
scales) as the only points of separation ; yet so far as we yet know
these are so constant as to be quite adequate to establish them. The
larval food-plant is also apparently an existent character, though the
Spanish P. apollo is said to eat a Saxifraya, as well as several species

216 THE entomologist's record.

of Sedum. On Jiane 15th, one of these two P. delins larvfe assumed
an orange tint, very nearly that of P. apollo, and contrasting with its
fellow. Is this colour then a question of age as much as of species ? I
have handed the specimens to Mr. Bacot for further examination.
An imago of P. apollo was seen on the wing in the Val Verzasca
(Locarno) on May 28th, and three specimens were taken at Faido
(1000ft. higher) on June 6th and 7th.

During the first few days at Locarno (May 14th and following
days) butterflies were exceedingly scarce, contrasting markedly with
the abundance noticed in early April in some previous years ; the early
species seemed to be over, the latter not out. This was true probably
in some degree, but a larger element was probably the recently wet
and cold weather, a day or two before there had been frost enough to
nip the vine shoots in some places (ash shoots in the hedges at
Brunnen were killed in many places). Lcpt'nUa sina])is, Fohjoiiuiiatns
bellarfpis, one or two Ai/loin articae, and a Jlditaea athalia, with an odd
specimen or two of some other species, would be all seen in the course
of several hours' walk. Gradually specimens got more numerous,
until various common butterflies were fairly numerous by the begin-
ning of June. Polyonimatus orion, fairly common in April, was absent
except for one specimen worn to rags, and only one Melitaea phoebe
was seen. M. athalia became quite abundant, as well as P. bellargus,
Aporia crataet/i, Cooionyiiipha paniphilus, with frequent P. astrarche,
P. icarus, Plebeius an/us, P. argyrognomon, Noiniades cyllanis, N. semi-
argus, and one or two Ciipido )iiinima. M. didyma, an odd one or two,
as well as sundry other species as little worth mentioning. Colias
hyale was frequently in evidence, always considerably worn, only one
C. edusa was seen (not caught). Goncptery.v rhamni was fairly
common, always worn, and continued frequent up to June 10th, when
my observations terminated. Where were G. rhaninl and the other
hibernating species in the middle of May ? At the end of May, Aylais
nrticae, hibernated specimens much worn, were common, larva hung
up for pupation, and pupa;, were also seen, and a newly-emerged speci-
men or two were seen about June 7th. A brood of Eiigonia polycJdoros,
nearly full-fed, was seen on May IGth. Vanessa io was abundant at the
end of May, very worn and tattered, each specimen keeping to its own
beat, and often seen at precisely the same part of the road on return-
ing home as it was noticed on going out. Euvanessa antiopa was not
rare, half-a-dozen or more being seen in the course of a walk. A
specimen full of eggs died after a few days, rather than lay them, when
sleeved over a spray of sallow. Pyra)neis cardui also was everywhere,
often worn to a mere colourless shadow, everywhere means up to
4000ft. as well as at lake level. A very fresh specimen was noted in
June, no doubt a locally bred one, but where, I repeat, were all these
in mid-May? The weather was then fine and warm, though cool perhaps
for Locarno, their greater abundance later, coinciding with an acces-
sion of July weather. Admitting the probability of P. cardui being a
fresh herd of immigrants, it is impossible to suppose that the PJ.
antiopa, V. io, A. nrticae, C. hyale, and G. rhamni were, in the main at
least, other than local specimens.

The Psychidae at Locarno are always items of interest, Acantho-
psyche atra, Linn, {ojjacella, H.-S.), was over, no full male case being
observed, though ? cases with eggs were abundant. It was this year

MAY AT THK ITALIAN LAKES. 217

quite as abundant as usual, over all the low ground, and by the roads,
and in the vineyards on the slopes up to Orselina and Brione. Pacluj-
ihclia rilkmila was much rarer and more local, a good many cases were
found that produced $ s, but only one male was bred. StaiidfuHsia tenella
var. ziT))iattc'iisif;\vii.s abundant as usual on all micaceous walls and rocks;
hundreds of this and of A. atra might easily be collected ; it was
already largely over, but a few males were bred, and even iarvas only
half- grown occurred ; it clearly spreads itself by stragglers over a long
period, prolonged, no doubt, by its wide distribution in elevation, larvae
occurring up to 3000ft. or possibly higher. Ptilocephala plnnnfera {atra
Heyl. nee Linn.) was frequent on the wing at 3000ft. to 4000ft., but
no cases were found. Apterona crenidella occurs everywhere, but very
sparsely, nowhere in the swarms that occur on the Mediterranean
coast, as at the mouth of the Var (near Nice), and in the Albenga
Valley, near Alassio, where millions is perhaps nearer than thousands
to the number of cases that may be seen. It had always been my luck,
so far, to see plenty of cases of this species, but, in July, or at some
time when they were all empty. I was fortunate enough, however, to
hit upon a strong colony at Locarno that had just crawled up the vines
and their supports, and bred a large number of specimens. I fancy
that males were very largely in excess in the cases I collected. Its
faculty for flying within a minute or two of emergence, and immedi-
ately denuding itself of all the, at best very meagre, clothing of hair
scales it has, is quite extraordinary. I was also struck with its vagaries
as to time of emergence. On one occasion they kept coming out all
night, most abundantly at midnight ; on another the emergence took
place during the whole day. The normal arrangement is, however,
I have little doubt, that to which they settled down, viz., to emerge at
dusk and for an hour or so after ; the aberrant procedures must have
been due to my treatment of them, either by way of moisture or heat, or
more probably exposure to light. Most of the Psychids of which I know
the habits emerge in the morning, and fly in the early hours of the
day, or even all day. A. crenidella emerging in the evening is, there-
fore, exceptional ; I cannot help associating with this habit a curious
feature of tbe pupa, viz., the great blackness of the face-parts, practi-
cally the covers of the imaginal eyes. What the connection is, is not
very evident, but, exposed on a tree trunk, often to the full rays of the
sun, inside a tolerably translucent case, these black eye-covers must
have some function in protecting the eyes from light, or in absorbing
heat. The Fumeas present two species at least, Fnmea casta and a larger
species, which is not typical F. crassiorella. These do not interbreed.
A specimen was also bred that suggests F. edwardseUa, but these have
not yet been fully examined. Taleporia tuhulosa^pseudobotnhycella) cases,
with larvffi, pupse, or empty, were in great abundance. Bankesia alpistrella
is frequent when the 2000ft. level is passed, the earliest specimens were
emerging June 10th. The large parthenogenetic Solenobia was in
evidence everywhere, but the eggs had all hatched by May 16th.
Luffia lapidella, nearly full-fed, was common in many places (in April
in previous years it had been difficult to detect). It occurred also at
Bignasco, but the wall there providing L. viar/f)iella afforded a com-
paratively small number of these, not yet half-grown, contrasting with
full-grown L. lapidella on wails quite close by.

Perhaps the following are worth noting : — May 29th, Val Cento-

218 THE entomologist's record.

valli, Setina aurita, Erebia evias, Arctomyscis myricae. May 30th,
Lago d'Elio and Pino, Erchia viedusa. A beetle that very closely
resembles the ovoviviparous Orina tristh, and on the same foodplant,
was abundant on Cento urea at one spot ; it cannot, however, be that
species, as it lays ordinary eggs, whilst those of 0. tristis are close on
hatching when laid. June 8th, Oberalp, Titamu schra}ikiana was in
some numbers settling on the road, although the ground was covered
with the unmelted winter's snow close by.

::^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Swarming of Hepialus lupulinus. — On the evening of July 11th,
in my garden at Hale End, Walthamstow, I noticed a number of
Hepialus lupulinus flying round a vegetable-marrow plant. They were
all males, and evidently assembling, but on a careful search for the $
I failed to discover her. Their attention was chiefly devoted to the
topmost leaf, which had been caught by the frost two nights before,
and was discoloured and drooping, though the stalk was rigid. There
must have been 30 or 40 H. lupulinus flying round and swarming over
this leaf, in a very excited state, with upward-curved abdomina. I cut
off the leaf and examined it. It had a faint hay-like odour, and there
was nothing to be seen on it. I stuck it in the ground some distance
away from the marrow plant, and the H. lupulinus at once swarmed
round it again, having left the plant, and I boxed eleven of them at three
attempts. Towards the end of the time of flight I moved it again to
the other end of the garden. There were no H. lupulinus in sight here,
but in two minutes there were a dozen or more round the leaf. This case
seems to show plainly that, with these species at any rate, the attrac-
tion is exercised through the sense of smell, and not by any mysterious
' 6th sense ' unknown to man. — R. W. Bobbins. 19, Woodland Villa,
Hale End, Walthamstow. June 12th, 1902.

Spring Lepidoptera.- — The last few days of sunshine seem to have
stimulated the butterfly-life of this district. Gonepteryx rhainni,
Vanessa io, Aglais urticae, and Eugonia polychloros have been seen more
or less conniionly. E. polychloros is, in these parts regarded as far
from common, so that the occurrence of four examples (two of them
at sallows) in the course of a day's walk, is worth noticing. Cases of
Proutia hetulina have been found in increasing numbers on tree-trunks
from March 80th to date. Two or three cases which appeared to me
to be different from the rest inasmuch as they looked like something
between P. hetulina and Fuwea casta, I thought might prove to be P.
eppingella, but I find they are merely a form of P. hetulina. On one
tree-trunk that yielded a single P. hetulina, I found three cases quite
new to me. They were free from the dressing characteristic of P.
hetulina, were narrowed at the neck, and appeared to have a lateral
flange. These I sent to Dr. Chapman, who wrote me on Friday last
that one of the cases had produced an undoubted Solenohia lichenella.
On an elm-trunk at North Shoebury I found on March 31st a small
colony of Luffia ferchaultella. These I submitted to Dr. Chapman,
who separated therefrom three cases, from which I am hoping to breed
Narycia monilifera. Asphalia Jiavicornis is the only insect that has so
far appeared in my breeding-cages ; the first emergence^took place on
March 22nd, from an Eastwood larva. — F. G. Whittle, 3, Marine
Avenue, Southend. April 23rd, 1902.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 219

The sallows here were at their best at exactly the same date as last
year, April l-ith-18th, very late. On March 31st, the day being cold and
cloudy, I found Brepho^i parthenias on the wing, and also at rest on birch,
at Sandburn ; Lobophora lobidata was just out, Asphaliajlaoicornis com-
mon, Xi/lncaiiipa litliorhi-M, &c. It was April 14th before I paid my
annual visit to Bishop Wood, where Pachnobia leucographa, Taeniocanipa
gracilis, T. ntunda, and T. populeti were in extraordinary abundance ;
T. miinda has never in my recollection been so common in Bishop
Wood. On the 16th, the evening was milder than on the 14th, and I
had a good time of it. I'acknobia leacoyrapha was down at the first
shake of the bush (I only worked one on my four visits), and altogether
I selected about 60 before leaving, with a good proportion of females.
The Taniiocampids as before, but with a singular absence of J', stahilis.
On the 17th, the sport was good, till the moon made its appearance,
and this effectively put an end to work. On this evening 1 found six
black T. populeti, and one very fine aberration of T. imtabilis, with a
clear silvery-white ground dusted lightly with brownish. My fourth
journey to the wood (on the 18th) was less successful chiefly on
account of the hi-iglit moon ; but, commencing almost in daylight, I
got 25 /'. //■iic'i;iraplni Hud secured among other things worthy of note,
a pink T. i/racilis. Bishop Wood, as far as I know, seems to give more
P. U'licoiirapka than any other place in the county, and when about
200 is the result of four nights' work at one bush the species must be
in great abundance in the wood. — S. Walker, 15, Queen Anne's Road,
York. Man oth, 1902.

In this district there is nothing to report except the absence of both
larvae and imagines. I have been to the New Forest three times
during the last seven days, and taken about half-a-dozen larvae each of
( 'leora lic/ienaria, C. fjlabraria, and (Eunistis quadra from lichen, and
Zt'phyvHs (jnerciis from oak. Searching palings here has produced one
('uciillia ihaiiwinillae, two Kupithecia abbreviata, one Tepki-osia crepus-
ndaria [bimidalaria),ii,n.d. one Selenia tetralunaria, $ , has been beatenout
of oak. To-day there were sounds of a severe thunderstorm in the New
I'orest. Of over 100 larviE taken last year on clematis, I had bred
only two Ktipit/iecia coronata, all the rest so far being E. pumilata. —
(Major) K. B. Robertson, Forest View, Southborne Road, Boscombe.
May dth, 1902.

Easter m the New Forest produced all the usual species. The
sallows giving plenty of species, and, of those found at the blooms
Taeniocanipa iniinda and 2\ incerta seemed more common than usual
whilst T. yothica and Panolis piniperda were less so. Daywork, how-
ever, was slow, Euyonia polychloros seems very plentiful this sprino- in
Surrey and Hants. — B. W. Adkin, F.E.S., Brandon House, Morden
Hill, Lewisham, S.E. May 15th, 1902.

In this district, insect life continues in a very backward condition,
many species being fully a month behind-hand. My single capture so
far worth recording, is a fair number of Aryyresthia praecocella. These
were taken in hue condition on the 21st inst. No A. arceuthina was
out at this date, whereas generally the imagines would be becoming worn.
riiisia uioneta larvte have most fortunately forsaken the Delphinium
and Acu)iituiii in my garden, but are as much in evidence as ever in
many of those of my neighbours. — B. A. Bower, F.E.S., Langley,
Willow Grove, Chislehurst. May 23rd, 1902.

220 THE entomologist's record.

I have recently beaten a large number of cases (determined by my
friend Mr. Bower as those of Luffia ferchaultella) , from the extremities
of the branches of a thorn tree much covered with lichen. It stands
out quite alone by itself on a grass lawn. It is curious, but no case
could be found by searching the trunk or large part of the branches,
but they were beaten freely from the extremities. This is another
illustration, I suppose, of the different habits moths themselves have
here compared with those they seem to have in other counties, viz.,
sitting on branches instead of trunks. The uselessness of tree-trunk
searching round here has been noticed by other lepidopfcerists besides
myself.— E. F. Studd, F.E.S., Oxton, Exeter. Man 2^^/', 1902.

During the spring of the present year I only got two fine days at
Brephos notha, but on these occasions soon after the sun came out
about midday, I found a good many sitting on the ground in damp
places, and when so found they were easy to catch, but as soon as the
sun got hot they flew high again. Sallows were of little use, the only
insect really worth catching that I took being a Taeniocainpa i/racilis,
approaching the New Forest form, quite different from the type,
although not reaching the deep red of the extreme New Forest form.
Throughout May insects were extremely scarce, and only seven or eight
Eucosniia certata were taken in my garden against over twenty last year,
whilst in the woods, up to date, there is scarcely an insect to be seen.
Even the commonest species are scarce, Nola cunfii^aUs being, however,
an exception, and fairly numerous. A dozen Macaria notata makes a
good day's catch as against the scores to be seen last year. — F. C.
WoonFORDE, 13. A., F.E.S., Market Drayton. June dth, 1902.

Bacotia sepium, Speyer, at Chingford. — 1 have the pleasure of
being able to confirm the old record of Bacotia sepium for Epping
Forest {vide Tutt, Brit. Lep., ii., p. 264). On May 2Sth last, when
beating for Proutias in the Chingford section, I knocked out a single
larva of this species ; if I remember rightly it came out of a lichen-
covered hawthorn, and was in the tray at the same moment as a larva
of F. betulina ; at any rate I took it at first glance for a strange variety
of the case of that species, but was, of course, immediately undeceived
on seeing the stout and very different-looking larva. We have thus
three of our interesting and much overlooked Psychids — B. sepiuw, P.
betulina, and P. eppingella — occurring in practically the same spot in
Epping Forest. As Mr. Tutt does not appear to indicate ihe fact in
his " synonymy," it may be not amiss to add that j\Ir. Barrett {Lep.
Brit., ii., pi. 86) gives two recognizable figures of the case of B.
sepium — -fig. 2b, the larva, under the name of Fuiiiea betulina, and
fig. 4a, the female sitting on case, under the name of Fuviea tabulella ;
fig. 2c, Fuuiea betulina, pupa-skin and case, is an excellent representa-
tion of those of the true betulina, Zell. — Louis B. Prout, F.E.8., 246,
Richmond Road, N.E. June 19th, 1902.

Larvae of Bryophila muralis (glandifera). — I have never seen
the larvae of this reported as feeding on lichens on trees, but always on
walls, and have often wondered why it should not do so. 1 have often
searched but without result, until last week, at Folkestone, 1 found on
a tree-trunk, a cocoon containing a full-fed larva, ready for pupation,
and on two other trees I found two more larvie feeding on the lichens,
near their cocoons, to which they retire when not feeding. These
trees were a long way from any walls. Can you tell me why this

PKACTICAL HINTS.

221

insect is never found more than about ten miles inland, whereas />.
perla, occurs in almost every town inland, even as near London as
Dulwich, where I took them last year?— C. W. Colthrup, 127, Barry
Road, East Dulwich, S.E. June Uth, 1902.

Venilia macularia two years in the pupal stage. — From some ova
of V. macularia which I had in 1900 the moths are just emerging, not
one having put in an appearance last year. — (Rev.) C. D. Ash, B.A.,
Skipwith Vicarage, Selby. May Uth, 1902.

j^CIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

The National Collection of British Lepidoptera. — As this
collection in the Natural History Museum at South Kensington is
now being rearranged, revised, and augmented, a convenient oppor-
tunity is afforded for making it what we all wish it to be, that is,
thoroughly representative of the Lepidoptera of the British Islands.
One very important improvement would be the addition, in as much
detail as possible, of the early stages of each species. It is hardly to
be hoped, however, that this desirable end could be attained in any
way approaching completeness without the assistance of the entomo-
logical public. We therefore venture to ask our readers to help the
Museum to effect this useful work by contributing whatever material,
either living or preserved, they may have to spare. There are already
larv* and pupae of a few species in the collection, but all the
examples are not good, so that gifts of ova, larvaj and pupte of any
species would be acceptable. Lists of presentations, with names of
donors, will be published in this Journal from time to time.— (Sir)
George F. Hampson, Bart., B.A.. F.E.S., Natural History Museum,
South Kensington. S.W.

Protective resemblance in Lepidoptera. — Anaitis plagiata. — I
came across a splendid example of protective resemblance in this insect
last August. I was scanning a hawthorn hedge when my eye lighted on
a stump recently cut with most lovely graining, on examining it more
closely I was surprised to find it was a specimen of the above. The stump
had been cut in a slanting direction giving an elliptical surface, and just
the space for the moth to rest on. Euchelia jacob^jE.— Ifound this moth
plentifully last week on a hawthorn hedge at Wimborne, Dorset, where
it looked exactly like some of the leaves which had been attacked by
some kind of gall-fly, which were shrivelled and of a crimson colour.
— C. W. Colthrup, 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, S.E. JiiueUth, 1902.

JP>RACTICAL HINTS*.

Field Work for August.

By J. C. DOLLMAN.
1. — The larva- of Notodonta dromedarius are to be beaten more
frequently from an isolated and badly grown birch tree than from large
healthy ones.

• Practical Hints for the Fieioj Lepidopterist, published May, iUOl. and
already almost completely out of print, contains 1250 similar hints to these, dis-
tributed over every month in the year. Interleaved (for collector's own notes). — Ed.

iJ22 THE entomologist's record.

2. — When one larva of Acronicta lepon'na is found, others will
probably be discovered in the close vicinity.

8. — If unacquainted with the larvse of Cymatophora diiplaris and C.
flurtiwsa, be careful that they are not tilted out of the tray under the
impression that they are giant Tortricids by their behaviour and
appearance.

4. — Colias hyale, in its early days, after emergence, often keeps to
the restricted flight of a single field, and if one is netted others may
be seen. Afterwards it takes to the downs, or open country, and then
only solitary examples are met with.

5. — (Jolias eclusa, as well as C. In/ale, may be waited for, down wind,
at the border of a clover field, which will facilitate capture, as the
insect has to turn against wind to try back.

6. — Ai/rotfs jiuta in the larval state feeds up rapidly on knot-grass.

7. — Plehriuii afujon can be conveniently boxed from the heather at
the close of day.

8. — In localities where Bri/ojthila niitraliH is found it may be sought
for with increased prospect of success on " honey-dew " evenings, avS
the insect is strongly attracted by this condition of things.

d.—~Satyrii!i aeiiifile is best approached down hill, as it nearly always
flits quickly up the gradient, and consequently can be seen to rise and
be netted enjiasaant.

10. — ('alywnia affinis is one of the least demonstrative of insects in
appearance that is likely to be seen at sugar. It will often cling,
closely appressed to the bark, some little distance from the sweets, and
it is always best to give a glance around when the insect is likely to
turn up, to make sure that it is not present.

11. — If the larvse of the common Agrotids are kept in a fair-sized
box or tub, with some inches of damp earth in the bottom for
them to burrow in, and only sufficient food for the 24 hoars given them
at a time, they will probably thrive well.

12. — Phibalapteryx vitalbata may be beaten from Clematis vitalba
by day, as well as be taken on flight at evening. It is a free layer and
easily bred.

dfOLEOPTERA.

CoLEOPTERA IN ScoTLAND. — The northern kingdom has never been
very rich in resident coleopterists, hence, though certain districts like
Kannoch, Dumfries, Braemar, etc., have been pretty well worked, and
their beetle fauna determined, the greater part of the country still
waits for someone with leisure and inclination who will systematically
explore its insect wealth. As I am now resident in Edinburgh I
propose to do my best to verify the old records, on some of which Dr.
Sharp has thrown doubt, and to establish new ones for this corner of
Scotland. Unfortunately, since my arrival in September last, the
weather, until midsummer day, has been most unpropitious for field
work, and the long continued bitter north-east winds have, I am
afraid, been most destructive to insect life of all kinds. However, we
are now enjoying a reasonable summer temperature, and I have been
able to do a little work with the sweeping and beating net. On
September 28th last I had an afternoon with the water net, in a
small stream near Polmont station, in Stirlingshire, about 22 miles
from Edinburgh, and in the " Forth " district of Dr. Sharp's catalogue.

CURRENT NOTES. '228

Here several of the northern forms were common, and the following
were taken : — Bryeltiiis elevatus, Pz., Deronectcs 12-piiHtiilatus, 01., D.
depressus, F., Hydropoius rivalis, GylL, H. davisi, Curt., H. lepidus,
01., Ayabiis (/uttatiis, Pk., Platambus macnlatus, L., Eliiiis aeneiis, Mull.,
Hijdracna riparia, Kug., and by sluicing the banks GeodromicuH nvjrita,
Miill. I was not in the field again till early in January, when heavy
floods in the Tweed, near Peebls, tempted me out on two wet stormy
<lays (January 3rd and 10th). Unfortunately I was not able to tackle
the refuse when freshly thrown up, so I probably missed many of the
better things. The following is a list of the captures : — KlapJirus
-cupreiifi, Duft., PternstichHs diluiens, Sturm., Aiiiara plcbcia, Gyll.,
Anchonienus jmrionpiinctatwt, F., A. gracilis, Gyll., Bciidndiiiw lampros,
Hbst., B. obtiisiwi, Sturm., B. yuttida, F., B. prasiniiia,Dnh., TrechuK
■obtiisus, Er., DroDiiiis A-tiiaculatus, L., D. nielaiiocephalits, Dj., Oxypoda
lividipennia, M., Homalota (jra)iiinicola, Gr., Coniiriis littoreum, L.,
Tachinus collaris, Gr., T. maryinelbis, F., Mycetoporus splendid its, Gr.,
Quediua rttfipes, Gr., (^>. attenuatus, Gyll., Q. uinbi'inus, Er., Philont/ms
politns, F., P. variiis, Gyll., Stenus dedaratus, Er., 8. picipes, Steph.,
S. picipennis, Er., Bryaxt's jitncnruui, Leach, C/irysoiiwla staphyloea, h.,
HydrotJiasaa maryinella, L., P/iyllodecta vitellinae, L., Cassida eqiiestris,
F., C'. Jiaveola, Thunb., Psylliddes napi, E.H., Aplithona nonstriata,
Goeze, Lonyitarsiis anchisae, Pk., L. inelanocepludaH, De G., Phaedon
tionididii.m, Kirb., Apron franientarium, L., A. iiiyi'itarse, Kirb., Hypera
punctata, F., and Halyzia lA-ynttata, L. Of the above Lowjitarsiis
■anchnsae is not recorded by Canon Fowler from Scotland (though
Northumberland is given as a locality), and .S7f'»?<.s picipeunis is said to
be " very rare in Scotland, Forth district only," and one or two
others are mentioned in his book as local and not common. — T.
Hudson Beare, F.R.S.E., F.E.S.

drURRENT NOTES.

The Rev. W. F. Johnson and Mr. J. N. Halbert have added three
species of Coleopterato the British list — Bembidinm aryenteuleum, Ahr.,
Xantlioliniis rribripennis, Fauv., and Stenits aryentellus, Thoms.

The visit of the Council of the Entomological Society of London
to Oxford this year was one of the most pleasant of these charming
excursions. On July 5th the whole party met at the Museum, where
they had the privilege of inspecting the various collections which,
under the able management of Professor Poulton, are getting into
very fine order. At night all dined, as the guests of Professor
Poulton, at Jesus College, where a very pleasant evening was spent.
On the 6th the Museum was again visited, and in the afternoon a
very pleasant excursion was made up the river, where tea was served,
and much enjoyed, in true gipsy fashion. In the evening many of
the party were the guests of Colonel Swinhoe and Dr. Dixey at dinner
at Wadhara College, and later the beautiful grounds were explored.
Monday saw the close of a very pleasant outing, which had been fully
enjoyed by all the visitors, among whom were Rev. F. Morice, Pro-
fessor R. Meldola, Messrs. A. J. Chitty, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe,
H. Druce, M. Jacoby, R. McLachlan, G. H. Marshall, H. Rowland-
Brown, and Dr. D. Sharp.

An exceedingly well-worked and very important paper to lepi-
dopterists, entitled " A revision of the North American species of the
genus Choreutis, by W. D. Kearfott, has recently been published in

224 THE entomologist's record.

the Journal of the New York Kntoiiiohxjical Society, vol. x., no. 2, Juiie^
1902. Mr. Kearfott's acquaintance with the European as well as the
American literature of his subject, fiujjurs well for the stability of his
"work.

Volume iii of British Lepidoptera is at last completed. It contains
much more material than either of its predecessors — almost double the
amount of detail printed in small type. The index is in the printer's
hands, and the binding has to be done. We have no doubt that most
lepidopterists will prefer it to those already published, for it deals
entirely with Macro-lepidoptera.

The new edition (3rd) of Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace's Island Life
has just been issued. The veteran naturalist is to be congratulated
on the excellent way in which he has brought the work up to date,
and dealt with the mass of details for ever accumulating on the
subject he has treated in so luminous a manner. Chapter xvi, on
" The British Isles," has been largely recast, and his method of
obtaining the help of well-known specialists in each branch of the
fauna and flora treated, has worked remarkably well. The lepidoptera,
coleoptera, and trichoptera peculiar to Britain, have been treated by
Mr. Tutt, Canon Fowler, and Mr. McLachlan respectively.

Ji^E VIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

HiSTOIRE NaTURELLE ET MfEURS DE TOUS LES PaPILLONS DE

Bel«ique, by L. J. L. Lambillion. [Published at Namur, Imprimerie
Douxfils, vol. i., 829 + cxxiv pages. Price 6 francs, 1902]. — We
receive from the continent numbers of works on lepidoptera. As a
rule they exhibit an excellence of illustration that cannot be
approached m this country at the price, whilst the letterpress, both
general and relating to the species, is utterly worthless. Here we have
a book, based on the lines of the better British and American models,
in which the general information is good and up-to-date, whilst the
description of each species is worked out under various headings —
Insecte parfait, ffiuf. Chenille, Chrysalide, Plantes nourricieres, Epoque
d'eclosion. Localities, Distribution geographique, etc. Such a book
must leave its mark on its successors, and one may hope that a more
scientific style of letterpress will become general in the near
future. Considering the way in which British lepidopterists have,
during recent years, extended their studies to the continental rhopalo-
cerous fauna, and the endless stream of inquiries from would-be
travellers abroad to which one is subjected, it is remarkable that not
a single British lepidopterist figures among the list of subscribers.
Possibly the fact of the publication of the work was insufficiently
advertised, at any rate, we strongly advise our readers, who are in any
wav interested in European Ehopalocera, to invest 5s. in a book that
will give them much interesting information about the whole of the
species of butterflies belonging to the Belgian fauna, much food for
reflection, andwillenablethem,perhaps, to explain why two countries like
Belgium and Britain in the same latitude, and separated only by a few
miles of water, should have such a different Rhopalocerous fauna, that
of Belgium almost doubling that of tbe British Islands. We heartily
congratulate the author on the completion of vol. i, and trust that the
support he obtains will be such as to urge him to continue the succeed-
ing volumes without delay.

VoL XIV.

PUte 5.

^r

^[^H

|«k

Entoni, Record, etc., 1902.

Miss Taka Nawa.

ilNTOMOLOGICAL .tAPANi 225

Entomological Japan {irith ji/iotof/rap/i).

By The Hox. N. C. ROTHSCHILD, B.A., F.L.S.

Great Britain's alliance with Japan has cei'tainly occupied no small
share of public attention, so possibly no apology need be made for the
above title. Many of us from time to time have eyed with wonder the
outside of the neat little Japanese magazine, The Insect IVorld,
published by Mr. Y. Nawa, in Gifu, Japan, and have speculated as to
the nature of its contents. The jourual in question, it will be re-
membered, is printed in Japanese, and Ijears on the cover a portrait
of LueJulovfla japonica, the Gifu Cho-' of the country to which it
belongs.

Japan recognises but one chief authority, the Mikado, and similarly
that country claims but one entomologist, Mr. Yiomachi Nawa, of
Gifu. True there are others who collect, but should the stranger wish
to see the recognised authority, a visit to the Nawa Entomological
Laboratory is essential. The present writer being in Kioto, Japan, on
April 7th last, determined to seethe institution in question; his experi-
ences there being some of the most charming he has yet experienced,
he has ventured to publish them on the chance of their being of
interest to others.

The town of Gifu itself is well worth a visit ; situated amongst
mountains covered with dense pine forests and blossoming cherry
trees, it presents in early spring a scene of extraordinary beauty.
Close by is the river Nagara, where, in the summer, the curious
spectacle of fishing with tame cormorants may be witnessed. Those,
also, who desire excitement have the same provided, for earthquakes
occasionally completely destroy most of the houses in the main street.

Half a mile from the hotel is the Nawa Laboratory. Mr. Nawa
and some six assistants and pupils were there to give the writer a more
than cordial welcome. First of all a fine collection of Japanese
lepidoptera was exhibited. All the specimens were nicely labelled
with dates and localities, and, in some cases, the photograph of the
captor is preserved with a great rarity. All localities were at the
stranger's disposal, and the ardent collectors were anxious to show the
writer the exact haunts of Luelidurjia jajionira and other local
specialities. Another room was filled with breeding-cages containing
larva' and pupse ; a roving larva of Papilio sarpeclon, in fact, had been
allowed to pupate on the door, not finding the scanty space originally
allowed to its taste. Outside the house we visited many acres of
growing cereals and other plants. These Mr, Nawa experiments
upon for economic purposes. The writer was presented with a very
beautiful set of photographs illustrating the life-histories of most of
the Japanese insects injurious to agriculture. Each photograph is
a small work of art in itself, and the whole collection, bound in a neat
octavo volume, must, coupled with Mr. Nawa's excellent notes, be of
immense value to the farmer and horticulturist. In the town of
Gifu there is a large building resembling a wooden warehouse, built
with the characteristic Japanese taste. " This," said Mr. Nawa, " is
the insect exhibition." It is a large buildmg completely filled with

* Cho = Butterfly, in Japanese.
September 15th, 1902.

226 THE entomologist's record.

entomological exhibits, which is financed and organised too by the
energetic Mr. Nawa and a small ring of enthusiastic followers.

A painting on wood, some three feet across, of the Gifu Cho''= (/..
japunica), and some beautiful paintings of butterflies and flowers were
specially noticeable. These are the work of Miss Nawa, Japan's
foremost lady entomologist, whose portrait is reproduced in this
number. Miss Nawa's christian name is Taka, i.e., Ladybird, her
parents thinking that the daughter of such an enthusiast as Mr. Nawa
should have an appropriate name. In England wives and daughters, so
at least it is rumoured, look upon insects as undesirable, but not so in
Gifu. Here the whole family strive to outdo each other in entomological
research.

In Japan the maxim is, " Treat your guest as you would be
treated," so in the evening the Nawa family entertained the writer at
an entomological dinner party. Seated on cushions round charcoal
braziers in the tea-house of a million pines, and eating with chop-
sticks, we did honour to the insect world. Two Geisha gi)is sang of
spring, its Howers and its insects, and we drank to the prosperity of
Japan, its flora, and its fauna, in Sake.

Lepidoptera in Haute=Savoie — Annecy, Cliavoire.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Annecy, in the Haute- Savoie, delightfully situated on the Lac
d'Annecy, at an elevation of 1470ft., is apparently, so far as can be
judged from a stay of three days, July 29th-81st, not a good centre
for lepidoptera, although, on the other hand, it would appear to be a
perfect paradise for the odonatist. The district is exceedingly fertile
and highly cultivated, factors that are against success in the pursuit of
Rhopalocera. Few examples, even of the common I'ieris rapac, are to
be seen about the cultivated grounds near the town, and it is not until
one has passed round the northern side of the lake and reached the
lucerne patches leading up to the rough lower and bushy slopes of the
Montague de Veyrier, that one really finds any lepidoptera. True, one
sees an occasional Kpineplu'lt' ianira, Cnnioni/iiijiha pcDiipJdluH, Poli/uiii-
matus icarns, and the reed patches one passes hide swarms of Hi/clro-
ccuiipa ntcKjncdis and some H. lu/mpJiaeata that come out at the least
disturbance, although the former species appears to be still more
abundant in the nettle-beds by the side of the road, which they choose
for a hiding-place, but the Wicken-like ground near the lake seems to
produce no Rhopalocera of importance. On the east side of the lake,
however, I'aiiilio pmlaliriits soon becomes a roadside insect, as also do
PoUiiiunia c-albniii, Pyfaiiwis atulanta, J^piiirp/ich' iani)a, and Poli/oiii-
viatiiH icanis, whilst between Chavoire and Veyrier the flower-heads by
the wayside abound with Anthnnria cat niolica, A. tranmlpina and A.
Jilipaidulac, and t>esia fitdlatanun flies at the flowers or buzzes up and
down the white dazzling walls, resting occasionally under the topmost
ledges for a moment before flying off again. A single badly-worn
Phiienitis ccnniUa was also observed, whilst a large brightly-coloured
form of Paninie iiiacra was in equally unsatisfactory condition. Taking
a few steps from the road upon the lucerne banks that edge the clover
fields, to the left as one approaches Chavoire, in order to reach the
rougher ground at the back, one imuiediately discovers a variety of

Lepidoptera in haute-savoie^-annecy, chavoike. 227

common species, ^'anei^sa ia, I'l/raincis canliii, Gonepteiijx r/iamni,
Kpine})luie ianira, Pieris rapae, and Mcliinariiia t/alat/iea, the commonest
perhaps on the clover-heads, whilst on the lucerne flowers on the
rou,c;h banks also Mi'lanan/iaf/alatlwa is everywhere, Poli/oDimatus corjplon
very abundant, and some examples very small, Melitaea didywa, both
sexes, but quite over, with I'aiiqihila sylvanus and TIdjuicHchs thaamas,
here, there and everywhere ; much more abundant, however, than
either, is T. actaeon, very active in the hot sun, sitting for a moment
on a lucerne head, and flitting oft' rapidly to give battle to another of
its kind, but returning again and again to nearly the same place ; the
females, however, are found to be in much better condition than the
males. Careful watch was kept, but fruitlessly, for paired examples
or for ovipositing females, a real disappointment, as information is
badly needed as to the method of oviposition of this species. Spilot/n/rus
laraterae is occasionally observed, and difficult to follow on the steep
slopes, whilst flying suddenly past is an insect one immediately
recognises as Liicania arimt, getting worn at this, with our British
experience, late date. This species flies rapidly and strongly enough
in the hot morning sun, and does not remain long at each rest, so
that it sometimes proves difficult to capture, although at other times
it is less restless and quite easily taken. The insect is apparently
scarce here, and not a single female could I detect ovipositing. Along
the edge of the tall bushes covering the upper slopes, Leptidia sinapu
flitted restlessly, settling, however, occasionally on the blossoms of
what appeared to be a species of Lat/njnts, and more frequently on the
flowers of various Cruciferous plants. The conspicuous Kveres
ar(/mdeii, with its pale underside, was observed sparingly over a bed of
vetches, and one Cnpido sebraa was also taken, both these last-named
species being of large size. Looking down into a clover field from the
slopes, one observed an Argynnid flying sparingly, and the capture of
four examples resulted in two Anp/miis aiUppe, one A. wjlaia, one A.
niobe, the three species thus occurring on the same ground. I was
a little surprised (although I suppose one ought not to have been)
to find A. niube here at so low an elevation. An unexpected flutter-
ing on a clover-head revealed a hitherto well-hidden female of
Papiliu iiiachaon of large size, several others being taken later, the
species being evidently only just out. A sudden flash of scarlet shows
that Calliinorpha hera is already on the wing, the few examples seen
being in fine condition. Enodia dri/as, males only, were also just
appearing among the long grass and the bushes. Four species of
Anthroccra — tilipe)idiilai', tranaalpina, carniolica and acliilleae — were
abundant and in fine condition on all the flower-heads, and one
is at first rather surprised to startle a large female specimen of
Hemithca strinata {thyiiiiaria) resting among the herbage on the
exposed sunny banks ; only twice have I noticed it before thus, and
then quite at the end of July, 1898, when, at Bourg St. Maurice, I
disturbed several on the rough exposed rocks where Anthrocera
piirpuralis is sometimes so abundant, and a single specimen in
August, 1897, at Lanslebourg. Fyrannta pmncealis and P. purpuralin
are not uncommon on the slopes, but Herbula cespitalis, a very
pale form, is in hundreds among the clover. Strenia datltrata is,
however, almost equally abundant in the clover fields, flying freely
all the morning and resting on the flowers; Ematurija atoniaria

228

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

is, par excellence, the insect of the slopes, this summer brood being
brightly coloured and of large size, the only English examples I know
approaching them, being some captured in the hot July of 1893, on
the chalk downs at Cuxton, and Avhich were of a similar bright colour
to these southern forms. llithyia carnella was going over, but
CleJeobia ani/iistalis was in swarms and in fine condition, whilst
Stenopterjix hijbridalis was also abundant but worn. Kuclidia (jhjphica
appears to fly with *S'. clathrata and E. atomaria all day at the flowers,
but I was astonished to notice that E. ato)naria with P. corydon was
attracted by excrement at midday. On a white saxifrage that grew
abundantly on the tops of the walls several T/ierla spini weve taken,
some worn, others in moderate condition, whilst it was strange to find
a 9 Zep/ii/rus (jiterciis adopting the same habit, though several
examples of the species were also seen on the bushes, settling on
the topmost boughs as is more usual in the species. A row of eight
bright apple-green eggs, and two laid separately, were found in a
glass-topped box with a $ T. ffpini. They were evidently butterfly
or Noctuid eggs, but knowing how easily one may be deceived as to eggs
found in this manner, I dissected a worn $ , and found that she
contained apparently similar eggs. The eggs are orange-shaped,
/.('., a sphere somewhat flattened at the apex and base, attached
firmly by the latter, and with quite three dozen well-marked
longitudinal ribs passing from the base to the micropylar area, which
is slightly flattened, and where the ribs become lost in a marked
reticulation. In two days the upper part of the egg is becoming
mottled with faint brown-red patches, chiefly in the upper area. The
egg is so dissimilar to that of T. ir-albiim that one doubts, in spite of
the similarity of the imagines, whether the species are, after all,
if these really be the eggs of 2\ ilicis, so very close. ••' A few
Aporia crataei/i were observed, all males, a*nd in spite of the late
date, not at all in bad condition ; they haunted the flowers and not
their food-plant. On the first day (July 29th) spent on these
slopes, Acidalia ochrata was quite common, the males flying freely
in the morning sun and the females easily disturbed ; on this
day no A. rufaria was seen. The next day A. ochrata was still
common, and about half-a-dozen male A. rufaria were disturbed on
the same ground. On the 31st not a single male A. ochrata was to be
found, although the weather was in every Avay suitable, and I took
what I suppposed were four females; on the other hand, many male
A. rufaria were seen ; when I examined my captures at home, I
discovered that the four supposed 5 A. ochrata were of this species,
so that I really did not get a single specimen of the former species.
It is remarkable that two such closely allied species with almost
identical habits should live on the same ground and be in the imaginal
stage at the same time, although I had noticed this to be so previously

* These eggs were sent to Mr. Dollman who wrote on August 21st: — "Tlie
illcis I cannot understand. Two of the eggs hatched the day after I received
them, and the remainder have only now darkened, but the larvte do not emerge.
The two larva were placed in oak, but would not feed. They were not like any
Thecla larvte I know. They were elongated geometrid-like things with four
claspers — a long thin body and large head — very like young Catocala fra.vini larvffi.
They also had the restless roving habit of that larva when young. Are you quite
sure the eggs are those of a TJiecla? " From this one suspects that after all the
eggs must have been those of some Geometrid-Noctua, e.g., Euclidia (jlypldca.

LEPIDOPTEEA IN HAUTE -SAVOIE ANNECY, CHAVOIRE. 229

at Aix-les-Bains, and I believe also at Bourg St. Maurice. A few male
specimens of a beautiful blood-vein, the name has escaped me for the
moment, and a few of h'libolia hipunctata were observed, and a couple of
examples of Acontia liirtiiom and one of Enntjrhia acta timet data were
taken, whilst a specimen of Afirophila trabcalis and a few males of
Heliothia fUpsacea at the flowers showed that these species were just com-
ing out. Coming down from the slopes, a piece of stubble with the clover
growth already well advanced, showed a few males of Colias edusa in
first-class condition, and a single pale yellow female, worn, ovipositing ;
a single Anii/nnis latlwnia was also apparently ovipositing in the same
field, but I failed to find her eggs. Whilst standing on the slopes a
Satyrns alcyone was attracted by my light coat, and repeatedly settled
thereon, but it insisted on settling on my back and so easily eluded the
net; a few examples caught later were very unequal in condition, some
good and others in very bad condition, although this one was
quite perfect. Colias ht/ale was almost as active as its congener, C.
ediisa, but a couple paired, the ,^ carrying the $ , were certain prey,
whilst another $ went to Mr. Dollman immediately on my return to
Annecy for him to try for ova. It is worth noticing that a fine freshly-
emerged female Tephrosia bintnrtata (civjiiixriiUiria) was taken on the
trunk of a plane tree in the Avenue du Paquier, but a close search
revealed no more. I have before stated that the odonatist would have
a good time. One vicious dragonfly was quite abundant on the road
by the lake side, but so active that, although I .knocked down one or
two, they quickly got away, and I have brought no specimen home for
recognition. I thought the insect was Cnrditlct/astfr annulatu^, but I
may have been mistaken. A beautiful blue-bodied species, Evallai/ina
(■i/athii/ernui, was exceedingly abundant on the clover fields near the
lake, mostly flying tandem in the morning sun, the ^ attached by the
last segment to the prothorax to the 5 , some, however, fully paired in
this habitat. The ? s of this species are dimorphic, one form, blue,
having a black abdomen with narrow bands and sides, the other black
with narrow green bands and sides. The immature form of this
species was sure to attract attention, occurring all over the slopes and
in the fields, its wings shimmering like molten silver in the sun as
it took short weak flights from one stem to another. A beautifully
brilliant form of the male of Caldptcri/.r splcndfiis was sunning itself
on the vine leaves.

One may add that on .July 25th, at Aix-les-Bains, insects were
fearfully backward and rare, and one suspects that the cold weather
we experienced in Britain, in spring and early summer, has been
general over most of south-eastern Europe. Mdauayi/ia (/alat/ica in good
condition, Knodia liypcrantJms and KpiiiepJiclc tithojiits only just out,
the second broods of Lcptidia sinapis, ('ulias hijalc and Melitaea n'n.cia
represented by two or three specimens only, and a single example of
what I have always supposed to be M. athaiia, instead of the swarms of
these species usual at the end of July, were all in the nature of an
unsatisfactory surprise. The second brood of C/iri/sopJianus don'lis
was well out, and a single <y of Polyovimatua bcllaryiis. The
Anthrocerids were all remarkably scarce compared with their usual
amazing abundance here, whilst many generally common species
were not seen at all.

230 THE entomologist's eecord.

The Tettigidae of North America '.

By MALCOLM BUEE, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

In a great work, published twenty years ago, Brunner von
Wattenwy] remarked, apropos of the Tetthiidae, that a very great
variety of exotic forms was known, but that the family was in a
chaotic state, and a monograph was badly needed. Writing ten years
later, the same author, referring to the monograph of Bolivar, which
had appeared in the meantime, said that it left nothing to be desired.
The immiense progress made by Bolivar may be realised when we
compare the number of species known to Still in 1873 ; the Swedish
orthopterist only knew seventeen, from every part of the world, but
Bolivar describes no less than two hundred and twenty-one. But the
Spanish naturalist had but a poor collection of North American forms
before him, and was only familiar with a small percentage of the
species occurring in the Nearctic Region, and so. through inadequate
material, he was unable to deal thoroughly with the Tettii/idae of that
part of the world. But an occasional contributor to this magazine
has recently given us the results of nine years devoted to this
interesting family, and his work deals with ninety species, distributed
through twenty-one genera, which form the Tettigid fauna of North
America.

The book is beautifully got up and extremely well illustrated, and,
what is perhaps even more important, deals not only with the purely
systematic arrangement, but gives a large amount of information
concerning the bionomics of these interesting little grasshoppers.

The author, in giving an account of the various names applied to
the group, does not follow Kirby and Kirkaldy in adopthig Acri/diiiui
(Geoffroy, 1762), nor Ijidla (Linne, 1764), nor yet Tutrix (Latreille,f
1804), but the more familiar and generally adopted Tetti.v, as written
by Charpentier in 1841. Dr. Hancock adopts the division of Bolivar
into seven sections, of which four are represented in North America,
namely, Cladonotinae, Mt'trodnrinae, Tetti'ninoe, and Batrachidinae.
The curious Cladonotinae, with their remarkable leaf-life development
of the pronotum are I'epresented by seven species, of which all are
confined to the West Indies excepting Tjilotcttix siniiatits, Morse, from
Nicaragua. Of the Metnidorinar, three species (and three genera)
described by Morse, are all from Nicaragua ; it is the typical section,
Tettit/inac, however, which is best represented ; there are sixty-four species
ranged through eleven genera. The genus Tctti.r, itself, with its nineteen
North American species is divided into three groups, the " (/rantdatus
group," " ornatiis group," and " arrnofiiis group." The commonest
species appears to be Trttiv ornatiix, Harris, to which the original
describer himself gave five names, deceived by the remarkable colour
variation, a phenomenon which is familiar to all British orthopterists
who have collected our common Tctti.r hipiinetatiia, L. ; a note on the
habits of this " grouse-locust " is appended to the description ; among
eight specimens captured on a single spot, on " sandy soil, where the
light vegetable mould was sprinkled with fine gravel," six different

*The Tettifiidae of Nurtli America, by Joseph Lane Hancock, with seven plates
and many text figures by the author, Chicago; published by special grant of Mrs.
Frank Logan, 1902.

* Misspelt by Hancock, Latraille.

THE TETTIGID^ OF NORTH AMERICA. 231

aberrations were found. Another common species seems to be Tettix
triawiularu, Scudder, which differs but slightly from the preceding
species, with which, according to Hancock, it interbreeds ; the
distribution of the two forms is the same, but, in certain localities in
Illinois and Wisconsin, T. trianijidari^i is commoner; and " the numeri-
cal relation between the two forms reaches about fifteen to one."

Paratettix, Bolivar, which is represented in Europe by the single
species P. weridinnalix, has no less than fifteen in North America.
According to Hancock they are " unusually aquatic, the expanded
tibias acting in a measure as paddles for swimming." Of the
Batrachidinae, there are four genera, of which Paxilla, Bob,
Plectronotus, Morse, and Scaria, Bob, have only a single species each,
but Tettii/idae, Scudd., has twenty-two.

A noteworthy part of this book consists of the various notes on the
habits and manner of life of the Tcttii/idac. They are remarkable for their
variability, and are well known to have habits very different from those
of other Orthoptera ; many are known to have aquatic or semi-aquatic
habits, and our common English species differ from our other grass-
hoppers in hibernating, so that adult forms can be found in the spring
before other grasshoppers are out of the egg. Their protective colouring
is remarkable and is well illustrated by a photograph of nine specimens
mounted upon a single card, all of which were taken at the same time
and on the same spot by the author. One of the most interesting
points in connection with their habits is their food. Dr. Hancock
tells us that they feed upon the vegetable mould or decomposing soil,
sometimes mixed with algve, or on the lichens, mosses, tender sprouting
grasses, sedges, germinating seeds of plants and d/'bris found in such
situations. " Particularly sought after are morsels of the various
coloured surface clays and black muck consisting of rich vegetable
mould " ; a microscopic examination of the contents of their stomach
showed numbers of mould spores and algi'e mixed with particles of
quartz sand. (See a note by the same author in this magazine, vol.
X., pp. 6-7, 1898, " The Food Habits of the Tettigida?.") ' This is an
unusual dietary for Orthoptera, which are generally purely vegetable
feeders, though a considerable number are carnivorous, but it is much
doubtful if any other forms are so omnivorous as the TettUiidae, so as
to actually eat mud and mould. A figure in the text shows that the
female Tctti.r lays her eggs in much the same way as other Acridian
Orthoptera as described by Riley. It appears that they migrate in
the autumn, and local flights of considerable extent have been
recorded ; " in north-eastern Illinois, during sudden storms, multitudes
are blown into Lake Michigan," from which they usually escape owing
to their semi-aquatic habits ; in the Ann'riran Xatiiridist, 1894, p. 488,
the same author gives a short account of an unusual flight of Tcttii/idae
lati'irdis, Say. Another point in which the " grouse locusts," as they are
often called in North America, are peculiar, is that instead of copulating
in the late summer, as do most Orthoptera, at least in England, so leav-
ing the ova in the ground through winter, the Tetthiidac copulate in the
spring, and the young larvse are hatched out in the summer, becoming
adult in the late summer or autumn ; Dr. Hancock describes their
copulatoi'y habits, which, at least in Tettvjidac, resemble those of a
frog ; the male rides about on the female's back, unless dislodged by a
vigorous jump, and the two sexes often stay together for some days

232 THE entomologist's record.

at a time. One remarkable fact established by the author, is that
polyandi'y exists among them and " forms an important factor in
accounting for variations."

Several pages are devoted to descriptions of the ova, ecdyses,
phylogeny as suggested by metamorphoses, their enemies, both internal
and external, and to the external anatomy, which is described in some
detail.

A kind of appendix, from page 167 to page 185, is occupied by a
series of notes on " Vivarium Experiments " ; we find a large number
of notes with such titles as " Habits in confinement" ; " Fifteen in a
hrood oi Tetti^i^ ornattis" : "Males weaker than females"; "Third
ecdysis of T. ornatns, growth depends on food supply " ; " T. oniatus,
fifteen days incubation " ; " T. urnatiis, hatching in June comes to
maturity in August" ; " Oviposition of T. ornatna" : " T. oruattis and
2\ triannidaris in conjugation . . . . "; " Expulsion of faeces by
means of hind tibia"; " Tettigids play in the sunshine, trying their
wings"; " Mutilation not inherited in the offspring . . . ."; "Deformity
of the tibifie in Tcttii/idae newly-born . . . . " ; and so on,
forming an interesting list of notes taken upon the habits of several
species of Tettiijidcu' kept under observation in captivity, with dates of
their exclusion, ecdyses, copulation, the whole series of experiments
forming an excellent example to British orthopterists who may well
make up for the poverty of the fauna which they have to study, by
more thoroughly examining from every point of view, the few species
which come in their way.

Migration and Dispersal of Insects: Social Insects— Hymenoptera,

Termites.

By J. W. TITT, F.E.S.

Hudson says {Ent. Mu. May., xxvi., p. 23) that, in New Zealand,
when he has observed the annual flights of Atta antaictica there, he
has heard the peculiar " humming in the air," described by White of
Selborne, very distinctly, and has little doubt that the sound which so
puzzled the renowned naturalist was caused by a migration of ants in
the higher regions of the atmosphere. This species, which is very
abundant on the hills round Wellington, performs its annual flight
with great regularity. On April 1st, 1888, enormous numbers of the
(J s were observed flying about over a very large extent of country.
. The same phenomenon was exactly repeated on May 31st,
1889, when the ants were, if anything, even more abundant. Both
days were calm and sunny, and no doubt this species takes advantage
of the flne weather that usually prevails about this time to perform
its annual migrations. Hudson considers that the " stocks " of the
several nests must be completely mixed up by the process, and con-
siders it remarkable that the males and females should escape simul-
taneously from the different nests over so wide an area. Another New
Zealand observer, W. W. Smith, writing in September, 1890, says
{loc. cit,, pp. 321-322) that, before the time for the swarming and
migration of Tetrainuriuiti nitidinn, a very minute species of ant,
in that year, he Avrote to several friends in different parts of
Canterbury requesting them to keep a strict lookout for any flights
of insects that might to appear in their districts, at the same

MIGEATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS : HYMENOPTERA, TERMITES. 233

time asking them if such occurred to capture a few specimens
and send them to him. From two correspondents living thirteen
miles apart, some specimens of this ant were received, together with
interesting letters describing two large swarms. These were : —

(1) A great flight, observed on March 2nd, near the Eangitata Gorge.

(2) Another large flight, observed on March 10th, at Mount Somers.
A small swarm was also observed on ]\Iarch 12th near Ashburton. No
one, says this observer, who has not seen a flight of T. nitidnm, could
imagine the vast numbers that constitute it. This insect invariably
migrates in calm and sultry weather, as it would be quite impossible
for this minute and delicate species to do so during the slightest motion
of the air. The last great flight observed moved very slowly on its
course, whilst the "hum" or motion of the wings was only slightly
audible. Great numbers rested on a wire fence for a few seconds, but
again rose and joined the swarm, their minute hyaline wings, while
resting, sparkling with iridescent hues in the sunlight.

The abundance of winged ants at certain seasons of the year, and
their movement to considerable distances may possibly be due to the
necessity for cross-fertilisation. Their ordinary habits tend to keep
them well within the limits of their own community ; but at the times
they perform their annual migrations the ants from various nests
must be pretty well mixed up. The life of a male ant is a very short
one, and after fertilisation has been effected the female ant loses her
wings. The tendency of the males and females to leave the same
nest at different times also supports this view. But, apart from
this annual dispersal of the newly-emerged males and females
that regularly takes place, there is some little evidence that even the
wingless forms migrate considerable distances. Darwin describes the
movements of a Brazilian ant which migrates in large numbers. He
writes: "One day, at Bahia, my attention was drawn by observing
many spiders, cockroaches, and other insects, with some lizards, rush-
ing in the greatest agitation across a bare piece of ground. A little
way behind, every stalk and leaf was blackened by a small ant. The
swarm having crossed the bare space, divided itself and descended an
old wall. By this means many insects were fairly enclosed, and the
efforts which the poor little animals made to extricate themselves from
such a death were wonderful. When the ants came to the road they
changed their course, and, in narrow files, reascended the wall. Having
placed a small stone so as to intercept one of the lines, the whole body
attacked it and then immediately retired. Shortly afterwards, another
body came to the charge, and, again having failed to make any
impression, this line of march was given up. By going an inch round
the file might have avoided the stone, and this doubtless would have
happened, if it had been originally there, but, having been attacked,
the lion-hearted little warriors scorned the idea of yielding."
Although Darwin considered these ants were migrating, there is
nothing to show that they were not on a simple foraging expedition.
Reference should be made here to Bates' account of the Ecitons [Sat.
on the Amazons, pp. 360 et sefj,).

The movements of Hymenoptera which we have described, may,
so far as they constitute a change of habitat, be called migrating
movements, but they are scarcely to be compared with the migrations
over large areas, which we_ have considered in relation to locusts,

234 THE entomologist's eecoed.

dragonflies, butterflies and moths. Winged ants, as we have seen,
collect in vast numbers when they first emerge, and it seems to be a
general habit among many species to disperse as quickly as possible,
and to get as far away as may be from the spot where they themselves
have been reared. The necessity of this is self-evident, if the reason
we have previously suggested be the correct one, viz., that crossing
between the inhabitants of different nests may occur, for the males are
exceedingly short-lived and the females lose their wings as soon as
fertilisation has taken place. There seems, however, to be a possi-
bility of confusion between the different phenomena here presented.
The Driver ants {Anow)i)a) seem to have no fixed homes, but to live
in a constant state of migration, en masse, and simply moving in
search of food. Colonies of Fonnicidae or Mj/rmicidae only occasion-
ally shift their quarters en )))asse (sometimes more than once in a
season, at others not for years), and then merely because the old
quarters have become for some reason inconvenient, and does not
result in the establishment of fresh communities like the " swarm-
ings " of Apis nielli nca, or the autumnal dispersal of fecundated J
ants after the nuptial swarming. In the latter case the original com-
munity remains, the old queens having long ago lost their wings,
whilst each fresh queen that is successful starts a new community
elsewhere. The comparatively few species of social wasps and bees
{B(i)itbiis) do not exactly " swarm " like ants, i.('., there is no collective
exodus of all the males and females on one day, still it seems that,
after fecundation, their females disperse to various quarters and start
new colonies, each separately, next spring, the old colony perishing
entirely at the approach of winter. The solitary bees and wasps do
not properly swarm at all. They appear, it is true, in multitudes, at
certain times and places, possibly not from any instinct to congregate,
but simply from the simultaneous birth of many individuals from
eggs laid together under favourable conditions, the individuals com-
prising such pseudo-swarms proceeding to copulate and nidificate at
no distance from their own birth-places, forming as it were a sort of
colony, which is, however, in no sense a true community, but merely
a number of individuals living side by side, so long as conditions are
favourable, but breaking up as soon as they cease to be so, choosing a
new place, where, by chance, some of its members may find them-
selves together again, the movement being individual and not collec-
tive, a totally different phenomenon from the collective migration of
a society, or from the movements resulting in the production of new
societies by the dispersal of founder-queens. The fossorial hymen-
optera, Chrysids, &c., never really migrate collectively ; they simply
abound, apparently, but not really, swarming, wherever the environ-
ment is favourable. They appear to be found in aggregations not
congregations. The migrations of Tenthredinidae possibly mean little
more than exceptional abundance locally, the swarm being transported
mechanically, but, here, as with the movements of aphides en masse,
more evidence is necessary. The swarming of Ajiis melli/iea in con-
finement appears to be a real instinctive phenomenon, due to the stock
outgrowing its hive ; but there seems no reason why, if a colony have
the' power to extend its quarters ad intinitidii, these should swarm at all.
]\Iorice, to whom we are indebted for the above suggestions, says
{in litt.) : "On the whole, I believe that migration proper plays

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OP INSECTS '. HYMENOPTERA, TERMITES. 235

a very small part, if any, in the dispersal of hymenoptera.
Generally, I think, they spread by a very slow and gradual process of
multiplication over suitable regions, each individual travelling in the
course of its life a very little way from its own birthplace, and laying
in the course of its restricted wanderings an egg here and an egg there
where suitable opportunity offers. Sometimes local circumstances
greatly quicken this process, e.q., when a freshly exposed sandbank at
once receives a great overflow of common Andrenidac and Fossors
with their parasites from sandbanks hard by, or when a particular
condition of weather tempts the Tenthredinidae imagines to ramble
further than usual from their own food-plant to other specimens of it
in the neighbourhood, so that the larva? next season appear on twenty
trees or bushes instead of one. But all this seems to me quite uncon-
nected with a true ' migratory instinct,' and even true migratory
instincts seem to include diverse kinds. I see little or no analogy
between the Bedouin movements of an army of driver ants, the multi-
plication of Foiiiiim colonies by dispersal of fecundated queens, and
the departure of an Ajm swarm from quarters that can no longer
contain it. Of course, in a sense, every shifting of its quarters by an
insect is a ' migration.' But it is one thing if I move from this house
to one in the next road for personal or family reasons, and another if
I get up a colony of fellow Britons to settle in Rhodesia for ' imperial '
reasons of policy. This seems to me more or less parallel to the
difference between the migrations of insects with communal instincts
and insects without them. The migrations of birds, as far as I
understand them, have nothing in common with anything known to
me in the Hymenoptera. Hence I am rather unwilling to use the
word ' migration ' at all in connection with Hymenoptera, lest it
should suggest analogies that do not exist."

The termites or white ants as they are almost every where popularly
called, have no real affinity with the true ants, indeed, there are
scarcely any two divisions of insects more widely different than the
true ants and the white ants. In spite of this great difference,
however, both groups lead a social life, and there is much analogy
between their habits. The swarming, if not the actual migration of
termites, has been frequently recorded. Burrows states that he
remembers well the curious swarming of the Natal termites, the clouds
of flying insects and the ground littered with the detached wings.
One corner of a field was one day quite white with detached wings.
The females fly for a while then settle and deliberately bite or shake oft'
their wings. In America a flight of Termes morio was reported by
Bickford, from Texas, as occurring on July 16th, 1891 {Insect Life,
iv., p. 146). They came from an easterly direction and flew from
ten to twenty feet above the grass. This observer also mentions that,
after a time, some of the specimens lost their wings. Both of these
are reports of swarms on a comparatively small scale. Hagen has
given {Proc. Bost. Soc, xx., 1878, p. 118) particulars of a swarm of
another species, Termes flavipes, in Massachusetts, in which the insects
formed a dark cloud, and were accompanied by no less than fifteen
species of birds, some of which so gorged themselves that they were
unable to close their beaks. The termite economy is such that swarms
similar to those just described are being continually given off. Vast
numbers of superfluous individuals are produced in almost every

236 THE entomologist's recoed.

nest, and these, when they reach the winged state, leave the parent
community in a manner similar to the cases already described.

Until quite recently it was generally considered that swarming
probably took place, as in the case of true ants, in order (1) to increase
the number of communities, and (2) to promote cross-fertilisation
between the males and females of different communities, but recent
observers (among others Grassi) believe that this is not so, and that
the superfluous individuals which leave a colony are entirely destroyed
by various enemies of the termites. Fritz Miiller goes so far as to
assert that, in the case of the majority of species known to him, the
founding of a colony by means of a pair from a swarm would be just about
as practicable as to establish a new colony of human beings by placing
a couple of newly-born babes on an uninhabited island. Yet Sharp
says {Camhridije Natural Hiatori/, Insects, i., p. 36-1) that, "after the
winged insects leave the colony, they associate themselves in pairs,
each of which should, if all goes well, start a new colony ; " and he
further adds : " It is not improbable that Smeathmann may be
correct, and that, in the case of some species, mature individuals may
re-enter the nest after swarming and become royal couples. On the
whole, however, it appears probable that communities of long standing
are kept up by the substitution royalty system, and that new
communities, when established, are usually founded by a pair from a
swarm, which, at first, are not in that completely helpless condition to
which they come when they afterwards reach the state of so-
called royalty. Grassi's observations as to the sources of food
remove, in fact, one of the difficulties that existed previously in
regard to the founding of new colonies, for we now know that a
couple may possibly bear with them a sufficient supply of proctodseal
and stomodacal aliment to last them till workers are hatched to feed
them, and till soldiers are developed and the community gradually
assumes a complex condition. Professor Perez has recently obtained
the early stages of a community gradually from a winged pair, after
they had been placed in captivity unattended by workers. Miiller's
observation (previously quoted), is no doubt correct in relation to royal
pairs after they have been such for some time ; but that helplessness
is itself only gradually acquired by the royal pair who are, at first,
able to shift for themselves and produce a few workers without any
assistance." This conclusion of Sharp's appears to us to be the most
logical one that could possibly be formed in the present state of our
knowledge, and, if it be correct, it results that the cause and result of
the swarming and migration of the termites are, indeed, very closely
analogous to the same phenomena as observed in the true ants. This
is also the view of Bates, who notes {yatiiraliat on tJie Amazons,
p. 110) of the Brazilian termites which he found at Caripi, that
" the white ant is endowed with wings simply for the purpose of flying
away from the colony, peopled by its wingless companions, to pair
with individuals of the same or other colonies, and thus propagate and
disseminate its kind. The winged individuals are males and females,
whilst the great bulk of their wingless fraternity are of no sex, but are
of two castes, soldiers and workers, which are restricted to the functions
of building the nests, nursing, and defending the young brood. The
two sexes mate whilst on the ground after the wings are shed ; and
then the married couples, if they escape the numerous enemies which

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF AGLIA TAU. 237

lie in wait for them, proceed to the task of founding new colonies.
Ants and white ants have much that is analogous in their modes of
life. They belong, however, to two widely-different orders of insects,
strongly contrasted in their structure and manner of growth."

Notes on the life=history of Aglia tau.

By ARTHUR W. BACOT, F.E.S.

Ovum (April 25th, 1900). — The ovum varies greatly in length and
colour, from pale Avhitish-yellow to dark red-brown. Shape, a blunt-
ended oval, almost circular in cross-section, i.e., a cylinder with
rounded ends. There is great disparity in size, and occasionally the eggs
are bent and flattened on sides (oval section), giving them much the
appearance of a French bean. The sizes of three measured work out
as follows : —

Length. Breadth. Thickness.

•llinp. -OGins. -Oooins.

•075ms. •0675ins. -OSins.

•115ins. -OGins. -OGins.

The last of these was straight, surface much wrinkled, and pale
orange in colour. The surface is minutely pitted, and has traces of a
fairly large, but very faint, cell reticulation. Scattered either singly
or in little detached groups, much as the] Smerinthid eggs are in
captivity.

Habits of young larv.e. — The larvte live solitarily, rest on the
underside of a leaf in the " Sphinx " position, and move little, though
occasionally they may be seen crawling along the twigs of leaf-stalks.
Their habits agree closely with those of young larva; of Mimas tiliae or
SpJiinx li(/tistri.

Description of young larva (May 15th, 1901). — 1st skin (well-
grown in 1st stadium) about twice length of newly-hatched larva.
The habits are almost the same as those of a young Sphingid larva,
('.//., Ji. tiliae or S. liijustri, resting on underside of leaf, sluggish, and
moving little, adopting the "Sphinx" attitude when not actually
feeding. In feeding it only exposes its head, working in the gap it eats,
its body concealed, looked at from above, by the leaf. The larvas
already show traces of the habit of withdrawing head beneath the
prothorax. Head rounded, but with a tendency to flattening at top
and sides ; slightly depressed or notched at crown ; colour pale
creamy white, with a broad band of pale red-brown over crown and
down sides ; the clypeal suture also bordered Ijy a broad band of
same colour ; surface smooth, but not shiny, and under microscope (1"
objective) is seen to be spotted with dark on pale ground ; hairs
scattered, pale and transparent, looking finely thorned or serrated.
7jo(/// cylindrical, plump, and stout for length, with deeply-cut
segmental divisions ; the larva tapers forward from metathorax to
head, and backwards from 1st alodominal to anus, the 7th and 8th
abdominals being noticeably smaller than the other abdominal seg-
ments, 9 and 10 are also rather more dwarfed than usual ; colour
bright apple-green, rather paler and duller on the ventral area, with a
raised and paler-coloured prominent lateral flange ; prolegs almost
colourless, but brown at foot, legs also pale and semitransparent

238 THE entomologist's record.

looking ; traces of seven oblique stripes are present and have a head to
anus slope ; they start at dorsal tubercle i and end at level of spiracle (just
above lateral flange) near the hinder edge of the next following
segment ; divisions of segments very deeply marked ; subdivisions are
rather obscure, but I think there are four on each abdominal segment.
The noticeable parti-coloured forked horns are apparently develop-
ments of the fleshy bases of the tubercles. That on the anal segment
is apparently a development of the anal plate itself, and not forked.
A pair are situated on the prothorax, a very tall, large, and widely-
forked pair on the metathorax, and a large single central unpaired
one on the 8th abdominal. The small unforked one on the anal seg-
ment is also central. These horns are very formidable-looking, being
widely forked, and covered with smaller lateral branches, having, as
have the upper forks, hairs at their extremities, the branches on lower
half being almost equal to the forks at top in size. The horns are
rendered more prominent on account of their divergent colouring, the
lower half of the thoracic and the 8th abdominal horns and the whole of
the anal one being coral red. A band equal to about ^ to ^ is white
and the upper portion and forks are coral red. When the larva is in
the resting-position, they would most certainly protect it from the
attacks of parasites that wanted to oviposit on it, as owing to the
" Sphinx " attitude the thoracic horns protect the whole dorsal area, but
this probably is quite unnecessary for a small newly-hatched larva,
at any rate m its first stadium, but possibly they were an important
defence to the adult larva in past ages, and have now been forced
back into an earlier stadium by the acquisition of newer and better
protective characters. The four thoracic and 8th abdominal horns
are all developments of the Heshy base of i. This tubercle, on all
other segments than those producing these enormous horns (they are
quite half the length of the larva when it first emerges from the egg), is
developed into a sufficiently remarkable, fleshy, branching horn, not,
however, distinctively coloured ; each branch gives rise to a single hair
(so that we must consider i as bearing several hairs) ; there are about
three large branches to each horn (tubercle i), and from three to six
smaller ones varying from short branches to highly-developed hair-
bases. The hairs themselves are covered with minute, closely-set thorns,
and are, in some instances, bihd at tip ; ii is a small, single-haired,
Heshy-based tubercle, on all the thoracic, as well as abdominal, segments,
as far as 8th. On the segments that bear horns, however, ii is really
on base of horns, nearly the whole of the dorsal area of segment
being utilised in the base of these projections. I think I should omit
the prothorax as regards ii, as I doubt the hairs on posterior bases of
horns bearing any close analogy to ii on other segments. Abdominal
segments 9 and 10 both have a pair of the small tubercle i horns,
showing clearly that the central anal horn differs from all, save possibly
the prothoracic pair, in being developed independently of i. The horn
on the 8th abdominal is a development of both anterior trapezoidals
(i) combined, and is probably in some form or other a much earlier
development than the thoracic horns, which are evolved one from each
anterior trapezoidal (i). Another difference between that on the 8th
abdominal and thoracic horns is that the forks of the thoracic are front
and back on prothoracic, and nearly soon metathoracic horns, although
here thev fork somewhat at an angle to the median line of larva ; on bth

COLEOPTERA.

2Sd

abdominal the forks are right and left, not front and back. Tubercle iii is a
two-haired wart, and shows well the evolution of the branching horn, as
the two hairs are each on tall, fleshy, cone-shaped tubercles, and the
raised skin area which they occupy in common is already developed
into a circular mound or low horn ; iii is, of course, not nearly so
large as i is normally on the abdominal segments ; iv and v are both on
the lateral flange ; iv almost as directly beneath the small white spiracle,
as iii is above it ; iv is a two-haired tubercle, similar to, but not quite so
large as iii ; v is slightly prespiracular, but still very close to iv ; v is
single-haired, but larger than ii. There are a few additional hairs
present, notably one between i and iii, and another at about same level
or slightly lower behind it. There are two small hairs some distance
apart on lateral flange in front of v and another behind iv, also a very
small slender hair above lateral flange just over v. These extra
tubercles are all single-haired and very small. As the 1st skin of Ai/lia
tan is evidently, on the face of it, far removed from a primitive one, and
is almost certainly a highly specialised adult (larval) development
forced back to an earlier ontogenetic stage, these few extra tubercles,
though not without significance, must not be used as if of the same
value as additional set* in a generalised first stage.

(To be continued.)

<irOLEOPTERA.

Abundance of Lytta vesicatoria near Dover. — -When in the
country near Dover last June, I noticed hundreds of examples of L.
i-exicatoria flying in the hot sun round and settling on the outer leaves of
an ash tree [Fraxinm excehior). The tips of the outer leaflets all round
the tree (which was a large one) were in shreds, eaten by the beetles.
The ground underneath the tree was covered with frass, and the air
was impregnated by the odour emitted by the beetles, and noticeable
some yards away. There were other ash trees in the vicinity, but it
was only round this particular one that the beetles seemed to assemble.
— H. D. Stockwell, 2, Albert Koad, Dover.

Protective coloration of Chrysumela cerealis. — The distinctive
coloration of Chnjsoinela cerealis must be of considerable protective value
to it, from birds, in its natural habitat. Mounted in the cabinet it appears
unduly conspicuous, but insects kept in captivity in a seed-pan of wild
thyme are exceedingly difficult to find. The insects feed in the very
early morning for the most part, sometimes at night, and when
the thyme is freshly sprayed their bright colouring exactly har-
monises with the little glistening drops of water (i.e., dew in their
native habitat) on the bright pink stalks and rich green leaves of the
food-plant. In fact, until you hunt the roots of the thyme or move the
stones and thus disturb them, the beetles are generally safe from
observation even in so restricted a space. — J. Burgess Sopp, 104,
Liverpool Road, Birkdale.

A FEW notes on Coleoptera in thk west coast of Ireland. — In
June last my friends, Messrs. Douskell and Kaye, and myself, took one
of the lodges at Rossbeigh, Dingle Bay, co. Kerry, for that month and
as far as the weather would permit, we explored the surrounding country
for insects (Mr. Kaye being after lepidoptera only). The full account

240 The entomologist's record.

of our trip with a complete list of the species captured daring our stay
will appear in the Irish Naturalist later on, when all the doubtful
species are worked out. In the meantime a short account of some of
the best of the coleoptera taken may be useful here. We were very
glad to take a series of the fine L'arabus dathratus, it was found on
marshy and boggy ground at the foot of Carrantual and other moun-
tains, Carrantual being an additional locality to the Irish list." It
is a very handsome insect as it runs over very wet places in the sun-
shine. A number of jet black forms of Carabm (jramdatus were taken
under stones, etc., on the mountains about. In the Irish list it is said to
vary '■ from dull bronze to brilliant green," and Fowler (Col. Brit, hies,
vol. i., p. 9) says "almost black; " our specimens, however, are abso-
lutely black without any metallic reflection whatever. One of the
features which struck us was the number of species of which melanic
forms were observed. Fterostichiis rersicolor, jet black, Ainara pleheia,
Anchninenus ridnus (not the var. woestits in one instance, but quite
black), P/n/lln/icrtha linrtiada, etc. Blethisa widti punctata mentioned
as "rare" in the Irish list was taken in marshy places. Anisodacti/lus
bi)iotatus var. spurcaticornis, occasionally on roads. I'ternsticJnis rersi-
color very plentiful on roads, a very variable series, the black form
being most frequent. Trech us lapidosus, under stones or in the clay at the
foot of the cliff, about a dozen specimens w^ere taken. In the Irish
list it is recorded as "rare," and it is further stated that in most of
the localities mentioned "only single specimens were met with."
Perilejitus areolatus. — This species is a very interesting addition to the
Irish beetle fauna. It was found in some numbers among the shingle on
the banks of the Sheen river. It has been recorded heretofore in Great
Britain from Lancashire, North Wales, and the Solway district of Scot-
land, but is always considered a rare insect. TacJn/porus for)nosus. —
Swept rather freely oii' herbage down a chine. In the Irish list it says the
previous records of this species require contirmation. The variety ciliaris,
Steph., of Creopldlus ma.villosus wsis not uncommon under dead birds
and carrion. Stajdnjlinus imhescens, ertjtJiropterus, and caesareus
occurred not uncommonly on roads, t 'occinella 1 1 -punctata var. coufiuens
(see I'^nt. Record, anted p. 99) occurred in numbers on the sandhills in a
similar place to that in which the Kev. Canon Cruttwell took them in
Galway, it was in our case accompanied by the type. The larvae were
feeding on Aphis on Lotus cinnieulatus. Ajdiodius depressus. — The
aberration with the red elytra Avas taken in sheep's dung on Carrantual.
FAater poiuonae [ininiatus, Gorham) is, perhaps, our most remarkable
addition to the Irish list, as it is apparently confined to the New Forest
in Great Britain. Several specimens were taken. Hylecoctus derwes-
tuides.- — This interesting beetle is also an addition to the Irish list. It
was taken out of birch and Hying. Its other British haunts are
Sherwood Forest, Cannock Chase, near Manchester, and Scotch High-
lands, rare. Lenia scj)te)itri<)nis, Weise. — A series was swept oft" Li/thruni
in one field near us. This is its first record for Kerry. That the Irish
species is sepitentrionis and not erichsoni, as it used to be considered, is
probably correct, but we cannot agree with Mr. Champion that the
Irish species is the same as that found in England (see Ent. Mo. Mai/.,

* " A List of the Beetles of Ireland," reviewed elsewhere in this magazine.

COLKOPTEKA. 241

1897, xxxiii., pp. 185-136) not only is the colour of the thorax black

in the Irish species and bhie in the English, but the English is shorter
and broader, and all the coleopterists to whom we have shown the two
forms quite agree with us, that they are distinct species. In our
opinion the English form is the true erich>i(>ni, Huti'r. The Kuglish
species is very rare, only three specimens being known. The siiocinum
which started the question was taken by us at Ry(d in 1S97. PlnilLmbrta
raiuf rolls. — This rare species was swept in the same field as the preceding,
only one specimen has been recorded before from Ireland (Armagh).
(Hinorliaia iiniliilata was beaten ott' birch, only one specimen has been
taken i)efore in Ireland (Kenmare). — Hor.vck St. J. K. Donisthorpe,
i'\Z.S., F.E.S., 58, Kensington Mansions, South Kensington.

CoLEOPTERA IN ScoTLAND. — January and February this year were
marked by excessive and continued cold, so outdoor work was impos-
sible, and my first outing, after the flood workings in January, was a
Saturday afternoon, on the bleak exposed moor near Leadburn, on the
road to Peebles, about the middle of March. I took my water-net,
but the result was very poor. A(/abi(-s hijnistKlatiis, L., was common,
and single specimens of I h/ilraiKn-iis mclaiiariiis, Sturm., and ll.tristis,
Pk., turned up, but nothing else worth noticing. Out of haystack
refuse, Oxijpoila opaca, Clr., and TailiUins ((illarix, Gr., were sifted, and
from under bark of beech trees came Dromins (U/ilis, F., and f'/iyl/a-
treta amiulata, Kuts. During the early part of April I was too busy
with examination work to spare time for entomology, and the latter
part of the month was spent in England. Edinburgh, like the rest
of the kingdom, had a cold, wet, inclement May, and only once was I
able to get out. I went to Aberlady on the 2nd, there was hardly a
trace of the belated spring, so I found very few insects. On the sand-
hills, under stones, Harpalits ptincticollis, Pk., and Philont/inn rcnialis,
Gr., the latter a scarce insect at all times, put in an appearance, and
by fishing with the net in a shallow ditch overgrown with weeds, I
secured llhantm e.rolctiis, Forst., before a heavy hail and rain storm
forced me to make a hasty stampede for cover. A small stream enters
the Forth at this point, and by searching on the undersides of stones
taken out of it I found h'luiis aciwus, Miill., very commonly, with a
few specimens of K. cuprt'iis, jMiill., and floating in the stream I
picked up a single Fhi/llutifta twuiuniin, L. With June, more genial
weather conditions began to assert themselves, and, as a result, more
frequent excursions were made, and many good things began to
appear. On June 10th, near Polmont, Telrphorns obscurus, L., was
beaten fairly commonly out of hawthorn blossom, while from general
sweeping, in a piece of rough ground much overgrown with hawthorn
and bramble, the following were obtained : — L hyllobius oblowinx, L.,
this insect occurred by hundreds in one very restricted spot (Canon
Fowler only gives Moray and Solway districts for it) ; P. ciridicollis,
¥., off" nettles ; Hah/zia IS-'itittata, L., Dr. Sharp says this latter
insect is rare in Ihe Solway, Tweed and Forth districts, but 1 have
generally captured it wherever I have been if there were any fir trees ;
near Perth it is certainly common ; Aiiapliis /iluHtaris, iS'aez., off"
birch; Ordirstrs Jiijii, L., and ( 'iiitltDrhipichus ctintractiis, Marsh.
On Saturday, June llth, 1 made the first of several visits to one of
the most romantic and beautiful spots near Edinburgh, the lovely
glen of the North Esk, between llawthoniden and Koslin. Here

242 THE entomologist's reooRd.

entomological labours wei-e suspended for a while, and some of the
beauties of a spot hallowed by generations of pilgrims were explored ;
the grand old tree, l)eneath whose shade tradition asserts Ben Jonson
and J^rummond sat and talked, the caves where Robert Bruce hid, and
many another memento of by-gone days in the stormy and ever-
fascinating histoi-y of Scotland. Time slipped quickly by on that
suuny morning as I sat on a platform at the back of the old mansion
looking up the glen, the trees on the steep banks clad in the most
exquisite green, and the river, far below, brawling over its stony bed,
its water glistening in the bright sunlight, as fair and beautiful a
scene as one could wish to see. When I returned in the evening my
bag was as satisfactory as the memories of that never-to-be-forgotten
walk. .Just outside the lodge gates of Hawthornden I swept off
Alliuria ojjidnaUs, Cfiithniin/nc/nis ryanipenni^. Germ., quite common,
(\ (jiiadridi'vs, Pz., and (\ liHlrirol/ifi, Gyll., also P/ii/llntreta neninrum,
L., and P. undidata, Kuts., the latter in this case was the commoner
of the two species, though Dr. Sharp seems to have found just the
reverse in the Solway district. Sweeping at the side of a small burn
running into the river in the park, produced Hdudcs inarifinata, F.,
Plectroxcdis concinna, Marsh., and Anthobium toriiuatitm,^l-d,t&h.., while
by beating young trees I secured Ant/mpltaiius testaceua, Grav., in plenty.
•Just beyond the village of Roslin, on a piece of ground much over-
grown with rank herbage, I'/ii/llahiits n'ridicollis, F., was found in
abundance on nettles, and Trupip/ionis iiirnnriali.s, F., in scanty
nunibers, the river bank at this point was lined with alders, and off
them 1 beat Plii/lliihiiis cdhaiatNs, F., in some numbers. Walking
back to the station I beat oft' birch the var. ciiicirus of I'/n/llohin.<
niacidiciiynis, Germ. — T. Hudson Beark, F.E.S., 10, Regent Terrace,
Edinburgh. Aiiini^t 'lltli, 1902.

Notes on the Habits of Aeoialia ruea. — This very local insect,
previously known as only occurring at Wallasey, Cheshire, and High-
town, near Liverpool, has appeared this year in a new locality in the
Lancashire district, namely, the Birkdale sandhills. In order that
the conditions of its occurrence may be understood and appreciated, it
is necessary to describe briefly the topography of these sandhills,
especially of the spot where At'i/ialia was taken. The ]^)irkdale sand-
hills may be described as consisting of two ranges of hills running
parallel w'ith the coast line, and separated by a low-lying plain
covered with Sali.r n'jirns, etc. In one place a few yeai's ago ihe wind
dislodged a large quantity of sand from the seaward range and spread
it over a part of this plain, where it forms a bank of bare sand perhaps
twenty by twenty yards in extent. All round this bank star-grass
and creeping willow are struggling through the sand. 1 have very
frequently searched this bank and the neighbouring sandy hollows for
some years, as they happen to form a particularly good collecting ground,
but no Aciiia/ia rnfa occurred before the present year. On Whit-Monday
1 found a solitary specimen. The next day Mr. Wilding showed me
a pair that he had taken. On the following Thursday it was abun-
dant, and Mr. Wilding and myself were able to make some interesting
observations regarding the insect, observations amply verified subse-
(piently. We noted that it did not occur uniformly over the whole of
the bare sandy surface of the bank, but affected a very limited area,
perhaps six feet by six feet. Thither, as the afternoon advanced,

OKTHOPTKRA. 248

Ai'iiialia was continually flying, but whence the insects came we could
not discover. During the whole of the six weeks' period of the
insect's occurrence this spot was the one specially selected by it.
Here it could be taken in hundreds, whilst very few were to be found
elsewhere. Mr. Wilding informs me that he has observed a similar
phenomenon at Wallasey. During the night the insects evidently
burrowed into the sand, for, after the first few days, they were observed
emerging and, moreover, could be exposed by scraping away the sand.
There are some interesting problems connected with the occurrence of
this creature that await definite solution. These are : —

1. Its sporadic appearance in profusion. Here we have an insect suddenly
occurring in abundance in a new locality that has for some years been specially
searched for it.

2. The selection of a spot for congregation. How is this accomplished ? It
seems most likely that the first insect simply drops in a suitable looking spot, and
that the others are attracted to it, or rather to some odoriferous emanation which
soon pervades the area, for after the spot had been completely cleared of insects (a
very easy task) new-comers were constantly arriving.

3. The reason for this assemblage. It seems not unreasonable to suppose
that in the case of Aenialia rufa a very large number of the individuals of a really
rare species annually congregate at a particular spot, probably to facilitate repro-
duction. This hypothesis would afford an explanation of problem no. 1, for the
discovery by a collector of the little area frequented in any year might be only a
happy accident.

— George W. Chaster, 42. Talbot Street, Southport. Auiju^t Vdth,
1902.

©RTHOPTERA.

Orthoptera in Ashdown Forest. — A stroll across the Ashdown
Forest on July 19th resulted in little of interest. The season was
still too young for Orthoptera to be abundant in the mature stage.
Stenobothrus riridiilKs, L., was numerous, and stridulating when the
sun was out. S. parallehis, Zett., of course, was in numbers, but 1
did not find a single S. bicolor, Charp. Gowji/toccrns niacidatuti,
Thunb., occurred in the adult stage in a few places on the higher part
of the Forest. I hunted in vain in one marshy place in hopes of
finding some more uncommon form; Tltatnnotrhon c'/Hc/r».s, L., was
common enough in some places, but all were immature, mostly in the
" nymph " stage, when the organs of flight are visible as little flaps on
the shoulder. The most interesting specimen I found was a single
Platydeis brarlii/jitfra, L. ; this is the first time that this species has
been noted from this neighbourhood. — M. Burr, B.A., F.Z.S.,Dormans
Park. July, 10th, 1902.

Exotic Locustid in England. — Mr. Percival Westell has sent me
for determination an exotic locustid, which appears to be Ayroicia
rittipes, Redtenbacher, recorded by that author from Thercsopolis, in
Brazil. Mr. W'estell's specimen, Avbich is a female in good condition,
was captured alive on the wall of a house, in the middle of .)uly last,
at St. Albans. In reply to my enquiries, Mr. W^estell informs me that
there is an orchid nursery close at hand, where plants an; frecjuently
received from South America and other tropical countric's ; this speci-
men was probably imported in the egg stage, and succeeded in reaching
maturity in the artificial heat of the nursery. It was in too good
condition to have come over in the imago stage. We know, too, that
at least some locustids thai are furnished with large sword-shaped

244 THE entomologist's record.

ovipositors, lay theii* eggs in the stems of trees, in which case they can
be very easily transported ; Mr. E. E. (Ireen exhibited at the Entomo-
logical Society of London (March 18th, 1896) the eggs, probably of a
Pseudophyllid, extracted from a twig of Cinchona from Ceylon. " A
slit halt an inch deep and more than two inches long had been cut into
the hard wood," and in this slit the eggs had been laid. If this
Brazilian Atjrticcia also deposits its eggs in a slit in wood, it can be
easily imagined that they can be transported from one part of the world
to another. — Ibid.

:^OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARYiE, &c.

Larva and Pupation of Plusia moxeta. — Between June 4th and
10th last I took one young and fourteen nearly full-grown larva^, and
three cocoons of I'liisia mont'ta on IhiphiniiDii growing in a garden
situated at Heme Hill, within the four-mile radius of Charing Cross.
Although I had l)ut little time to spend in studying these insects, I
made the following observations, which perhaps will interest some of
the readei's of 'I'lic HntonioUxiisVs Itt'conl. I may premise by saying
that I know nothing of the habits, &c., of the young larvse, as unfortu-
nately the only young one I found sickened and died shortly after its
capture. The average length of the full-grown larva is about one and
a half inches. The head is small and round, the body gradually
increasing in bulk horn the head to the 8th abdominal segment from
which it tapers slightly. Its anal extremity is rounded. The seg-
mental incisions are deeply marked. The larvte are slightly hairy, the
small very light green hairs being placed at regular intervals on each
segment. The skin is smooth and glossy, and of an apple-green colour,
the head and legs being glaucous green. The larva' have three pairs
of true legs, the same number of prolegs, and a pair of anal claspers.
The dorsal line is of a darker green than the ground colour, while the
subdorsal and spiracular lines are of a lighter green. These latter
lines were almost white in the one young larva I had. The larva? feed
at night, resting during the day on the underside of the leaves of
Delphinium along the mid-rib, with the head bent round towards the
body. It seems to prefer the lower leaves of the plant to the higher
and younger ones. While crawling the body has the action characteris-
tic of a Geometer. It is not easily knocked oft' from the leaf, and, if
touched, waves its head from side to side as if trying to hit one's finger
away. The larvie began spinning their cocoons between June 6th and
14th, taking about four days to complete this task. They first spun a
very thin white oval cocoon on the underside of the leaves, or on the
top or side of the breeding-cage (if kept in captivity), the larva' for the
most part preferring to he "topsy-turvy," two only out of my specimens
spinning on the side of the breeding-cage ; they afterwards strengthen
the cocoon by either spinning further layers of silk, or else by biting
the original cocoon (which they do is hard to determine) so that in the
end a fairly firm cocoon is made. During the whole of these four days
the larvje are very restless, and if disturbed they eat their way out of
the cocoon, and altera short time recommence making another cocoon.
The cocoons spun on the leaves gradually began to turn to a rich golden-
yellow colour, taking about three days from when they wore finished to
completely change colour, but Lhost spun elsewhere than on the leaves

LIFE-HISTORIES. 245

remained completely white. What is the cause of this ? The chrysalis
when tirst formed is wholly green, the hack afterwards gradually
changing to black, while the remainder of the pupa (including the
wing-cases) becomes slightly paler. A short time before emergence the
inarkings of the wings may be faintly traced through the pupal case. The
wing cases without the lobe reach to the 2nd abdominal segment,
while the lobe reaches to the 8th abdominal segment. On emergence,
which happens about one month from pupation, the moth bores a small
very neat circular hole at one end of the cocoon as an exit, and rests on or
near the cocoon until its wings are fully expanded. One curious habit
of the imago is worthy of notice, namely, the way it rests during the
day. It rests " topsy-turvy " with its wings folded over its body and
the tips of the forewings almost touching each other, the hindlegs are
put back to the tip of the wings, on which pair nearly the whole of the
weight of the body is rested, its front legs are nearly iuWy stretched
out at right angles to the body, thus making the head a good distance
from its resting-place while the tip of its forewings-are touching the
ceiling or wherever else it may be resting. When in this position the
proboscis is half uncurled. If touched, the moth lets go with its front
legs and hangs by its hind ones, and, in this position, it looks as if it were
hanging by the tip of the forewings, because the hindlegs are hidden
by the wings. In conclusion, I must thank my friend, Mr. F. W. Jones,
for the great assistance he has given me in confirming the observations
made. — Raleigh S, Smallman, Carlton House, Heme Hill, S.E.
Jail/ 2th, 1902.

The larva ok Thais polyxena and its pupation.- — The larva,
which is stout in shape and rather tapers to each extremity, is about
li inch in length, of a greenish-ochre colour, with the segments
deeply incised, and sharply confined by a broad transverse skinfold
between each one. Its principal characteristic, which is a striking
one, is the six rows of projecting spines found on the subdorsal and
lateral regions. These are rather over i inch in length, and are of a
beautiful rose colour. These spinous projections are arranged in the
following order, which will give six in number to each segment, except
the prothoracic and the anal ones. On the mesothoracic segment
commence two subdorsal lines of these projections, one spine on each
side of this and all the segme)its following it. Below these, on each
segment, except the anal one, but including the prothoracic, are two
spines set one above the other and forming a double lateral line on
each side of the larva. All of these spines are of a beautiful transparent
rose colour, tipped with yellow, and sprinkled thickly with black setae.
There are two black dorsal lines which commence on the mesothoracic
segment and extend to the anal end. These are sharply interrupted
between each segment by the transverse skinfolds, thus breaking the
dorsal lines into a series of pairs of short lines. On the prothoracic,
on the 1st abdominal, and the remainder of the posterior segments, is
found on each side a pair of black elongated markings — the upper
ones just underneath the subdorsal spines, and the lower ones (which
are not in line, but run upwards and backwards) just below the upper
spines of the lateral rows. The spiracles are black and lie just below
the lowest row of spines. The head, which is the smallest of the
segments, is deep sienna in colour, with a dark brown lobe on each
side of the crown. On the face is a dark triangular marking with a

246

THK ENTOMOI.OOTST S RKCORP.

concave base. The legs are black, and the claspers ochreous-green
with black feet.

The larva begun to prepare for pupation on July 9th at mid-day.
A few of the stalks of the food-plant were connected with ragged -
looking threads of silk enclosing the larva. It then placed itself in
the centre on a stout stalk, head uppermost, and spun a girting thread
below its thoracic segments which passed under the lateral spines on
the 1st abdominal segment, and in front of those on the dorsal surface,
without making any anal attachment whatever. These proceedings
were done in a leisurely manner, and were completed by ten o'clock
on the morning of the 10th. The larva remained in this position
until the 15th, when it was found to have pupated at 8 a.m., and was
now hanging head downwards and suspended at the anal end to the
cast skin, which was held in position by the girting thread. The
pupa is stout in form at the head and thorax, with an elongated and
rather tapering abdomen. Its colour a variegated umber, darker on
the wing-cases, and with a wide dark dorsal marking on the thorax.
This is accompanied by a wavy, lighter, subdorsal line on either side
as far as the 3rd abdominal segment. The spiracles are very strongly
marked with dark irregular spots, black in the centre. Projecting
from the head are two short cases containing the palpi, with dark tips
furnished with minute seta^. There is a subspiracular darkish line on
each side, and on the ventral surface of the abdominal segments are
broad, dark, brown blotches. — J. C. Dollman, Hove House, Newton
Grove, lledford Park, ^^^ ,/»/// 19^/*, 1902.

Ecid OF Hemithea sTKKfATA (thy.miaria). — To the naked eye the
egg of H. striyata looks like a pale green, shiny, much flattened, oval
scale. Under a strong hand lens it is seen to have a regular oval
outline ; the length : breadth : height is about 4:3: 1^, rather higher
at what one may suppose to be the micropylar end, although the
micropyle is not discernible after the power used. The surface
appears to be finely pitted, and it thus gets the appearance of having
a texture similar to finely woven silk. The upper surface is slightly
depressed over the greater part of the area, the sunken oval giving
the shiny appearance to the egg when viewed with the naked eye.
The eggs are attached firmly by the whole of the basal area. Laid
during the night of July 31st, the ? caught the preceding day at
Chavoire, near Annecy. — J. W. Tutt. AiKjust 2/a/, 1902.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Silk mixed with the ova of Tephrosia bistortata. — I am at a
loss to explain tlie source of the silk which this species mixes with its
ova when laying them. A newly-emerged ? captured on the morning
of July 29th on the tree-trunk of a plane tree near Annecy, laid a
large number of ova between the upper rim of the box and the lid,
during the three nights following capture. The bright green eggs
were so thickly covered with and mixed with the well-known short
pieces of greyish fiossy silk, as to give one the impression that they
must have been laid by the 2 of a woolly- tailed species. I have
noticed this before, but have never seen such a free use of the silk as in
this instance. I believe the source of the silk has been noted, but I
canuoi just now remember where.- J. W. Ti xt. Aiujint 2n(l. 1902.

nURRENt NOTES. 247

^ A R I A T I 0 N .

Aberrations of Polyommatus vak. artaxerxes. — The foUowinf^
interesting- abervations of /'. arta.vi'r.vca are, in my experience, unique,
although I have captured some hundreds of this interesting species: —

1. All aberration with the bright red marginal spots continuous down the outer
margin of both fore- and hindwings, and also with the central spots in the centre
of the forewings blue instead of white, a most striking and unusual variation.
Specimens occur with the white spots of varying sizes, from entirely obsolete to
very large, but I have never seen one with blue spots before.

2. This aberration is typical artaxer.roi but it has a central white spot on the
hindwings as well as on the forewings. This form Mr. Tutt tells me he has already
named ab. quadripunctata .

Both forms are sufficiently unusual here to merit their being
recorded. — J. C. Haggart, 58, St. Andrew's St., Galashiels. Jiihf
15th, 1902.

Callimorpha dominula ab. rossica. — On July 20th 1 captured, at
rest, on KKfiatoriuiu rcnmabininii, a small, but perfect male specimen
of < 'alliiiinrji/ui doitiiitula ab. rossica, whilst collecting along the under-
cliff, near Walmer. The ground colour of the hindwings in this form is
yellow instead of crimson. I do not consider it to be by any means a
rare form, but as it appears scarce in collections possibly deserves
recording. Staudinger, in his new ( 'atahxjue, states that, in Armenia
and north-eastern Asia Minor, msslca is the permanent form, but
elsewhere it is merely an aberration. We find a " yellow" form, ab.
lutt'sccits, in ( '.liera, so it is not surprising that C. doiiiinida should possess
a "yellow " form in ab. mssicj. 1 may incidentally mention that in my
early days of collecting 1 remember a carriage road from Walmer to
St. Margaret's Bay, good hunting-ground for insects all the way. Now
but a comparative fragment of the roa<l remains, the sea coming close
up to the cliffs at high tide for two-thirds of the distance, such is the
inroad the sea has made at this part of the coast ! — A. H. -Toxes,
F.E.S., Shrublands, Eltham.

Abkrkatiox of Plebeiuh .FjiON. — Oil July 5th I visited a heath
near ("ullompton, in Devonshire, known there as " Gaddon Down," at
about G.HO p.m. One corner of it is covered with Arena t^airscnis (?),
the flowering heads of which were swarming with P. anion, which bad
gone to rest there. I secured about HO specimens without the use of
the net, including a specimen which may be described as having
the forewings from the base to about one-third along the
costal margin and inner margin — normal. From there the colour
is a pale bluish-grey, somewhat the colour of a male I'oli/ininnatnx
cnrydon only paler. The hindwings are much the same as the fore-
wings, but the seven crescentic marginal spots show on the upperside
very distinctly as in the female. On the underside the spots are mostly
very indistinct, especially on the forewings. I do not know if such a
curious instance of albinism is common, /'. anjon seems to be a very
invariable insect. — Roxai.d ]\1. Angus, 11, Wentworth Place, New-
castle-on-Tyne. July Idth, 1902.

(CURRENT NOTES.

In the Aaiiiiairc dn Miisn- Xi>iil,„ii,ii{c dr r Aradrmic hii/nrialt' des
Sciences de St. Fetershoiin/, t. vii., 1902, pp. 55-75, Nicolai Adelung
contributes a " Beitrag zur Kcnntnis der Paliiarctischen Steuopelina-

248 THE entomologist's record.

tiden." Of these eurious spider-like orasshoppers, which live chiefly in
caves, only five or six species have hitherto been known in the
Palfcarctic Region representing the two genera Troiilopliilio^ and
DoUchnpoda. Adelung erects the new genus Taeln/cines, Avhich falls
between Troijlophibif^ and Diestramweua, with the single species 7'.
as!i)ia)iinnis, but it can hardly be regarded as a true European form,
having been taken among exotic plants at St. Petersburg, but tlie
original locality is unknown. The new genus Gipmiaeta has two
species, both new, (r. bcrrxdirskii and (i. <iaiisiiinis, both from the
province of Cransu in China ; Aciiioddnri/llns hnnint'ri is a new species
and genus from Japan; Maurrttia miitiva, P>runner, previously recorded
fron-TAschabad, is noted from the Afghanistan frontier, and two new
species of the same genus arc described, namely, M. ^ani(hiifi from
south-eastern Persia^ and M. prisira from the province of Persian
Baluchistan. An interesting note on the habits of Mivjnttia is
appended. They are nocturnal insects ; in the daytime they are to be
found under stones, and the skulls of larger animals, and sometimes
in the bark of Doruia (niiuinniacinii. At night they are attracted by
lio-ht and were sometimes found in the travellers' tents in the early
niorning. They live in stony localities which are clothed with more
or less luxuriant bush and shrub vegetation. M. abnuiinata, Brunner,
was found by Magretti on acacia in Suakini.

^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

HyIjOicus (Sphinx) pinastri hecorded FKo:\r Winchester. — I have
to record the capture of a perfect specimen oi Jli/lniciis (Sphin.r) in'iiastn
on a lamp-post on June ;-50th, in the city of Winchester. — E. F. Johns,
F.L.S., Winton House, Winchester. Jnh/ 22iul, 1902.

Vagaries of the season in the time of appearance of lepi-
ooPTERA. — I am much struck by the extraordinary mixture of June
and August insects now occurring in my Hght traps in large numbers,
r.<i., Xxdarla wiimkma, Callifjnila iiiiniata, Psiliira mnnarha, hithoaia
l.inidcola, Af/rotix tritici, (rcoiiietni papiliottaria, Heiiiithca striijata,
I fiipiiuidcs alhistritialix, ('nirullis (iinipiaria, Hoaniiia rcjiandata, Km-
iiuiffiia alchi'iiiillata, LoinasjiiUs )iiar(ji)uita, Scuparia vesinea, Hydroecia
uirtitans, Cidaria jdcata, a.nd second-brood exam-pies oi Scleni a tetr a -
liinaria, Tt'jdn-osia Imtoytata, all quite fresh. So far ('lenra lichniaria
seems to be the insect of the year here, simply swarming in the traps
now night after night. — E. F. C. Studd, M.A., Oxton. Ainjust St/i,

1902.

Lateness of the season for lepiooptera. — The first part of the
season in this district of Yorkshire was very backward ; the first
Tlieirtra jiornlliis was taken at flowers on June 20th, and the first
Kiunorpho cliicnur on June 21st. Last year the former appeared on
June -Ith, and was over by the 20th, and in previous years it has often
appeared in May. I'haretra iiicnuauthidis are now appearing daily,
whilst last year the species was out on May 25th, and was over l»y
June 6th and ova hatched on June 10th. — (Rev.) C. D. Ash, B.A..
Skipwith Vicarage, Selby. June 2StIi, 1902.

LUFFIA FERCHArLTELLA AND OTHER PsYCHIDS IN EssEX. — I find

that Liijlid fiTiltaitltella is scattered all over this district. At Thuu-

NOTKS OX OOLLKCTINt;. 249

dersley I have found on oak-trunks about 150 cases of a Lujfia which
appears to belong to a more robust race than those with which I have
previously met. So tenaciously do these larvic cling to the trunks
that, on several occasions when attempting to remove them with the
forceps, I detached the case only, leaving the naked larva, apparently
not much concerned at finding itself suddenly deprived of house and
home. From the cases of Xari/cio inonilifcra obtained here, an imago
emerged yesterday, whilst a solitary larva of lUtcntia sr/iimti (now in
pupa) was found either on oak or hornbeam (oak I think), at East-
wood, on May 11th. — F. G. ^^'HITTLK. Jnh/ '■Zml, 1902.

Abraxas ulmata at Si.f.dmkrk. — I was at Sledmere on June 27th,
and again on the 29th, and it may be worth noting that, although
specially searching for Ahni.ras aluiata, I found the species in fewer
numbers than aberrations were a few seasons ago, and crippled
examples were again very evident. — 8. Walker, York. July 10<//,
1902.

The late season for lepidoptera in Wyre Forest. — During the
last few days of June and the first few days of July I w^ent to Wyre
Forest. Work during the day was practically useless, but sugar at
night produced a fair number of species, though nearly all in small
numbers. Though only about forty miles from here, the insects of
the same species are of a different type, and there is a large number of
species in each locality which do not occur in the other. Ci/tnatophora
iliijdiiris was very abundant, but all of the pale type, while here thev
are all of the dark type. Aplecta tincta was common, and also very
much paler than those here. The season was very late, and Brenthis
si'leuf was only just coming out. On one day hAitJuinonia ruRnula was
il}ing, and I took two ? s, both of which laid batches of eggs before I
got back to the house. Uadena contiijua was not uncommon, and was
in good condition, whilst //. i/oiistae occurred, but was all but over.
A few specimens of Xj/lopltania Itepatica, Ci/)natop/iora or, C. (jctoi/ei<ima
and Xeuronia sapiviariae also came to sugar, and four L'raniophora
liyufttri. When I left, on July uth, Bnarmla rvboraria was just begin-
ning to appear. Here, at present, although moths appear fairly
numerous at dusk, hardly anything comes to sugar and beating pro-
duces nothing. On June 25th I picked up a female Xntadoufa tupida,
which laid a large batch of eggs, and they did well sleeved out until
the tomtits discovered them. T cannot now keep larva"" of any size in
muslin sleeves as the birds always lind them and pick them out. Next
.season I shall try cheese-cloth for sleeves. During coronation week
sugai', however, was good, BomolocJia fontiM, occurred very freely,
Aplnta pradna was numerous, a very few A. tincta, and three or four
Xdiuisiiiiia pendidaria, whilst ('j/inatophora diiplaris was abundant. On
the whole, with few exceptions, it has been a very unsatisfactory
season. — F. C. Woodforde, B.A., F.E.S.. Market Drayton, Salop.
AiKjiist 19th, 1902.

Lepidoptera in Perthshire. — I take the opportunity of reporting-
the taking of the larvip of iirrhiedia .irtaiiijii'Ihid here, the first week in
April, at dusk, crawling up from the burnside, at the roots of old
stunted ash-trees, but only at thovse trees that had very prominent
flower-buds. I do not think it has been taken here by anybody for
several years till now. I have also taken several larvie of Dryvumia
rhotmia this week, about half fed, at oak, I find the best way to get

250 THE entomologist's record.

this larva is to stand beneath the tree and look up, and it can then be
seen resting along the midrib of the leaf, and upon the same tree that
})iobably you have been giving a sound thrashing ; a more tenacious
larv.i I know not. Aiitirlra minata can now be seen ovipositing where
there is an abundance of (ialiinn rciutn, generally upon dry southern
slopes, and is often mistaken for Melanippe unnitaiiata at first sight.
Tliera aiiiiidata larvas are also full-fed, I beat some from juniper
last week. — E. Rogkrs Bush, 1, Strathmore Street, Perth, N.B.
.lul;/ HOth, 1902.

Partial second brood of Cupido minima in Britain. — On the 11th
iiist. I took a fresh male Cvpido ininima, at rest, on the South Downs.
I believe specimens of this, the second brood, are rarely met with in
Britain. Some of the other insects taken or observed in the same
li)cality on that day were Melanan/ia ijalathea (rather common),
I Athosia roiii /liana (one), and several Eremohia ochrolenca settled on the
flower-heads of knapweed.— J. F. Bird, " The Lodge," Cowfold,
Sussex. Ai(tiu.st lotJi, 1902.

Partial second brood of Dicranura furcula in Britain. — Last
June 1 found a larva of Dicranura fun-ula on a sallow growing in one
of our hedges. Abont the second week of July it formed a cocoon,
which seems to me to be constructed in an unusual position, and is
made so as to resemble a sallow gall. From it a male emerged yesterday
evening, August l-lth. I think this is worth noting, as I see in The Lcpi-
(Infitrra of the British Ishniils, that Mr. Barrett mentions that a solitary
instance of a second emergence in the year, in this country, was
observed by the Hon. F. Thelluson, in 1893.— Ibid.

JP>RACTICAL HINTS.

Field Work for September.

By ,T. C. DOLLMAN.

1. — The larva' of Macaria notata will feed up well and quickly on
bii-ch, which is a food-phmt generally more easily obtainable than
either alder, sallow, or blackthorn. It is a reddish-brown larva, Avith
lemon yellow, diamond -shaped, lateral blotches, not unlike that of
fll/bcrnia dffoLiaria.

2. — Cossiis Iiffni]ierfl(i larva.' are best hibernated with some chunks
oi bark and wood, placed in a galvanised pail, covered with perforated
zinc. This is preferable to the flower-pot and glass-cover treatment,
which is nearly sure to generate mildew. Cut a disc of the perforated
zinc to lit inside the pail, an inch or two from the rim, and on this
lay a ring of stout leaden pipe bent to lit neatly.

:-). — Give plenty of foodplant, and room also, to larvae of J hrjiana
haiHula, as otherwise they may disappear gradually by the process of
rannibalisni.

i. — The larvic of Ihprana laccrtida should be searched for on (piite
young birch trees, which are more frequented by the larvte than the
larger ones, and they can be thoroughly examined by simply standing
over them for the purpose.

* PRACTICAL Hints for the Field Lepidoptepist, Part 1, published May, 1900,
and already almost completely out of print, contains 1'2.50 similar hints to these,
distributed over every month in the year. Interleaved (for collector's own notes).
Part 2 is now in the jnintcr's bands, and subscribers wanted. — Ei).

HEVIEWS. 251

5. — Dasychira pwUhunda larv;ij can be brought up well on birch,
and will readily spin up in crumpled newspaper, which should be
fastened round the side of the cage containing them.

6. — -In tapping bedstraw on heaths for the larvie of Lamitia
pfrthdtaria, be watchful for the very young examples. They are
4exceedingly small, and coil themselves up tightly on being dislodged.
As they are of a bright-red colour, almost scarlet, they lool< like any-
thing rather than larva\

7.— The imagines of (lui^ias spartiaUt can lie l)t'aten from broom in
the day-time, when they flit (juickly to the next bush and can be marked
cHown.

10. — Examine every example of belii,ted LriiraiiiaUt/ianijirid that you
see at sugar. It is very easy to mistake /.. idhipitnrta for the tii-st- named
insect by the light of the lamp. /-. aJbii>iinrt.a is rather the smaller, has
squarei'-shaped forewings, which are redder, and the under ones lighter
than those of L. lit/iarfii/ria. The principal distinction is not, however,
seen to advantage, when the insect is quivering on the sugar. This
is the sharp and bright definition of the white spot on the forewings,
which has no upward blur towards the costal edge as is found in
LfKrania lit/iar/ii/ria. It is safest to take every one on suspicion.

9. — It is sometimes tempting to take Catocala mijda or Mania
manra when they are found at sugar, though the killing-bottle in use
-at the time is too small to capture them comfortably. On such
an occasion it will be found that, if the mouth of the bottle is placed
quickly over the insect only allowing the top edge of its neck rim to
touch the tree, the moth will dive into the bottle without getting its
wings damaged.

10. — There is a striking similarity between the larv;e of Mrhtniiipi-
ihictiiatit and Oorewia (hsitinaia, and as they are both to be taken on
rape and cabbage, it is best not to mistake the latter for the former.
The larva of ( '. doiifinata may be known from the other by the tint of
the dorsal surface Avhich is not so olive-green in colour as in 3/.
Jitictuata, but browner; the head, prothoracic and first thi'ee abdominal
segments being very dark on the upper part. Also, examined closely,
there will be found four to six obscurely-marked, diamond-shaped
blotches, with dark centres, on the summit of the dorsal region.

11. — The larva of Mawinca (Achcmiitia) ittmptis should never b(> fed
airtight ;is, unless it has plenty of air and space, it is very liable to
sweat, and, being a very delicate creature, this condition is fatal to its
being successfullv I'cared.

Ji^EYIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

A List ok the Beetles ov Ikelanu, by Rev. W. F. .loluison,
M.A., F.E.S., and J. N. Halbert. 1902.— We have received the above
list which has just been published, and which is the first general list
of the beetles of Ireland yet produced. It is a paper reprinted from
the Proceed iiif/s <,f the Hoiial Iris/i Anideiin/, before Avhich Society it
was read on June 21th, 1901. 1 1 is n, most interesting list, and moreover
it is apleasureto studyit, as it iswell printed and arranged, with notes on
all the species, their habits, lociilities, general distribution and refer-
ences to their previous records, in fact, it is just what such a catalogue
should be. In the Introduction om- authors call attention to such

252 THE entomolocjist's record.

literature as exists on Irish coleoptera from the earliest records. They
point out that the only species which isalmost entirely confined to Ireland
is the var. subiotiimiata of Silpha atrata, which replaces the type in
Ireland, the only other place where this species has been found being the
Isle of Man. The following species are given as only occurring in Ireland
in the British Isles — Dyschirins obscuru>>, Demhidium anjenteolum, Stenus
ar<ie)it('lli(s, Xantliolinua cribripennis and Otiorrhynchus auropimctatxs.
The second, third and fourth of these species are brought forward as
British for the first time here, and we shall refer to them again later.
The Irish beetle fauna is shewn to be made up of three groups which
may be recognised by means of their European range. Group 1
consists of species which range over central Europe and the Mediter-
ranean region, but are rare or wanting in Scandinavia and northern
Europe. Group 2 is composed of species that are of northern
origin, a good many of which inhabit mountain districts. Group
H consists of species found almost exclusively in south-western Europe
and the ^lediterranean region. We notice a slight error in what is
stated of the distribution of one of the species in this third group, riz.,
liJiojialiDiitsite^ tardyi. It is said to be " locally abundant in wooded
districts throughout Ireland, but in Great Britain it is confined to
Devonshire and the west of Scotland." It occurs, however, also, in the
south-east of England in the Hastings district, etc., having been taken by
ourselves at Pett. It is pointed out that not more than forty species in
this list have been introduced. The Bibliography is then given, and this
appears to be very complete, and is followed by an outline map of
Ireland, showing the provinces and county divisions. The list itself
consists of some 1630 species and is as complete as can be expected ,^
since it is only in comparatively recent years that Ireland has been
systematically worked for beetles, and no doubt many additions will be
made before anything like a complete catalogue can be compiled. We
have the pleasure in another part of this magazine of adding a few
more species to the Irish List. Of the species new to the British
list, Beiiibith'iitn anit'vtcdliiiii is a very interesting addition. It was
first captured by Mr. .lohnson on the shore of Lough Neagh, in
1899, and referred to JJ. /lalKilosmn, but recently it was discovered
to be a difterent species. It may be known, however, by its larger
and more robust build and more shining iipper surface ; thorax
much broader than long, with the posterior angles sharp and
prominent. Our authors tell us it greatly resembles an Kla/'hriis
in life, both in its movements and general appearance. Xa)it/i<ilinii.->
(■ribri/mun'x, Fauvel, is a species found in the cnnnties of Donegal
and Derry. It is closely allied to A. distans, a little larger,
with a pronounced bronze lustre, and the head more closely
punctured at the sides, etc. Stcnus jialjiosus, Zett. {antentelbis, Thoms.),
was also found on the shore of Lough Neagh (this locality, by the
way, appears to be most productive, one of the other species, rhy.sc/nri)(s
obscunis, confined to Ireland, being only found thei'e). Its nearest ally
is .S. bii/ditlidhiiKs, from which it may be distinguished by its larger size,
stronger pul)escence and shorter and stouter antenna'. It appears to
be a rare species on the continent. At the end of the list is an index
to the genera. Altogether we consider this a most useful, well-planned
and well -executed production. — Horace Donisthorpe.

LEPIDOPTKRA OK HAI'TK-SAVOIE I MEOEVE. 258

Lepidoptera of Haute=Savoie: Megeve (in't/i jiltotoijraph.).

By .1. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Haute-Savoie has deservedly won a great reputation for its lovely
and majestic scenery, and Chamonix has become a central playground
for thousands of English tourists. As I had never been to Chamonix,
and wished to spend a month in the department of Haute-Savoie, 1
determined to eschew the recognised route, and to go via Culoz,
Annecy, Thones, Flumet and St. Gervais, a route much patronised by
the French people as passing through a lovely country little known to,
and not at all frequented by, the foreigner. Now that the steam
tramway runs from Annecy to Thones, and diligences are in corres-
pondance between Thones and Le Fayet, whence runs the electric
railway to Chamonix, a delightful piece of country has been opened,
which, for many years, has only been possible to those who were wealthy
enough to hire private carriages for a long journey, or so little saddled
with luggage that they could journey on foot the whole of this distance.
I recommend it now as a delightful and alternative route to those via
Geneva or Martigny, and one that cannot fail to please the tourist who
has already gone by either of the better known routes.

Like almost all the more highly cultivated departments, Haute-
Savoie is not altogether the best district in France for lepidoptera.
Not that a complete list of the lepidoptera of the department might
not compare favourably with that of almost any other department in
France, but insects are not in that amazing abundance that they are
in some of the districts of Dauphiny, or the Basses-Alpes, or the Jura.
Except in their chosen haunts the number of specimens of many of
the various species observed is usually small, and one does not see the
wayside teeming with that abundance of insect life that one observes in
many parts of Switzerland, Piedmont and south-eastern France.
Notices here and there along the road warn the vagrant that he may
not cut the herbage by the roadside, a bad sign for the entomologist,
for one knows at once that the said herbage is private property, and
will be cut and harvested, and that all such usually happy resting-grounds
are closed to the wayside butterflies of the country. Still one can find
butterflies enough if one chooses one's ground and keeps, as far as
possible, away from cultivated regions. Between Annecy and Thones,
on the brilliant morning of August 4th, the wayside was, in places,
swarming with insects, of which the large fritillaries — Dri/as jiaji/tia,
An/i/nuis adippc — and faliiniorpha licra were usuall}' the most noticeable,
although colonies of blues, mostly I'oli/onnnatus cori/doii, were frequently
observed. Between Thones and Flumet, the village of La Clusaz
would make an excellent hunting-ground, and plenty of convenience
for a stay exists there. Here l^diiassiiai apollo makes an appearance,
and I'oli/oiiirnatiia (Uoiion occurs in amazing abundance. The beautiful
Col d'Aravis with a ravishing first sight of three of the main peaks of
Mont Blanc in this direction, did not seem so productive as might have
been expected, Krchia iiu'laiiiints and K. styunc being the only two
species that were netted to make assurance doubly sure that the species
were correctly identified. Strangely, Cucnonyiii/ilia pamphiliis was
common on the top of the Col. Just through the tunnel of La
Giettaz was a splendid butterfly corner, where Colias phiconione and
other species were recognised as being abundant as the diligence swept

UcTOiiEK I.JTII, 1902.

254 THE entomologist's record.

downwards to Flumet. From I'luuiet to Megeve cultivation held
sway, for here is one of the most fertile uplands of this part of France.
At Megeve, without knowing anything of the country, I had anticipated
staying for a week, and 1 hoped to explore the slopes of the great Mont
Joly, the nearest neighbour on this side to Mont Blanc. I did so in
part, but the weather was very unsettled. Storms and hot sunshine
alternated at first, and, later, cold wet days continued, and one could
only guess by what one caught what one might have caught under
better conditions. However, one more word as to the district. Insects
or no insects, no one should miss the walk to Combloux, to Sallanches
and to St. Gervais, for there are some of the most beautifully
picturesque pieces to be found in the Alps along these roads.
Sallanches is too low for a continued stay, Combloux is exceedingly well
situated, but the native holiday-makers who flock to Megeve, whence Mont
Blanc is not visible except by a fair ascent, seem not to gather at Combloux.
True, Megeve boasts tw^o excellently managed hotels, the new Hotel
du Panorama and the Hotel Soleil d'Or, both quite full during the
time that I was here, but with the proprietor of the former, ready to find
comfortable outside accommodation until rooms at the hotel were
available, and the hotel can be recommended most strongly. The inns
at Combloux also look comfortable ; still the facts remain — fashion
favours Megeve, nature favours Combloux, and fashion at present has
it, but one supposes not for long. There are numberless walks in the
neighbourhood, three hours or a little more sufiices for the ascent of
Mont Joly, from whence an incomparable view of the Mont Blanc
range is to be obtained on this side, and the peak has been well called
the " Grammont " of the western slope. Combloux and Megeve,
however, are not in a position to rival any of the nearer villages,
Chamonix, Argentiere, or even Les Contaniines, in the estimation of
the foreigner, who comes not only to see, but to take his morning-
constitutional upon the slopes of, Mont Blanc, and hence one can only
hope to attract the " voyageur " rather than the " tripper " to these
really beautiful valleys. Megeve itself has an elevation of some 8700ft.
above the sea, a little village of the typical French-Swiss type, with a
remarkable lot of chapels known as the " Calvaire," collected on a
knoll on the slopes of Mont Joly, and a row of little chapels, above one
mile long, running along the road towards Combloux. To me the
most interesting feature was Ihe "mule" fair, August Hth-Uth, when
young mule and horse foals were brought into the market by the farmers
who breed them, not in great numbers, but each one or two. The prices
for young mule foals appeared to vary from 60 to 90 francs, we heard
70 asked for quite a baby foal. The lepidoptera caught were not
numerous. Megeve boasted among others the following species.
i'apiliii iintcliiion, a single freshly-emerged specimen; Aporia crataef/i,
a few only, evidently nearly over; I'icris bra>isicae, P. raimc, common
as in all cultivated districts ; I', luijii, very large and fairly abundant ;
Goncptcri/.v r/icaiiiii, occasionally, all males, probably not yet fully out ;
Colia-s editsa males certainly not yet fully out and not a single C. hijaU.
Mo doubt Parnai^miis apollo and ( 'alias jiliicdiiidiu'Sive on the mountains,
but my visits were in dull and unsatisfactory weather and 1 did not
see either. Lciicii/iluixia sinaiiis, second brood, not at all uncommon, the
$ s often resting on a tiefoil, although not noticed egg-laying there.
Of the Chrysophanids, L'hnjxdjilianus riiyjaiircae was fairly common, but

LEPIDOPTERA OF HAUTE-SAVOIE i MEGEVE. 255

('. /lijijiut/loe var. euryhia was over, and represented only by some very
ragged males. Neither ('. /i/ilacas nor ( . (larilis was seen. I'oli/oiii-
iiiatiiscnri/ilon was the only really common blue ; here and there /'. daiiinu
was not uncommon, nor was /'. iranis, but a single worn /'. astrarclw
and battered 3- and $ P. Injla^^, suggested that these species were
over. Towards St. Gervais, Plebriits aef/on was often observed in the
roadway at puddles. Rather high up on the mountains Xomiadcs
scmian/Ks was occasionally ohserved, usually worn, and, near the village
itself, Cnpido niiniiiia was now and again netted, whilst a fairly good
specimen of Lijcaena avian was unexpectedly taken. Li men it is ram ilia
occurred towards St. Gervais, but quite 500ft. -750ft. lower than
Megeve. One wonders whether I'lihjiiimia c-albiiin should not be
considered a real mountain butterfly. In 1901 I took several above
Au Pra,in the Pellice Valley, at an elevation that must have been nearly,
if not quite, 8000ft. ; here, at Megere, I took it on a flower in a pasture
from 5000ft. -6000ft., as well as on the wild hops in the wood between
Le Fayet and St. Gervais, low down at about 2100ft. KiKjimia
pob/c/iloros appears common hereabouts, many flying among the trees
between St. Gervais and Megeve, and one captured at dung in the
road near Combloux. Wiucssa io was not uncommon, Kiirancsm
antiopa, one only observed, and that with a pale border ; Pi/raincis
atalauta, rather common ; P. canhii, in abundance as larva^ on thistles
(at Chavoire the larva? were equally abundant on Artcuiisia ntlyarix),
and rarer as imagines, both worn and in fine condition. Only one species
of Mditaca was seen, M. (lirfynna, but this made up for much. I have
over and over again, contrary to the views of the recognised authorities,
stated that I doubted the specific value of this insect, the reasons
largely based on the fact that, at the many places I have taken it, I
have always found it with undoubted M. atlialia or .1/. aiiidia, which
again I do not seem to be able to distinguish properly now that I have
a fair number of specimens. Here, at Megeve, the 3/. dicti/nna were
undoubted, all were of the most approved dirtijnna type, and there was no
approach to the athalia or anrdia facies. On the other hand, at Le
Fayet, M. atlialia, or what I suppose to be this species, occurred. An/i/ii-
nis niube was found occasionally everywhere, but somewhat abundantly
about the little knolls covered with pines and with a thick undergrowth
of Vacciniiiiu iiii/i-tilli(s found scattered here and there all over the
district, evident remnants of the character of the country before it was
placed under such close cultivation as now exists. Ari/i/nnix adippc and A.
aijlaia were in beautiful condition, the former rather scarce and only
to be found by the wooded sides of the torrents running from Mont
Joly, the latter abundant and very generally distributed. With A.
adipjw was Ihcnthis aiiiathitsia, in poor condition nearer the village, in
good condition higher up towards the sources of the streams. None
of the smaller fritillaries was observed, but Ih-ifax paphiu became
common and was in good condition between Le Freney and Le Fayet,
quite outside the Megeve district however. Mdana n/ia i/alatca occuvved
sparingly everywhere from at least 1000ft. above Megeve, right down
to Le Fayet, and was still, wheiever found, in fair condition. The
weather prevented one discovering any Erebias on the higher slopes of
the mountains. Near Megeve, on the wooded slopes of the torrents,
worn Krebia Wjca of typical form occurred, with equally typical and
worn examples of E. canjalc. Higher up the streams the latter, in fine

256 THE entomologist's record.

condition only, was to be taken. This mixing of the two forms (or
species) was quite a new experience to lue. A solitary example of FJ.
ijoante showed that this species also occurred in the district. A single
Sati/riis scnicic, and several Paranic iiiacra were noticed, whilst Eidne-
phcLc ianira was the only really common wayside butterlly besides
Afilaix iirtirar (larvfe of which were in thousands on all the nettle-beds,
some of which were stripped quite bai'e, whilst nnagines also were not
uncommon), and Thijnidiciis lincola. Knodia hiiprranthus was interest-
ing ; it was common up to nearly 5000ft. in suitable damp places, and
presented the form known to me at present only from the Carlisle
district, and which one suspects to be a highland race, i^omonipnpha
fiamphUus was very rarely observed, and I was disappointed m not
finding (L iplm in my wanderings. High up, whilst the sun shone for
a few minutes on an upland Howery meadow, on August 10th, I took half-
a-dozen specimens of a beautifully large form of S>/ricIitki(s aliriis, and
1 have no doubt that here the species was abundant, but again the
weather baulked one. L'aniiiliila cotiuiia, too, was in fair abundance
at the same spot, as many as a dozen Hying quickly in front of one
at the same time. The common species of the district, however, was
T/n/iiiclini^ Linrula, which swarmed almost everywhere, worn, however,
to shreds by the roadsides and in the fields around Megeve, gradu-
ally getting into better condition as one ascended the mountains, but
still quite abundant up to 5000ft. I remember the species common
I think in the Yal Yeni, not so \ery far away really, at nearly, if
not quite, GOOOft. Among the moths nothing of interest occurred.
Crambids were possibly the family most abundantly represented,
but I observed nothing interesting except Cramhua selaHellm and
C. ailipeUHs on almost every boggy piece of ground, and C. cnnchellus
not below 4500ft. ('rambiis tristellm^ and C cidinellus were literally,
as is the last usually in the Alps, in millions. (_ amiitof/rainma bilineata
was common on the same ground with h'tniiwlt'sia hlamliuta, the
former of a quite common English garden type. The commonest
Geometrid was Knhidia mcnxiuayia, and this was common evei'y where.
An interesting little Cleometrid, Acidalia oc/irata (?) was found in a
boggy field with the Crambids, Hiiniiclesia albidata at 5000ft. elevation,
( 7(/rt//rt ^»/yr///rtf« occasionally in the fields, etc., but the Geometrids
were most disappointing, and the Noctuids were nil. I saw Charaeas
Uraiidiiiis at the flowers in the uplands and found a,\?br\'a, oi Hadena pisi
in my net after sweeping. I was, however, interested to notice the
great abundance of Miinacsraptihis fiisciis, and observed also a fair
number of M. bii>iinctidacti/hi, but, considering the abundance of
scabious in the district, the insect was not common, nor Avas Aciptilia
tetrad act iilu specially so. As illustrating the difficulties of insects to
maintain a footing in such highly cultivated districts as this, I may
mention that, on the evening of August 6th, I saw M. fusciis and
( KnjptLlas dititan^ flitting abundantly with Fhijcis ornatella, and
I lllpcrcalLia cliristicniclla, on a little level piece of ground just
above the " Calvaire." Next evening I went provided with the
necessary apparatus to capture a few, when I found the herbage
cut and raked, and not a single moth on view. The cutting had
of course not killed the moths, but had certainly dispersed them
so as to lessen their chances of continued existence. Among the
]'acriniinii in the pine clumps I noticed Tortilx rihunuana commonly,

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF AGLIA TAU.

257

and only just above the village, Sciaj)/ii[a anientana occurred in
these places. I have not noticed that Tana(jra chaerophi/llata
was just appearino- in great numbers. It seems impossible to
bring this insect home alive in perfect condition, they scratch and wear
almost directly. High up, too, one sunny afternoon, August 10th, I
saw Adscita statices, in a pasture, and brought home for identification
a couple, since at Courmayeur, at the same elevation, one only gets A.
i/erydu, but these latter are on the rocky slopes and not in alpine fields.
These examples, however, were quite normal male A. statirex. Pi/rausta
purpKralis, and Diasevim literalis, were found up to about 4500ft.,
whilst Herhula ccyntalis was in great numbers in the fields, Botys
rerticaiis, too, among the stinging nettles. Botys phryyialix was of
course present above a certain altitude, and Crambiis pcrlclliis took the
liarrinytonelliis form at the higher levels. Nomopliila noctiidla
(hybridal is) was locally abundant, as also was Serimris cespitana, and
Ortlwtaeiiia striana, too, was occasionally noticed. Hypcna prohoscidaiis
came into the room to light, but very few species seemed to be thus
attracted.

Altogether the list is a short and unimportant one, but as, little by
little, British entomologists are covering the European continent with
their explorations, and are gradually collecting absolutely reliable
data as to the distribution of the European butterflies, there can be no
question of the value of publishing those lists that exhibit our failures
as well as those that set forth our successes.

Notes on the life^history of Aglia tau.

By .UlTHUR W. BACOT, F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 239.)

JjARVA IN 2nd STADIUM. — A wcll-grown larva in this stage is getting
very adult-like save for the huge spines or horns. It has the over-
hanging prothorax very marked, and a bright cream-coloured lateral band
runs right along the larva from base of prothoracic horns to base of anal
horn. The division of segments is very marked especially on dorsal area,
where each segment rises into an angular transverse mound, giving a
lateral or outline view as of the teeth of a saw, each tooth being a segment
(very similar to the appearance seen in a side view of the larva of
Theda ir-album). The tubercles, including horns, as in first stadium,
but proportionately much smaller and less developed, showing a tendency
to atrophy, chiefly noticeable in the shortening of the lateral branches
of the horns; their colours are also paler, the red being less deep and
the white bands not quite so brilliant. The area at base of horns on
metathorax is much swollen. A well marked, but not very large, lateral
flange is coincident with the lateral bandfor the greater part of its length .
Numerous small (secondary) shagreen hairs are present, their bases being
yellow. Head is bright green, flattened, and of a low trapezoidal shape.
Resting habit. — The resting position is, as previously, on underside of
leaves, but the head is not thrown quite so far back when the "sphinx "
attitude is adopted. The legs are drawn up close to body. The pro-
thoracic horns are sloped forwai'd, those on the metathorax backward
at an acute angle. ThatonSth abdominal is almost perpendicular, and the
anal one almost horizontal. The angle of the thoracic horns is some-
limes so acute that the horns point backwai'd'; and forwards forming an

258 THE ento:\ioi,ogist's recorh.

almost hoi'izontal line. On May 2r)th, 1901, I note: The larvji:^ are
mostly raoulting. One or two have already changed and are in 3rd
skin.

Larva in Hrd stadium. — Noticeable changes are the further
development of the bases of the horns and dorsal tubercles i. The
horns themselves would appear to be atrophying, the branches being
:-;mall and insignificant, and the forks at top have disappeared, but the
tij) is stJll composed of two minute prongs, each bearing a single hair.
The anal horn is now very short and the small dorsal horns, representing
tubercles i on the segments that do not bear the large horns, are also de-
generating. Lateral flange much stronger and stands out more sharply
(coloured yellow) than l)efore. The head is clear green, not shining, but
with a dull surface, taller, and more clearly trapezoidal than before.
The last joint of antenna long. The prothorax overhangs head more
than ever ; at rest the crown of head is anterior to mouth, the slope
being about A'y ; ii is the most obscure of the tubercles, iii, iv and v
are still clearly visible, chiefly on account of their raised bases. There
is a dark slash of red on 1st abdominal segment, just above the lateral
flange and behind the spiracle. The legs are green with pink tips, the
prolegs large and Sphingid-looking, of a pale greenish colour. The
spiracles long and narrow, and of a pale pink colour. The oblique
stripes clear, but not strong or bordered as yet. The shagreen hairs
are scattered over skin surface, they are raised on tall cone-shaped
yellow bases, and the hairs rising from them, if they may still be so
called, are short stumpy cylinders, rather larger at top than base.
Hairs on tubercle vi and the basal hairs show up plainly by reason of
their large size, as also do those on the other primary tubercles.

Larva in 4th stadium (June 10th, 1900). — The larva:* will, on
occasion, crawl Imckwards for a short distance. They have lost all
trace of horns. Head as before, but rather a tall trapezoid, with well-
marked lobes and notch at crown ; mouth-parts pink, antennsip long,
also two fleshy appendages rather prominent ('? palpi) in front of
mandibles, palpi and ocelli brown, 6 ocelli present, one very ventral.
Numerous scattered fine short white hairs on head. The body slopes
up from head to metathoracic segment, and tapers rapidly and suddenly
from 8th abdominal to anus ; it is of about even thickness from meta-
thorax to 8th abdominal. It is now a square-cut, angular-looking
larva with the dorsal area of segments raised into square, sharply-angled
humps ; when at rest, however, the intersegiuental areas are so com-
pressed, and the humps flt so closely together, that the impression is
given of very tall short segments. The metathoracic and 1st abdominal
segments show a marked tendency for the humps to coalesce and form a
single one, the cleft at intersegmental area being not at all apparent.
The larva is bright apple-green, studded with numerous yellow shagreen
tubercles. The lateral ridge is very sharp and distinct, coloured bright
yellow. This yellow line along lateral flange is continued round edges
of anal flap and turns up in front of prothoracic spiracles along the
anterior ridge of prothorax. The ventral area below the lateral ridge
changes after moult to a dull sage- or glaucous-green. Feet on prolegs
are j_-shaped, pale-coloured, the rows of dark brown hooks on them
showing up distinctly. The true legs are greenish tipped with pink.
The spiracles pale red. The red or pinkish warning spot, developed
from the dark red slaiab on 1st abdominal segment and referred to in

LIST OF LEPIDOPTRRA PECULIAR TO THE BRITISH ISLANDS. 259

previous stadium as being- beneath and slightly posterior to spiracle and
situated just above the lateral flange, is nearly or quite hidden, accord-
ing to circumstances (position, movement, etc.), by a fold in the skin
when at rest ; if the larva be disturbed or irritated, the larva retracts its
head and thoracic segments, lowers the flange, and discloses a large
deep red spot ; in the larger larviB this red spot is bordered with yellow.
The shagreen hairs are very short, and appear as small blunt cones on
lateral and dorsal areas ; on the ventral area, some few are hair-like.
Oblique stripes not strong but clearly marked when larva is at rest.

General Notes. — The 4th stadium is the last, there being only
three moults as in Amorpha jmpuli. The larvre commenced to prepare
for pupation on June 11th. The larvae darken before going down,
the darkening consists of a dirty brown hue, and the dark colour
is developed in patches and not evenly distributed all over the larva.
This larva also voids a dark brown or greenish fluid with its faeces just
before going down as does that of Dinmrplia rersicolora. The warning
marking is rather a primitive affair compared with that of
Kinnorpha dpcnov or Theretra pnrcelliis, and is rather comparable
with the warning mark of Stauropiis fa(ji. It is, compared with
the thoracic spots of the larva of Lasiocaiii/ia qin'iri'is, less complex
in pattern, but of course larger, and probably in an active state of
development and use, while those of L. (jiii'rcitii are evidently under-
going atrophy ; the pocket in which it is hidden allows of a sudden and
startling display in A. tan, so that there is less need for elaboration
of colour design.

List of Species, Varieties, and Aberrations of Lepidoptera so far
only recorded from the British Islands.

By .1. W. TUTT.
{Concluded from p. 205).

GLYPHIPTERYGIDES. — Glyphipteryx thrasonella var. cladi-
ELLA, Sta. — From Deal to Shetland Isles. Certainly overlooked on
the continent.

ARGYRESTHIIDES. — Argyresthia ^rariella, Sta. — Possibly an
almost unicolorous dark bronzy-fuscous form of A. copjiKjdla.

A. sEMiFuscA, Haworth. — A quite distinct species ; local, but widely
distributed in England.

Zelleria fusca, Sta. — Perthshire ; sunk by Rebel as Z. hcpariiila,
Sta.

GELECHIIDES. — Bryotropha politella, Sta. — Widely dis-
tributed in England, Ireland, and Scotland. [Recorded doubtfully from
southern France.]

LiTA PLANTACiixELLA, Sta. — Coast species ; England, Ireland, and
Scotland. Possibly overlooked on the continent.

L. su.EDELLA, RicHDSN. — Another coast species, confined to the
coasts of England. Also possibly overlooked.

L. iNSTABiLELLA, Sta. — Pretty widely distributed in England.

L. BLANDULELLA, TuTT. — Local ; Only recorded from the Deal sand-
hills. Closely allied to L. xcDiidecaiidrflla.

L. viscARiELLA, Sta. — Recordcd from England and Scotland.
''Recorded also doubtfully from Hungary.]

L. FEATERNELLA, DoTTGL. — Local ill England and Ireland. [Recorded
with doubt from south-west Germany.]

200 TiTK KN"To:\r(iT.nr;TST's riF.coRr).

LiTA i'()KTi.ANi)icELLA, RicHDSN. — Closely allied to /.. unindfJla and
7>. iii/>lji(jsella. Possibly not distinct.

Aristotelia TETRAfiONELLA, Sta. — Salt luai'shes on the coast ;
widely distributed along the southern and eastern coasts of England.

Xystophoea divisei.la, Dor(JL. — Apparently restricted to the Fen
districts.

Anacampsis vrxEELA, ])ANKEs. — Sussex. Closely allied to A.
antlnjUidrlhi.

AR(iYHiTis TAHgiixiELEA. Sta. — l^robably a form of A. jiirtrlUi.

Depressaria aurantielea, Tutt. — ^ ery near />. hudiclla, but with
orange-colonred palpi. Kent and Surrey. Probably overlooked.

BoRKHAusENiA wooDiELLA, CuRT. — A Well-marked species, not
observed for many years. Formerly taken near Manchester.

ELACHISTIDES. — Catapeectica farreni, Walsm. — Only reported
from Cambridge.

Elachista kiejunella, Sta. — North of England and Scotland.
[Recorded from Gei'many and Russia with do\;bt, but possibly occurs
in both countries. J

E. DENSicoRNELEA, HopffKN. — Scarcely anything known of this
species.

E. t'oxsoRTELLA, Sta. — Recorded from England, Scotland and
Ireland.

E. sciRPi, Sta. — ^Yide]y distributed. Probably overlooked on the
continent.

E. ELEocHARrEf.EA, Sta. — Occurs throughout to the Shetlands.
[Recorded with doubt from the Hartz mountains.]

COLEOPHORIDE^ S. — Coleophora potentill.e, Eeisha. — Local,
occurring in Dorset, Sussex, and Essex.

C. tricolor, Waslji. — Rare, only recorded from Norfolk ; comes
near C li.reUa.

C. saturatella, Sta. — Locally common as far north as Denbigh.

C. tinctoriella, Coverdale. — Very local. Allied to C. saturatella.

C. sylvaticella, Wood, C. ciLArcicoLELLA, Wood, and C. agram-
MELLA, Wood. — Three rush-feeding species confused with C. caespiti-
tiella.

C. Ab.TUNCTELLA, HoDGKN. — A salt-margh species ; confined to
England.

C. OBTUSELEA, Sta. — Another salt-marsh species ; confined to
England.

C. TRiPOLiELLA, HoDGKN. — Local ; another salt-marsh species,
confined to England.

C. ARTEMisiEELA, ScoTT. — Local, but Widely distributed in
England, Scotland and Ireland.

C. SQUAJiosELEA, Sta. — Surrey; awaits rediscovery.

C. SAEiNELLA, Sta. — Local ou tile coast : confined to England.

GoNioDOMA EiMoxiELM. Sta. — Locally abundant on Utatice limoninm
in the south of England.

GRACILARIIDES.- Orntx T..HiANEEEA, Sta.- -Widely distributed
in P.ritain ; recorded from Hereford, York and Sutherland.

LITHOCOLLETIDES. — Lithocolletis lautella var. irradiella,
Sta. — Olivaceous-fuscous in colour, Scarborough.

L, anderid.e, Fletcher. — Closely allied to L. vlmifoUella.

L. pyrivorella, Bankes. — Local in England — Dorset, Hereford and
Sussex ; allied to /.. mt'spildla.

LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA PKCT'LIAE TO THE BRITISH ISLANDS. 261

L. ULicicoLELLA, Sta. — Very local ; recorded from Durham.

LYONETIIDES. — Cemiostoma orobi, Sta. — Very local ; recorded
from Yorkshire.

NEPTICULIDES. — Trifurcula immundella ab. squamatella,
Sta. — Dark aberration, rarely taken with type.

Nepticula fletcheri, Tutt. — Confused with N. anumalella, both
species with rose-feeding larva^.

N. torminalis, Wood. — Very local, single-brooded species on
Pyras tonninalis, recorded from Herefordshire.

N. serella, Sta. — Recorded also with doubt from Bavaria.

N. poterii, Sta. — By some lepidopterists supposed to be specifically
identical with N. filipendulae.

N. HODGKiNsoNi, Sta. — Possibly confused with N. centifoliella.

N. wooLHOPiELLA, Sta. — A local species recorded from Hereford-
shire, closely allied to N. an/cntipedella.

N. coNFusELLA, WooD. — Probably confused with X. lapponica.

N. QuiNQUELLA, Bedell. — Exceedingly abundant locally, in some
seasons, from Surrey to Cambridge.

N. suBAPicELLA, Sta. — A rare species from Kent, previously con-
fused with N. aniyroper.a, by Stainton.

TINEIDES. — Meesia richardsoni, \V.\lsm.— -At present only
recorded from Dorset.

PSYCHIDES. — Narycia monilifera var. atrella, Stphs. — A dark
form not uncommon in the metropolitan district.

Solenobia inconspicuella var. triquetrella, Edl. [nee Hb.). —
A suffused form from the Manchester district. S. var. wockii, Barr.
{tiec Hein.). — Grey with no tinge of ochreous ; Birmingham district.

Bankesia douglasii, Sta.^ — A very distinctly marked specimen, still
unique taken in Birch wood, Surrey.

B. staintoni, Walsm.^ — The species taken near Southampton is
considered by Walsingham to be distinct from the B. conspurcatella of
the continent.

Taleporia tubulosa ab. minor, Tutt. — Small, almost unicolorous.
Croydon district.

Masonia mitfordella, Chapmn. — Locality doubtful.

M. hibernicella, Chapmn. — Ireland.

FuMEA casta ab. MINOR, Chapjin. — Small examples, apparently
pretty generally distributed. F. ab. bowerella, Chapmn. — At present
only recorded from Kent.

F. scoTicA, Chapmn. — Rannoch and Sutherland.

Pachythelia villosella var. nigricans. Curt. — Blackish form.
New Forest.

Sterrhopterix hirsutella var. fusca. Haw. — Pale fuscous ;
Hornsey Wood and Highgate formerly.

ERIOCRANIIDES. — Eriocrania fimbriata, Walsm. — A very rare
species, based on two examples ; Berks.

E. salopiella, Sta. — Local, occurring as far north as Westmorland.

E. caledionella, Griffith. — Sutherland. Sunk by Rebel as K.
pnrpurella.

There are, I know, many sins of omission and commission in this
list. I have been doubly unfortunate, first in having been exceedingly
busy with other work when the list had to be made out, and, secondly,
in failing to obtain a micro-lepidopterist more up-to-date with new

262 THR entomolociIrt'r record.

additions and captures than I have been able to keep myself recently,
to check the list, and thus ensure oreater completeness and accuracy.
It will, however, I doubt not, form a good basis on which some
lepidopterist with more leisure, and a more detailed acquaintance with
recent work done in the micro-lepidoptera abroad, can make a catalogue
of purely British species, varieties and aberrations, when such a thing
is again wanted. If some such lepidopterist will make a copy of the
list, and, having added his critical emendations, send it on to Dr. A.
Russel Wallace, he will, I am sure, be as delighted as I.

Migration and Dispersal of Insects : Final Considerations.

By J. W. TIJTT, F.E.S.

We have now passed in review a large number of the published
facts relating to the migration and dispersal of insects, and one
suspects that some attempt should be made to discover if the facts
throw any light on the cause of the migration or dispersal habit which
evidently exists in many insects.

The facts appear to prove conclusively that there is, in many insects,
a strong tendency for the imagines to spread from the area in
which they have lived as larvie, and there seems to be no doubt
that, in the case of orthoptera and coleoptera, the essential reason
of dispersal is in order to seek new feeding-grounds ; some, at
least, of the movements of aphides, appear also to be largely
intimately connected with food-supply. In the case of the odonata
no such direct reference to food conditions is possible, and it is
distinctly evident that these do not directly influence the movements
of lepidoptera in the imaginal state. It is possibly not unfair
to suggest from the evidence that the mass movements of
odonata are due to the necessity of finding new breeding-grounds,
those in which they themselves existed as nymphs being
dried up and no longer affording the necessary conditions for egg-
laying. To a limited extent, perhaps, this may also be true of
lepidoptera, but one suspects that the extent to Avhich this may apply
is exceedingly small. We have already noted that Piepers considers
the migrating impulse is due to certain unexplained sexual conditions,
which act as a j^riraary motive force on the organism and cause it to
undertake long flights from its native locality, but we do not see much
evidence in support of this view.

In the hymenoptera, as we have already suggested, the cause
of the various dispersal movements appear to be varied and
possibly connected in some cases with the necessity of flnding
a new home, in others with the necessities of cross-fertilisation,
and in yet others with the necessity of discovering new feeding-grounds.
We appear then to have, in connection with this subject, several
quite different phenomena to consider.

However varied the causes may be, the general results are sinailar,
riz., the occupation of new breeding-grounds, the extension of the range
of the species should these breeding-places prove suitable, and the
extermination of the progeny of the immigi-ants in the course of a
generation or two should they prove unsuitable. The failure of
successive migrating bands to permanently populate a new district is
exceedingly well illustrated in onr comitryhy (olias cd urn and Pijrawch

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS : FTNAT, CONSIDERATIONS. 263

rardiii, and in North America by Anusia arc/u'pjHis and other species of
similar habits, which, when they spi'ead north, bring tlieir southern
continuously-brooded habits with them and attempt to do, under more
rigorous climatic conditions, what they do naturally in their more
southern homes, with the result that their progeny is almost entirely
exterminated during the autumn and winter following their immigra-
tion. On the other hand, should the locality reached prove favourable,
this again may become a new centre of dispersal. Such species,
continually seeking new grounds to which they may extend, may well
be termed dominant species, because they are least likely to undergo
absolute extinction owing to local causes, and also because, in the
process of extending their area, they are continuously being brought
under, and to be successful have to respond to, changed conditions
which must result in slow modifications of habit and possibly in
appearance, culminating in the development of new races, and possibly
ultimately of new species. The permanent settlement of such species
as Pi/ratiu'is canliti and Colias I'lliisa in a more northerly latitude than
that in which they winter easily now, must depend upon the ability of
the species to adopt a fixed hybernating habit which will carry them
through some months in such a climate, for example, as our own.
Colias ednsa attempts to do this in the larval, and Pi/rameis eardui in
the imaginal, state, and there is some little evidence that a few
examples may for a short time succeed, but these are met by the
next band of immigrants without the habit, and crossing rapidly
reduces or swamps altogether the hybernating power, and the
progeny has almost, as it were, to start again dc novo. Along
the southern shores of the Mediterranean, where the actual winter is
very short, some slight hybernation is succeesfully negotiated by both
these species ; if these individuals immigrated or spread into a
comparatively near country or district, the progeny of those of
the immigrants which had the hybernating tendency most strongly
developed would be able to tolerate a slightly severer climate, and
one can understand that, by easy stages, a race might be established
that could spread slowly into far distant countries, and show a
distinct definite hybernating habit differing greatly from that of
its early southern ancestors. There is little proof, however, that
the remarkable swarms of these species that more or less frequently
visit Britain come from neighbouring countries ; on the other
hand, they often occur in years when there is certainly no excess
of abundance anywhere in southern Europe, but such evidence as is
forthcoming, especially with regard to P. eardiii, suggests northern
Africa as the area of origin. Here the species is sometimes observed in
enormous numbers in March, the larva? stripping everything that they
can possibly eat in April, and producing imagines in May, many of
which are probably forced, by their local circumstances, to leave their
native homes and seek pastures new elsewhere.

It has been suggested by Scudder {Psi/che, v., pp. 190 et .m/.) that
P. eardui was originally a native of the New World, and that its
present distribution — practically over the whole world (the Arctic
regions and part of South America excepted) — has been obtained by
the species spreading from America. He observes that the species
belongs to a subdivision of the genus Vmwssa, the members of which
(with the sole exception of this cosmopolitan species) are found

264 THE entomologist's record.

exclusively in the New World, whilst the antithetical section (with the
single exception again of one member found both in Europe and the
United States) is exclusively confined to the Old World, and yet it is
just in America that its distribution is most limited : " It has a wide
distribution in North America, is, however, known only in a compara-
tively small portion of South America, and occurs in none of the West
Indian Islands except Cuba, where it is rare. The cause of this limita-
tion cannot be attriljuted to the want of food-plants, which are quite as
abundant in the districts where the species does not occur as where it
does ; nor can the heat of the tropics be placed as a difficulty in the
way, since there is no phxce, he says, where it flourishes more abundantly
than in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World. Scudder's explana-
tion of its success in the Old World appears sound, for it is clear that, in
the New World, its distribution is limited by its competition with its
nearest relatives, whilst "being introduced into a new world where
it had to contend in the struggle for supremacy with none of the
members of its own restricted group, which had stood in its way in
its native home, it would suddenly find that it had reached a region
ready for conquest and would spread therein with such success as to
completely overrun that division of the world." The force of this
reasoning is excellently illustrated by the facts connected with the spread
of the European Pieris rapac in America. This species, first noticed in
America (Quebec) in 18G0, had spread to Cacouna, to the Eastern Town-
ships, and to the state of Maine by 1866, in 1867 it was noted at Montreal,
whilst in 1868 there was a fresh importation by way of New York (a
German naturalist having obtained chrysalides from Europe allowed
the imagines to escape). From the two centres the spread continued, till
in 1876 the species had covered the whole of Western Ontario, and in 1881
had invaded the whole country from the Atlantic Ocean to Texas, Kansas,
Nebraska and Lake Superior; in 1884, specimens were met with on the
shores of Hudson's Bay and at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, whilst
at the present time the butterfly has practically covered the whole
of Temperate America. Coming from a district (Europe) in
which it has several near relations which compete closely with
it for food, and possessed, as it is, of a strong migrating tendency
which leads it to push itself even against these relations, it found
itself in a country where the group of butterflies to which it
belongs was poorly represented, and where its food-plant was
excessively abundant. The consequence is that it has spread at
an amazing rate, and in a quarter of a century has covered Canada
and more than half of the territory of the United States, extending
itself all over the temperate area, and elbowing out its native rehitions
which are unable to compete with this hardier and more capable type.
In fact, the scarcity of one of them, l^icris proUxlici', formerly a
common insect, in the districts which the European species has
invaded, is most distinctly marked. Here we see how a stranger can
become dominant in a short time and crowd out its less pushing
neighbours. But it is only in temperate regions that this species can
spread, for its food-plants (the cabbage tribe) are scarce or entii'ely
absent beyond the temperate zone. On the other hand, Pi/raiiieis
can/M?" sutlers no such restrictions, its food being practically everywhere.
There has been, therefore, everything in favour of its becoming a
cosmopolitan species, and if there be one really deserving this term in
the world, this species is probably it.

COLEOPTKKA.

265

The spread of A)iosia archiptias also gives us food for reflection. It
is one of the few New World representatives of a large Old World
family. Its success in its own country is a proof of its inherent ability
to spread, but yet it is in the Old World that it has become renowned
for its power to extend its range in spite of competition. It is evident
from its allies in the New World anrl the fact that it has split up into
a number of local varieties, or even distinct species, that its introduc-
tion, or the introduction of the ancestor of the New World species
dates back very, very far. Suflice it to say here that the modifications
which this particular insect has undergone, have proved of advantage
not only as against its own nearest relations, but also as against the
descendants of its ancient allies in its old home.

^OLEOPTERA.

DiBoLiA cvNoGLossi, KocH, A Bkitish INSECT. — I have much
pleasure in establishing this very rare beetle as a British insect. I
swept a short series near Pevensey on August 11th last. This capture
is practically an addition to our coleopterous fauna, as, though it is
recorded in Stephens, it is not to be found in Fowler [t'ol. Biit. Mcx)
or Cox's Handbook, and it has not figured in a British list since 1866.
Stephens, in the Mandibulata {(^'oL, vol. iv., 1831, p. 325), writes of
this insect: "I possess a single example captured in the neighbourhood
of Bristol, "and in his il/rt»»(i'/ (1839, p. 301) notes " On Ci/iioiilossmii offici-
nalc, Bristol: 6."'' Eye [Knt. Ann., 1868, p. 76) writes "i>. cijno(jlossi,
an insect which does occur in our Cataloipie, though with much doubt."
It appears to occur in Central Europe and Spain. It is very rare in
France. IHholia belongs to the Halticidac, and may be easily known
by the large bifid spur at the apex of the posterior tibiie. — H. St. J.

K. DONISTHOEPE.

CoLEOPTERA IN ScoTLAND. — Duriug Juiie I was able to make a few
more excursions to places in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. On
the 18th I went out in the late afternoon to Cramond Bridge, and swept
along both sides of a lane running by the side of the river Almond for
some half a mile. Though the herbage was in tine condition and many
of the wild flowers were in full bloom the weather conditions were, as
usual, adverse — dull grey skies and a cool wind — the folloAving insects
were, however, obtained — lAoji/docKs nnbihui, F., fairly common, Scia-
philns iiiti)-icat.ns,F.,< 'cntlioyJii/nr/iKs (jnadri(lcns,}^'A.,(_'.ei/a]iipe)tnis, Germ.,
and Phaedon tuinidnbini, Kirb. This latter insect occurred in the utmost
profusion, and varied greatly in colour and size, constantly misleading
me with the hope that I had secured something new. On the 19th I
made another afternoon visit to Hawthornden, but on this occasion I
did not go at all into the grounds, my time being devoted to vigorous
sweeping under the hedges in the neighbouring lanes and in a planta-
tion of firs. Ofl" AUiaria o/licinalis came again CeNthai/ii/nchii.s ci/anl-
pciinis, Germ., and <'. i/itadridcns, Pz., both in plenty, while general
sweeping produced a fair number of good things, including the follow-
ing— r/iijUobius nniforniifi, Marsh., I'lati/tarsns <'c/iinatns,lionH., Jli/jii'ia
l>olij(ioni,\j., Sitiine-'i inincticollis, Steph., Il/tinifsinm.s riridijicnnis, Stopli.
(1 swept this insect again a little later in Berwickshire, Canon I'owler
says it occurs rarely m Scotland in the Dee district only), (laxtroidm

* 0 means in June.

266 THE Entomologist's recorI).

puhjijuni, lj.,Mantura rustica,!^., C'rijjituhi/pnusrijiariHs, F., Bracln/pteriis
piihescens, Er., previously only recorded rarely from Solway district,
with Meiii/ethes aeneus, F., and ]\[. viridescens, F., of course, in the
utmost profusion. Sweeping under the fir-trees secured Coccinella
liienM/li/jthica, L., Phi/tobitts 4:-ti(berculatus, F., Exomias araneiformis,
8chrk., Canon Fowler says this latter is doubtfully Scotch, and that
Dr. Sharp had never seen a specimen, but I have also seen this summer
specimens taken at Peebles, by Mr. Black, so the old record of Murray
is quite correct, and, lastly, an insect which I can only make to be
I >il/()cai'tcf; aiitoi/rcipluis, Ratz., which as far as I know has only been
taken previously at Scarborough, in 1869. At Musselburgh, on the
afternoon of the 21st, I obtained AiiisoUnna calcarata, Er., Majitiira
rn'<tira, L., and ( Hiorrhnnchns iiiHsc>irinii,'Biiii, by sweeping in an old sand
pit, and the same afternoon I swept L'hactocnema luirtensis, Fourc, in
some numbers in the Regent Terrace gardens behind my house. This
finished my collecting for June, except for the brief trip to Rannoch,
the results of which have been recorded {K)it. Mo. Mar/., vol. xxxviii.,
p. 179). Several of the above insects have only been taken
previously in other districts in Scotland and are recorded as
uncommon, the above records are therefore new localities for them. — •
T. Hudson Beare, F.E.S., 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh.

L^iOMOSTENUS COMPLANATUS, De.T., AT StROOD AND ChATHAM. Mr.

Stanley Kemp records the occurrence of LaniKMcnns coiiiplanatiis, Dej.,
an addition to the British fauna, from Dublin in June last (Knt. Mo. Ma;).,
vol. xxxviii., p. 216). This insect is superficially very like Pristoni/rJiiis
terricola, Herbst, but is smaller, has considerably shorter legs, and is,
moreover, winged, while P. tenicola is apterous, there is also a differ-
ence in the shape of the thorax, which is quite marked, as soon as
attention is drawn to it. On examining ray series of /'. terricola I
at once detected three specimens of L. coiiijilaiiatus mixed Avith them,
and a reference to my entomological diary showed that they were all
taken in the yard of a granary at Strood in 1901, under bricks. Mr.
Champion says {loc cit.) that he has two specimens taken by Mr. J. J.
Walker, at Chatham, in 1874. It is possibly, in other collections, mixed
with I', terricola, and has no doubt been passed over in the field for
that insect. — Ibid.

QuKDius oblitekatus, Er. — A qui^Rv as to Mr. J. H. Keys' Note
IN THE Entomologist's Monthly ]\lA(iAziNE, July, 1902. — In the Knt.
Mo. Ma;/, for July last, jMr. Keys, in an interesting article, confirms as
British, (Jnediiis obliteratiis, Er. lie points out that, although not
included in Canon Fowler's work, nor in Cox's Handhonk, it was enu-
merated by T. ^'. Wollaston in his " Note on the Coleoptera of the
South of Ireland " {Zoolo;)ist, 1817, pp. 1570-6), and is also ascribed
to Great Britam, on rhe authority of Wollaston, by Fauvel in his
^^ Fa II lie Gallo-Ilheiiane," \ol. u'l., i^. 521. ]\Ir. Keys states that this
species is " doing duty in our collections as <J. siitiiralix, Kies." Are
we to understand by this that there are no true (J. siitaralis, Kies., in
British collections ? I have a specimen of a (Jiiediiis, which I took at
Gravesend on August 8th, 1891, under refuse, and which I consider to
be the true IJ. siitii rails, Kies. Mr. E. A. Newbery, Avho has seen the
insect, also agrees with this conclusion. I'urther on Mr. Keys, mentions
that he has taken IJ. obliteratiis in some numljers in the Plymouth district,
and also that one or two specimens are possessed by other coleopterists.

COLEOPTERA. 267

Canon Fowler writes of Q.autundis {UuL Brit. Isles, vol. ii., p. 241): —
"Local, London district, not uncommon," and mentions many localities
in England, and Scotland rare ; are we to understand that all these records
refer to Q. oblitrratus ? We should be much obliged if Mr. Keys will
settle this matter for us. We may point out, by the way, that neither
Q. ohlitcratiis nor (J. siitiiralis are recorded from Ireland in the "List
of the Beetles of Ireland," by Johnson and Halbert, 1902. — Horace
DoNisTHORPE, 58, Kensington Mansions, S.W. September lith, 1902.

DoRCATOMA CHRYSOMELINA, HtURM., ETC., IN LEICESTERSHIRE.

Whilst on a visit to my friend INIr. Bouskell, at Market Bosworth, in
•July last, I took two specimens of Jhirratoina chri/sotiielina out of an
old dead birch tree in the park there. Out of the same tree we captured
several specimens of Mi/cetoji/tai/us jnccus and I'hloeutri/a stephensi.
Both the Ihrratoiua and the Mycetopho(/iis are new to Leicestershire.
A visit to Thornton Reservoir produced a nice series of Blethisa nndti-
pnnitata ; Ancltowenus picens was plentiful, and Bembidimii obliqmim
and Philunthns quisqiuliariiis ab. cliiindiatiin were secured. The Beiii-
bidium, which is very common there earlier in the year, was getting
over. Luntjitarsus laevis occurred on < 'hrj/saittheiiiiiin hiicantlieiiium in
Mr. Bouskell's garden. — Ibid.

Prionus coriarius AT EsHER. — On August 22nd I took a fine speci-
men of Prionus coriarius in the High Street of Esher. This is the
first example of this longicorn I have taken here. Is it a new locality
for the species '? — Harry Fleet, 7, Park Road, Esher, Surrey.

Malachius MARCiiNELLus, Ol., IN ScoTLANu. — A single specimeii of
this insect was taken in Peebles, running on the pavement, near a
grassy bank, on July 26th last. Canon Fowler states that this insect
is almost confined to the south-eastern coasts of England, but he notes
the capture of a specimen by Dr. Sharp, in the Solway district, in
Scotland {C(d. Brit. Biennis, vol. iv., p. 157). The above record for
quite another part of Scotland is, therefore, interesting. — James E.
Black, Nethercroft, Peebles.

Larinus carlin.e, Ol., and other Coleoptera in the Hastings
district. — Having spent six weeks at Rye, from the 81st of July last, I
found that in spite of the weather I did very well entomologically, and
added a number of interesting beetles to my collection. My best
capture was Larinus carlinae, a species which has not been taken in
the Hastings district for 25 years, when Mr. Butler took two specimens
at Rye. Mr. Bennett had told me about this capture, and that it had
not turned up since, and asked me to see if I could rediscover it.
After searching many spots and examining numerous thistles, I at
length found a place where the beetle occurred, and, moreover, was in
plenty. It was not found on the carline thistle. The beetles are very
hard to detect on their food-plant, as the yellow patches of hairs with
which the freshly emerged insect is ornamented assimilate with the
spines of the thistles, which are often yellow, and one finds that even when
looking very closely at a thistle, it is often a long time before the
beetle is noticed, although one may be looking straight at it all the time.
Of course it is easily swept. The beetles eat round holes in the centre of
the thistle leaves. Telinald/diiliis s/iarf/anii occurred in one ditch on
Span/aniiiiii, accompanied by T. tijphae and T. brerindtis. The last of
these species I turned up in four difterent localities, one iit Winchelsea,
two near Rye, and one at Iden. In thf last-nuuicd lucality 1 swept a

268 THE entomologist's record.

specimen of Antherophagm silaceus, being an addition to the Hastings
list. Bidesiiiis nnistriatus was found in Mr, Bennett's locality at
Cambei", where also occurred Dclnopsifi crosa a,nd Benibi/liiDii fionigatum.
A nice series of Podaiirica fascijns was swept off mallow at Rye, and
the very rare 2 of Athous difforunH was taken by evening sweeping.
The pretty little Apion urticariiiin was swept off nettles in one or two
localities, and Leut/iorrlii/itclius erliii from Echiioii ridfjare in some
numbers. This last insect is also well protected by its colouring, on
its food-plant ; the white prickles of the Kcliiutn and mottled appear-
ance of the dead leaves, forming a background well calculated to
conceal it by their similarity to its colouring. Scirtcs orbicidaris and
Coccidnla scutellata were obtained not uncommonly by sweeping reeds.
A series of Hylednus oleiperda was beaten out of ash trees. The
beetle bores into the end shoots of the branches and may also be taken
by breaking off and examining any shoots that appear to be dead. I
added this species, by the way, to the Hastings list in 1894, when I
took a single specimen near Fairlight. Two specimens of Churai/iis
slirppardi were beaten from an old hawthorn hedge. Lixus ali/iriis\va,s
rather late this year no beetles being at large ; there were plenty of its
curious pupfP, however, in the thistle stems. I was fortunate enough
to take Ct'iitliorr/uim-hidins chccrolati in a new locality (near Rye), and
swept a series off Achillea iiiilUfoliuni, as a visit to the St. Leonards'
locality had drawn blank. On August 25th, Mr. E. A. Butler
accompanied Mr. Bennett and myself to Battle, where a very
pleasant day was spent. Anrhuineniix ^/rr«.s turned up rather freely
in the same spot where we took it in 1895. Diligent search
for the var. barhaycac, Steph., of Ori/ptocephaliis parriilin^, which
was first discovered at Battle by Mr. Bennett and myself in 1895,
failed to produce it, as though the type was found and several
dark intermediate forms occurred, barbarcae itself did not put in an
appearance. Aiinjdi(s ivixiris was beaten oft" birch, and I'/ii/tobiiis
naltt.ni and Danatuiiia Jiarirnijiis were obtained by evening sweeping.
I may mention before closing these notes that Lema en'(hso)ti was
worked hard for on several occasions by Mr. Bennett and myself in its
original locality, unfortunately without success. However, one cannot
expect always to get everything one tries for. — H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe,
58, Kensington Gardens, Sept. 20t/i, 1902.

JP>RACTICAL HINTS*.

Field Work for October.

By E. KOGEES BUSH.

1. — Beat birch-trees during early October, at night, for full-fed
larva) of Deiiias con/li.

2. — Also beat larch for larv;e of Kiijdt/icfia laririata and Odmitdpcra
hideatata.

o. — It is most profitable during October to sweep, at night, railway
banks and edges of woods where mixed plants abound, for hybernating
Noctuid larva', as here many uncommon species may be obtained ; they
may be kept through the winter l)y planting a good root of knotgrass

* I'liAcTicAL Hints koh thk Fikld Lki'ijioptkiust, Part 1, published May, 190U,
and iilieady almost completely out of print, contains 1250 similar hints to these,
distributed over every montli in the year. Interleaved (for collector's own notes).
I'art '2 ib now in the printer's hands, and subscribers wanted. — En.

ORTHOPTERA.

269

in a flower-pot and covering with muslin ; most hybernating larvae
will feed upon this until spring, when their own food-plant may be
found.

4. — Look with lamp at night at blooms of ragwort for llndmccia
liicnis {7iictita7is), Aiirotis ohclixra, and other Noctuids, which are rather
later in Perthshire than in the south of England.

5. — Sugar north side of woods for preference, for Ai/riojiis aprilnia,
Ai/rotis oheliHca, Kpunda ni<ira, Orrhodia vaccinii, <). ('ri/throcephala,
Scopeloaoma satellitia, Noctua glareosa, and many other species.

6. — By hanging a lamp on a tree in woods and standing by with a
net, Hiiiwra pennaria, Ennoinos crosaria, Oporahia (lilntata, and 0.
jilit/ravimaria may be taken ; so also may many Noctuids when
sugar fails.

7. — Search old stunted birch-trees during this month for imagines
of Cidan'a miata and L('i>io(irautma scotana, the latter can be seen from
a good distance (where it occurs).

8. — Sweep Callima ndfiaris for the larvfe of Anarta nnjrtilli,
Scodiona bch/ioria, etc.

9. — Macrothijlacia rithi larvaa may be obtained in abundance during
this month by searching at dusk by woodsides, these may be kept
successfully by putting a good sized turf of grass in a box and placing
the larvte thereon ; cover with muslin and stand out-of-doors.

[N.B. — We should be very glad to receive from lepidopterists com-
plete series or individual "hints " for any month. Variety can only
be obtained by the combined efforts of many lepidopterists accustomed
to work in different districts. — Ed.]

<1>RTH0PTERA.

A RARE Grasshopper : AtiROECiA vittipes. — About the middle of July
last, a boy brought to me, alive, a large grasshopper which he had caught
on a wall of his house at St. Albans, Herts. It at once struck me as
being a rarity, and, through the kindnessof Mr. Malcolm Burr, F.E.S.,
it has now been definitely identified. At first Mr. Burr was inclined
to think it was the female of Af/yoecia uiiirifrons, of which hitherto only
the male had been described. On further investigation, however, the
unusual visitor has been definitely identified as A;iroecia vittipefi. It
has been recorded by Eedtenbacher from Theresopolis in Brazil, and
the type is in the Brunner collection in the Hof Museum in Vienna.
Both sexes of this species have been described, but I believe I am correct
in stating that this is its first recorded occurrence in Great Britain.
There is little doubt, however, that it is an imported specimen, as
there is an orchid nursery not far from where the grasshopper was
captured, and it must have been brought into this country with some
plants from South America. It measures over two inches from the
end of the ovipositor to the head ; in colour it is dark brown, has two
very large and long hindlegs and two pairs of smaller ones in front,
very long slender antennae and a long ovipositor. Judging from the
hopping feats which I witnessed this specimen perform, I should
imagine that in its native habitat its powers in this direction must be
very considerable. — W. Percival Westell, M.B.O.U., St. Albans,
Herts. Sejiteinber 6th, 1902. [As Mr. Burr is abroad we insert this
although it is evidently only an independent record of the specimen
noted antca, p. 243. — Ed.]

270 THE entomologist's record.

VARIATION.

Note on aform of Ptedisca profundana.— For some seasons I have
taken a very interesting insect, which I supposed to be only a local form
of Pardura prnfuiuJana. It is taken in an orchard here, and until this
year was invariably beaten from apple, or bred from larv;? beaten
from apple. The form is very constant in colour and markings, and a
similar form is taken by Dr. Eiding (with two or three other forms)
also in an orchard, but at sugar, Avhilst Dr. Wood is said to obtain it
in only two old orchards at Tarrington, where none of the ordinary form
of P. profundana has been yet met. Mr. Bankes reports having taken the
same form in the New Forest twenty years ago, and the general opinion up
to the present has been that it is a phytophagic (apple-feeding) form
of P. profundana. Eecent experience, however, throws considerable
doubt on this. On June 6th last, Mr. Bower and myself collected a
number of larvfe in laterally rolled (cigar-shaped) leaves of apple in
the particular orchard in which this form had previously occurred,
hoping to breed it. On .June 7th, we collected larvae in similarly
rolled oak-leaves, supposing them to be those of the ordinary
form of P. profundana, as I have commonly beaten the species
there, but have never taken the particular form from the orchard
there. The oaks are about half a mile from the orchard, and
no apple-trees are near. The larvfe were kept quite distinct, in sepa-
rate cylinders on pots, the one lot on apple the other on oak. On June
15th we described the larva on apple as follows :

About § ins. in length, dark green in colour; on the 3rd and 4th segments two
black spots forming a colon, and beneath them two smaller ones, thus .:. ; on all
the other segments except the anal are two large spots like a colon, and beneath
them one small one. The head yellowish-green ; on the 2nd segment a plate,
of a tint between the head and body colours, slightly darkened at each side,
and a black spot (sometimes wanting in both the apple and oak larvae) on front of
plate. Legs black. Prolegs unicolorous with body ; on the last pair, in some
instances, a black spot on each. A few pale hairs emitted from each segment
except the head.

Having made this description we proceeded to examine the larva on
oak (which we supposed to be those of ordinary P. profundana) with a
view to noting any differences, but we were unable to detect any.
When Mr. Bower left me, about June 18th, most of the larviP on apple
had pupated (those on oak were not examined), the pupaj being either
on the surface of the earth or in a turned-over leaf. Most of these he took
with him and has since bred several imagines, all of the peculiar form.
From the remaining pupi^ from apple I bred four of this form, r/:., on
July 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th, whilst from those on oak three of the
same form emerged, on July 11th (two) and 12th. These were the
only ones bred, as we only collected a few larvii? from oak to satisfy
ourselves that they were P. profundana. On July 16th I commenced
to take this form in the orchard, and have taken several since. Several
visits to the oaks, however, gave no example of the insect this year,
although this particular form was quite common in its usual orchard.
I should be glad to know if, elsewhere, the larvse of P. profundana are
to be found in similarly rolled leaves, or if anywhere the larvfe of
this species have different habits from the preceding. — E. F. Studd,
M.A., Oxton, near Exeter. Au;/ust 8th, 1902.

GyNANDROMORPHIC and aberrational LaSIOCAMPA QUERCtS. L.

tjuerciis. — On July 22nd I had a specimen of L. quercus emerge, with
male colouring on the wings and J antenna?, but the body was

NOTES ON COLLECTING.

271

nioi-e like that of a $ in size, and showed what looked like
egg matter between the segments, while the anal extremity was
devoid of the tuft of hair usually present in the <? . In addition,
on the forewings, was a yellow splash from the base of the wing
half way to the discoidal spot. It was from a larva taken at
Christchurch, Hants, in June. I also bred another specimen
from a Deal larva with these splashes, and a specimen from an East-
bourne larva with the band on the hindwing almost obsolete. — C. W.
CoLTHRUP, 120, Barry Road, East Dalwich, S.E. Scptonhci- 20th,
1902.

Aberration of Tkyph.t:na fimbria. — Last April I took a number of
Trijphaena jimhria larvce at Streatham. At the end of June they
emei'ged, and among them was an aberration which I think worthy of
notice. The forewings are those of the common light mahogany
aberration, but the hindwings have an oceilated spot near the anal
angle, and well separated from the black border. The right hindwing
has a small hole surrounded with black, and the left one has a trans-
parent " windoAV " surrounded in the same manner and containing a
very minute hole. The black rings are about i inch in external dia-
meter. The underside exhibits the same spots as the upper, but not
(juite so well defined. I may add that the wings are very slightly
crippled. — C. I. Paton, Ormley, Glen Eldon Road, Streatham, S.W.
September lith, 1902.

Epixephele tithonus ab. — On August 3rd, at Burgess Hill,
Sussex, a striking aberration of Kpinejihelc tithonus was taken.
The insect was a male, well marked, in full strength, in all the dark
parts of the wings, but instead of the usual brilliant red-brown for the
ground colour of the wings it was a light butter-coloured yellow. — J.
C. DoLLMAN, Hove House, Newton Grove, Bedford Park. September
2oth, 1902.

:iS^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Late season for Lepidoptera in Perthshire. — As late as September
6th I obtained ova of Dasi/dia nbfnscata, capturing a female on that
date. I should like to draw attention to the fact that I have
endeavoured to transplant this species to other than its original haunts
by obtaining ova and placing them in various localities where the same
food-plants grow, and where the environment is apparently almost
identical, but the attempt has failed upon every occasion. I have
also taken larvife about half fed and put down, but these also failed.
Purple bell-heather {Frica tetrali.r) is undoubtedly its food-plant,
although nearly all authorities give other plants. It will be observed
from the date of capture, that it, like everything else, is about a
month late. My list gives the usual time of appearance as being
about August 12th. Xoctna sobrina is equally late. I took it at
sugar upon August 15th, whereas in other years the dates have
been from the third week in June to the second week in July.
Ceriira furcula, Kpunda nif/ra, Xotodonta dnniu'darius, &c., were
emerging the first week in August, whilst larva; of Thevetra porcclli(s,
Charidea niiibra and Antidea sinuata were taken in their first
stadia upon August 25th, the whole of them fully a month behind their
usual time, and no doubt due to the sunless summer which we have

272 THE entomologist's recokd.

had.— E. Rogers Bush, 1, Strathmore Street, Perth, N.B. Septciiiber
Sth, 1902.

Lepidopteka, etc., in the New Forest in June, 1902. — I made my
first visit to the New Forest for the purpose of working for lepidoptera
on June 18th hxst, remaining there until July 1st, with Mr. Geo.
T. Porritt, who was working principally for dragonliies, although
he assisted in making the list what it is. Jt will be seen that we were
not very successful, the most noteworthy feature being the backward
state of, and the scarceness of, even common species ; during our stay
insects were very scarce, common or otherwise, and very little came to
sugar, larvie were far from common, even of the usually common
species, and such special Forest larvae as (J^nistis quadrayvere also scarce,
although some of the " locals," w^ho know the ground well, took a fair
number. A good many of the oak-trees, etc., situated along the
Lyndhurst Road, and in Hurst Hill and other enclosures, had been
blighted by frost about the middle of May, and through this cause they
had lost their leaves, and had cpiite a wintry appearance. The loss of
caterpillar life must have been enormous from this cause alone, without
taking into account the extremely wet and cold weather which pre-
vailed during May and June previous to our visit. When we arrived,
on June 18th, the Forest was a perfect bog all over, in fact the
" natives " said it was as wet as they had ever knoAvn it even in the
winter season. It will be seen from these remarks that the outlook for
my first visit was far from rosy, and results unfortunately bore
out appearances. I had hoped to see some of the larger fritillaries,
Liiinndtis aibijlla and Ajiatura iria on their native ground, but, of course,
the lateness of the season prevented our seeing even an odd specimen
of any of them, and I may say that the larvte of L. sihylla were still being-
taken during the time of my visit. We made Brockenhurst our head-
quarters, and our investigations were confined to the immediate neigh-
bourhood. What sugaring we did w^as done principally in Hurst Hill
enclosure, where we generally had the company of two or three other
entomologists. Among the lepidoptera noticed during our visit were
Gonej)tertjx rhaiinti, hybernated specimens very plentiful; Aruynnis ck-
phrosyne, several, some quite fresh ; pAiyimia polyrhloron, larvte on sallow.
Pararye cyeria, on old sugar patches on Hurst Hill ; ZcjiJiynis (jiicrci'iH,
larva:^ ; iSyrichthiis iiudcae, some of the specimens in good condition ;
Hesperia cuiiiiiia, Sphinx llynntri, Theretra junrdhm, Euiiujvplia el})enor,
the two latter insects were noticed hovering about sugar patches at
dusk ; lleiiturisfavifoniiis, Li. tityim {buinbylifunids), about over ; ^Eycria
foDiiiciformis, a single specimen, fresh out among osiers ; Sarrothripns
iindulaniiH, larvte ; Halias prasinana, yola cncidlatella, larvie on
hawthorn ; A', atriyida, larvae not uncommon on oak ; Lithosia meso-
mella, just coming out at end of June ; L. sororcula, (Enistis ijuadra,
larvie ; Gnophria rnhricullis, noticed fiying over trees in morning sun,
also found at rest on bracken ; ycnu'dp/dla ntsstda, Antia rdlica,
('urhUdion limacodes, P»dnia iiioiiacha, larva; fairly plentiful ; Dasy-
c/dni j)it(dhujida, Poecdocaiiijia pupidi, and Mcdacofioiiia nciit<tyia, larvae;
MacKitJiylcuda riihi, flying over heath, also noticed ova on fir-tree trunk
about five feet from ground; liiipana fahataria, Diymunia chaonia,
larvfe ; P>. triinariila, one or two imagines ; T/iyatira hatia, common at
siigar ; A.^pluilia i idcns, larvic fairly plentiful on oak ; Minna oriun,
feAV at sugar ; Didiha caenilcijnjJiaUi, larvie ; Piptiiyyui scahriiiscula,

NOTES ON COLLECTING,

^7B

Mtana titr'ujUi>>, typical forms ; Graiinnesia trliiraiiiiiiica, with two or three
rather nice aberrations ; Bimna tenebrusa, Pannlis pi ni per da, larvae
plentiful on firs ; Taoiiocampa iiiiniosa, fair number beaten out, larvte
of other species of this family were also common ; Kiijdcxia liicipara,
Aph'cta prasi)ia, much lighter specimens than occur with us in North
Yorks ; A. nebidosa, liadena thalassina, H. genistae, single specimen
taken at rest on post ; (Jnctdlia umbratica, Erastria fasciana, fairly
common at sugar, and also beaten out during day ; Hydrelia iinca,
just coming out, Matley ; Fln/toinetra riridaria, Euclidia gbjphica,
common on railway embankment; Catocala jn'omissa, C. sponsa, larvsB.
Venilia viacularia, quite fresh ; Metrocampa margaritaria, Ellopia
prosapiaria, just coming out at end of June ; Ennovios quercinaria,
Himcra pcnnaria, Phigalia pedaria, Amphidasys strataria, Cleora glah-
rarm, and C. lichenaria, l&ryee ; Boarmia roboraria, jnst coming out.
B. co)W)rtaria, worn ; Tephrosia crepuscularia, very light form ; T. luri-
data, not uncommon; Faeudoterpna pruinata, larvae; Nciiioria viridata,
worn ; lodis lactearia, common at dusk ; Zonosoma porata, Z. punc-
taria, Z. (uinulata, and Z. pendalaria, Eupisteria obliterata, Acidalia
trigeiiiinata, one of the commonest moths during our visit, and came
freely to sugar; A. reinataria, Bapta teinerata, and J J. biniaculata, hoth
common ; Macaria aUernata, a few at Matley Bog among alders ; M.
litiirata, Panagra petraria, a nuisance as usual ; Scudiona belgiaria,
lighter than northern forms ; Ematurga atoniaria, quite fresh;
Btipalns piniaria, common, the forms occurring here are much different
from our northern specimens, the 3 s having the patches on the upper
wings yellowish in place of white as with us, and the 5 s are of a bright
orange colour, while ours are very much darker and more marked ;
Aspilatca strigillaria, common among heather ; Hgbernia leucophaearia,
H. iiiarginaria, H. defoliaria, and Anisojiterg.c aescularia, larvae com-
mon ; Enpithecia rectangidata, common ; ColUx spar.sata, specimens
quite fresh, taken near Matley Bog; Hypnipetes trifasciata, banded
specimens of large size, this seems to be a feature of New Forest
insects, many of them being much larger than those of the same
species occurring in the north, at any rate in the localities with
w^hich I am familiar ; Corcmia anidentaria, at rest on palings ; I'ldh-
cdapteryx tcrsata, Anaitia plagiata, Botgs pandalia, etc. Dragonfiies
were very plentiful, and much better represented during our visit than
lepidoptera, it was quite a pleasure to see some of these grand insects
sailing about in the parts of the Forest which they haunted, the
gorgeous and graceful t'alopteryx virgo being specially noticeable
gliding up and down the streams, especially on short stretches of open
water passing through the woods. Among the dragonfiies noticed (for
the names of which 1 am indebted to Mr. Porritt) were the following-
species : — liichnura puiinlio, abundant on swampy grounds ; the bright
orange-yellow variety anrantiaca of the 5 being more plentiful than
the type. Agrion vwrcnriale, occurred freely in swampy ground, and
also along the stream sides passing through boggy ground. Agrion paella,
IsrJniura elegans, and I'yrrhusonia tenelluni, occurred, the latter pretty
freely. On a broad stream the pretty Gomplum ralgatissiiaHs was fairly
common during the latter part of our stay, and with it Cordulcgastcr
annalatiis was noticed. Anax impcrator was seen, and Libdlula
quadriniandata occurred in some numbers in at least one locality.
Plat y cue inifi pcnnipes was abundant and very variable. Orthetnuii

274 THE entomologist's RKCOED.

cafirulcM'cnx, Platetrmn dcjircssiiiii, t'alojitoi/.c vii'(jn, and PijrrhosniDa
vj/uiphida were also noticed in considerable numbers. Stag beetles
{L}(canus cerviis) were very plentiful, H.ying about during tbe evenings,
and one or tAVO came to sugar. Other noticeable visitors to sugar,
although not welcome, were hornets, which, like a good many New
Forest insects were of exceedingly large size. — T. Ashton Lofthouse,
The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesborough. September IQth, 1902.

Early emergence of Cosmotriche potatoria. — ^When I was in the
Broads June 21st-25th last, I was surprised to see several Cosmotriche
potatoria on the wing, both c? s and $ s. There were numbers of larvae
feeding at the same time. On the 2Brd I took a 2 which laid 82 ova,
these hatched on July 17th-19th, and the larvae are now growing fast.
I have never taken imagines of C. potatoria till the last week in July
before. I am interested to see if the larvie will feed up or hybernate. —
H. M. Edelsten, F.E.S., Forty Hill, Enfield.

AciDALiA DEGENERATA, Hb., AT Sandown. — I was Very much sur-
prised, when sugaring at my favourite locality, on September 5th, to
see a specimen of Acidalia deijenerata among the crowds of visitors.
The specimen is a male, the right pair of wings in perfect condition,
the left ones (especially the forewing) badly torn. So far as I am
aware, this species has never been recorded from any other British
locality than the Isle of Portland, and as it is too conspicuous a species
to be easily overlooked, I am inclined to regard it as an accidental im-
portation to Sandown ; it was taken quite close to the sea. The late-
ness of the date is interesting, but is in keeping with many others in
this extraordinarily backward season. — Louis B. Prout, 246, Rich-
mond Road, N.E. September 2'lnd, 1902.

EuTRicHA quercifolia IN SuRREY. — I fouiid this iusect both in the
larval and imago state at Farnham, Surrey, this year. — C. W. Colthrup,
127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, S.E. September 20tJi, 1902.

Lepidoptera at Esher in 1902. — The season of 1902 has been
very cold and wet, and the appearances of lepidoptera peculiar ; all old
diary dates and records have been upset, yet the year, as a whole, has
not been a bad one. The following are among my more interesting
captures : — May 31st, a pair of Xotodonta trepida, the J laid a few ova
which began to hatch on June 12th, and the larvae to pupate on July
19th ; larvae of Thecla w-albioii and A(/rotis ar/athina also captured.
June 15th, Nola criatnlalis. June 22nd, Callophrijs rubi on the wing.
July 12th, Lithosia vomplana. July 20th, larvae of Hemaris titi/na.
July 26th, Sarrothripa reeai/ana, the third specimen I have captured
here. August 11th, Aijrotis a(/athina began to emerge. August 26th,
Sphinx convolndi captured in the garden, the fifth specimen I have
taken in this locality; one each in October, 1899, September 22nd, 25th,
October 5th, 1901, and the one just recorded. August 28th, a larva
of Jocheaera aliii on the path to Westend ; there was not much life in
it, so I preserved and mounted it. — Harry Fleet, 7, Park Road,
Esher, Surrey. Sejitember 21st, 1902.

Lophopteryx carmelita in Sutherland. — It may be of interest to
record that I took the larva of L. carmelita in Sutherland last month,
and that Xoctiia dahlii appeared at sugar. All Scotch insects appeared
to be extraordinarily late this year, — Neville Chamberlain, F.E.S.,
Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham. September 21st, 1902.

Lewdoptera at Folkestone and Dover. — August, 1902, proved

NOTES OX COLLECTING. 275

one of the worst months I have experienced for years, from a collecting
point of view, lepidoptera generally being very backward. The weather
was very bad, not a week's sunshine altogether during the whole month.
August 9th (Coronation day) was about the best day, but then we did have
the sun the whole day (although more fortunate than London where it
remained dull the greater part of the day). After this the sun was a
rare visitor and the weather was very heavy and oppressive. Folyoiii-
nuttiis corydon was later in appearance and not half so abundant as in
1901. Some good aberrations were taken, however, including several
males with spotless undersides and many approaching spotless, twelve
very dwarf males, two no larger than Citpido miniDia, and four males,
very large, measuring l^", the largest I have ever taken. Another
male has the blue more approaching that of P. bellanim in tint.
Many females were taken with aberrant undersides, one exceptionally
dark, one very light, quite as light as those of a normal male,
four females much shot with blue, and four dwarfs. P. bellart/ua
(second brood) was not seen up to the end of August, and P.
ctfitrarchr, P. icariifi, and L'upulo ininhim did not appear till well
into the third week. A spot where I'auiphila comma usually
swarms had not produced a specimen up to the end of August,
but three nice aberrations of EphwpJu'le ianira were taken, one male with
two very large white patches on right hand side, one male with lower
wings much bleached, one female with lower wing on left side almost
white. Females of Aniynnis aylaia were all fresh, one taken flying had
the left side of the lower wing not developed. L'hrysupJianns phlaeas were
showing at the end of August, and 2Ielanaiyia ycdathca remained fresh
during August, three females taken at the end of the month were
drying their wings. One Colias ednsa was seen on August 9th at
Dover, and two C. hyale at Dover, on August 20th and 23rd, J also
heard of two taken at Folkestone. Aylais urticae and Pyrameis atalanta
were not seen at all, yet Pyrameis cardui was fairly common in all
stages, and small larva? were taken quite at the end of x\ugust. Pliisia
yamwa put in an appearance during the second week, they came very
suddenly, and during the week they were in hundreds everywhere,
after the second week they gradually diminished to an occasional two
or three. I noticed quite a similar magical appearance in 1900. Larvfe
of Thcretra porcellas were fairly common, but extremely late, very
small till about the third week, none that were taken had donned their
brown coats before then. A few larvae of Sesia stdlatarum were taken,
and Sjdiin.c li(/ustri larv;^ were common. Night work was an utter
failure.— C. P. Pickett, F.E.S. September '2,0th, 1902.

Lepidopteka in the Reading and Folkestone districts. — On
August 4th last I beat out on a chalk-hill at Streatley, near Reading, a
specimen of Mesotyjie riryata {Uneolata), a species which I do not think
has been taken in this district before. I may say I took the specimen
to Folkestone and showed it to Dr. Guard Knaggs, who says that it is a
very nice aberration, and that was of course the reason that I was not
at first quite sure that it was M. riryata, as it is very different from
the specimens I have from Deal. Mr. Hills, of Folkestone, also says it
is M. riryata. I also took my first specimen of Coremia quadrifasciata
here on July IGth last. I spent a fortnight at Folkestone this month
(September 1st to 15th) and saw about half a dozen Colias edusa, and
captured one ab. Iwlice, and four ? Colias hyale. llipparchia semele

276 THE entomologist's record.

$ s were fairly common, some in fine condition, the ^s mostly worn,
but I took one <? very fine, and the darkest I have ever seen, whilst
one very pale ? had the ocellated spots on the underside of a brown
coloration. Poli/oiinnati(n hellart/Ks were not in anything like the numbers
they were last year, but the ? s were mostly dusted with blue, more so
than last year. Fi/nimtin rardui, however, was fairly common, and
Flnxia f/ainvia everywhere. — W. E. Butler, Hayling House, Oxford
Road, Reading. September lS)th, 1902.

Manduca atropos in the North Sea. — A specimen of Manduca
(Acherontia) atropos was captured by the mate of the ss. Neiman, on a
voyage from Leith to Hamburg ; it flew on board when the vessel was
about 20 miles east of the May Island. — T. Hudson Beare, F.E.S.,
10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh. September 2%id, 1902.

Note on Hepialus lupulinus. — On June 9th last, whilst searching
at midday in a partially shaded spot in Hazeleigh Wood, for larvfe of
Arm/nn is adippe, I was surprised to see a specimen of H. lupidinus buzzing
about in the gleams of sunshine, keeping close to the ground. Subse-
quently I noticed three or four others behaving in exactly the same way.
So far as I could make oiit they were not attracted by a female, but were
flying naturally. I have never before seen this species on the move in
the daytime, although, of course, it flies at very early dusk. — (Rev.)
G. H. Raynor, M.A., Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Essex.

Lasiocampa QUERctJs AT Abaxia. — The observations on Lasiocaiupa
qiierriis in British Leiddoptera, vol. iii., remind me that at Abaxia, near
Fiume, on the Adriatic, last year (1901), I saw the males in numbers,
dashing about in the early afternoon, somewhere about the third week
in August. — F. Merrifield, F.E.S., 24, Vernon Terrace, Brighton.
September Uth, 1902.

Melanargia galathea at Painswick. — In the third week of August
last I spent a few days at Painswick, Gloucestershire, and found
Melanariiia f/alathea the commonest butterfly there; it was all over the
hills, south and east of the town, not in grassy meadows where I have
usually found it. — Ibid,

Partial second brood of Notodonta dromedarius and Larentia
pectinitaria. — From ova laid by a female Notodonta dromedarius taken
at Tilgate Forest on June 28th, one of the larvas which pupated
produced a fine female insect on August 4th. Larentia pectinitaria ova
from Tilgate in June, produced two imagines in September, a male on
the 18th, and a female on the 19th. They were both undersized though
from good larv». — J. C. Dolljian, Hove House, NeAvton Grove, Bedford
Park.' September 25th, 1902.

Agrius convolvuli at Wick. — It may be worth while mentioning
that during a few weeks' collecting in and around Wick and neigh-
bouring villages, I came across a female specimen of A<jrius conrolndi
on September 8rd, 1902, lying on a path near Wick. It was badly
damaged by being trodden upon, but, judging by the condition of the
fringes on its wings, it had not flown much. Is not this rather far
north for this insect in September ? — David Rosie, 163, Hampstead
Road, Benwell, Newcastle-on-Tyne. September 24«/(, 1902.

Colias edusa at Dorking. — As this does not appear to be an
" ediisa " year, it is perhaps proper to report that I took a female
specimen in good condition to-day at Dorking. — T. A. Chapman,
Betula, Reigate. September 21th, 1902.

REVIEWS. 277

;^EYIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

The Natural History of the ]]ritish Lepidoptera, a text-book

FOR students and COLLECTORS, VoL. III., BY J. W. TuTT, F.E.S.

["SSS + xii pages, Price £1 net. Published by Swan Sonnenschein and
Co., Paternoster Square, E.G.]. — Two years after the publication of the
second volume, the third volume of British Lcpidnptrra has been com-
pleted. It differs from its predecessors inasmuch as it is not divided into
two parts, but deals throughout with the species continued from vol. ii.
The first species dealt with is I'ac/njjfastria trifulii, the last Jlt'iiiaris
titi/i(s {hoiiibyliforiiiis). One has little doubt that of all the species
dealt with, Lasiocainpa querent will come in for the most notice. The
history of this species occupies no less than 70 pages, much of it is in
small type, and the Avhole composed of summarised detail dealing with
facts, and without a word that could possibly be spared. Little that
has ever been published on this interesting species can have escaped
the search-net, and the full details of the variation will not only prove
of the highest interest to all students and collectors of lepidoptera, but
the critical onslaughts made on the misuse of the varietal names on
the continent will necessitate a thorough study by continental lepidop-
terists. Short notes on LaaioccDupa var. callnnac, often repeated ad
nauaeam with no fresh facts or details and stating simply what has
been published so often before, by recruits who are for ever finding out
something quite new because of their ignorance of previously published
matter or their inability to find it, must of necessity be fewer in
number or more scientific in character now that the details (pp. 73-85)
so industriously collected by the author can be so readily studied, for
these pages do not represent the author's opinion of the subject, but
the opinions and facts of all lepidopterists who have handled the sub-
species since 1849, when Palmer first described it. To many the account
of Dimorpha versicolora will be especially welcome, consisting as it does
of 35 pages (pp. 229-264) of solid matter relating to this interesting
species, and embodied in which one finds descriptions of no less than
ten striking gynandromorphs ; a complete life-history based on the
observations of Chapman, J3acot, Holland, Clarke, Gascoyne, Merri-
field, Buckler, Bernard- Smith, Poulton, Jenvey, Bankes, Tugwell, Sec,
whilst more than a hundred other lepidopterists are quoted for details
relating to localities, dates of appearance, habits, &c. As a matter of
comparison, however, it may be noted that (Tastropacha ilirifolia has
been worked out in such detail as to require from pp. 186-199 to
describe it and its habits in their various aspects, and practically eA'ery
detail of our knowledge of the species in Britain is here embodied, as
well as a complete life-history never before published. The less than
a dozen lines of Newman on Hemaris titi/iis, with at least two glaring
errors, become here some twelve solid pages of detailed facts, checked
with the authorities and vouched for by their names. These two species
are those that occupy the least space; the other species are worked out
in the same careful manner, but with more facts and details. To
the biologist the extensive details relating to the hybridity, gynandro-
morphism and life-histories of the species treated, will prove a mine of
information. The account of Sou'rint/nis hybr. Iii/bridus (pp. 148-459)
is of the greatest value as a summary of all the work published on this
best-known hybrid form ; but the details on pp. 391-395 will prove no
doubt of still more interest. The description and account of Mimas
hybr. leoniac, a cross between <? tiliae and ? ocdlata ; of ('alasiiinhobis

278 THE entomologist's recokd.

hybr. iitterfainiitti, a cross between a (J of the American asti/lim and a
5 of the European ocrllata ; of Sincrinthiis hybr. oberthiiri, of ^'.
hybr. frinr/si, Amorpha hybr. vii'tis, and A. hybr. inversa, are full of
interest, whilst on pp. 291-294 are the details of numerous Attacid
crossin,ns, and on pp. 296-304 a full summary of the crossings of the
allied European Saturnians ; there is no need to state that fvill accounts
of the crossing experiments of Lasun-ainpa (jui'iciis and its various races
are also given. The details relating to gynandromorphs are most
interesting. Scarcely a species that is here treated but has given
some examples, and when one notes no fewer than 32 gynandromorphs
of Lasiocampa qaercua described, 60 of Satiiniia pavonia and 85 of
Amorpha populi, besides smaller numbers of the other species, the
biologist will recognise that he has here an abundance of material on
which to work. The British collector will turn with the greatest satis-
faction to Chapman's comparison of the life-histories of Aiiiorjiha
populi, Mimas tiliae and Smcrinthtts ticdlata, and the author's grouping
of the Amorphids should at least flatter the vanity of the City of
London Entomological Society, which one knows he loves so well.
The names of Messrs. Sich, Burrows, Kaye, Dadd, Bell, Nicholson,
and Clark are all laid under contribution for new genera, and no doubt
other members names are only missing because they have been
previously utilised.

To the systematist there are four chapters that will require time,
thought and digestion. Firstly, the account of the family Kntricliidav
(pp. 111-123). Secondly, the study of the position of DimorpJia [Kn-
(Jrovris) (pp. 229-236). Thirdly, the classification of the Attacides, a
detailed account of all the work done in this direction (pp. 265-290) ;
and lastly, the exhaustive chapter on the literature, synonymy and
classification of the Sphingides (pp. 342-382). Much internal evidence
shows that the author hopes to attract criticism on this part of his
work, and his preface tends also to point in the same direction. As
to this, the final conclusion of the author on the actual types of the
genera he uses may be worth quoting. These read (p. 355) : — ■

1. Sphinx, Linne (1755). — Type fixed as liguMri, by Linne, in 1755.

2. Sesia, Fab. (1775). — Type fixed as stellatarinn, by Cuvier, in 1797.

3. Machoglossujf, Scop. (1777). — Type fixed as ^tellatdnon, by Seopoli, in 1777

(Falls before Sesia, Fab.).

4. Sjiekixthus, Latr. (1802). — Type fixed as occllata, by Latreille, in 1810.

5. EuJioRPHA, Hb. (180G). — Type fixed as elpenor, by Hiibner, in ISOG.

6. Mandcca, Hb. (180G).— Type fixed as atropos, by Hubner, in 1800.

7. Amokpha, Hb. (1800). — Type fixed as j^ojnili, by Hiibner, in 1800.

8. Deilephila, Hb. (1809). — Type fixed as elpenor, by Curtis, in 1824 (Falls before

Eumorplid, Hb.).

9. Elpenopv, Oken (1815). — Type fixed as elpenor, by Tutt, in 1902 (Falls before

Eumorpha, Hb.).

10. Celerio, Oken (1815). — Type fixed as uallii, by Tutt, in 1902. {Gallii and

eupltorhiae are the only species included in Oken's genus.)

11. Hemakis, Dalm. (1810). — Type fixed as fueijorwis, by Dalman, in 1816.

12. Daphxis, Hb. {circ. 1822). — Type fixed as nerii, by Curtis, in 1887.

13. HiPPOTioN, Hb. [circ. 1822). — Type fixed as eelerio (^ocyx), by Hiibner, circ.

1822.

14. Pnr.YXUs, Hb. [circ. 1822). — Type fixed as livoniica, by Stephens, in 1850.

15. Hylks, Hb. {circ. 1822).— Type fixed as euphorhiae, by Tutt, in 1902.

10. Thep.etka, Hb. (circ. 1822). — Type fixed as porcelliis, by Stephens, in 1850.

17. Hyloil'cs, Hb. {circ. 1822). — Type fixed as 2niuif:tri, by Stephens, in 1850.

18. Agp.ics, Hb. {circ. 1822). — Type fixed as cingiilata, by Hiibner, ante 1820.

19. Mimas, Hb. {circ. 1822). — Type fixed as tiliae, by Hubner, circ. 1822.

20. Cno.iiocAJiPA, Dup. (1835). — Type fixed as porcellus, by Duponchel, in 1843

(Falls before Theretra, Hb.)."

CURRENT NOTES. 279

It is of no use after this for the British collector to cavil at the
change of names ; here he has the whole literature of the subject at
disposal so that he can form his own opinions, and the author himself
provides the material on which such may challenge him if they disa-
gree with his conclusions. " The Catalogue of the Paljearctic Lach-
neides " (pp. 225-229), and the " Catalogue of the Palai'arctic Dimor-
phides, Bombycides, Brahmfeides, and Attacides," will prove of the
utmost use to workers both in the Paljearctic and Nearctic regions,
although probably for matters of space the species of the latter
district have been excluded. The author asks for a full measure
of support from all lepidopterists. He especially appeals to American
lepidopterists to support the Avork, claiming that the volumes have a
wider basis than their title would suggest, and pointing out that
the basis of work is general, and, therefore, of as much importance
to American as to European lepidopterists. — H.E.P.

drURRENT NOTES.

At the British Association Belfast meeting several papers were
read before section D (Zoology), dealing with entomological subjects,
Professor Poulton was responsible for three communications, with
exhibition of specimens, c/c, "Notes on the habits of the predaceous
flies of the family Asilida-," " Illustrations of British insects in
their natural attitudes," and " Three-colour slides of mimicry, protec-
tive resemblance, seasonal forms of butterflies, etc." This last paper
was intended to lead the way to a discussion on the interpretation of
such phenomena by the theory of natural selection. Mr. Nelson
Annandale contributed a paper with lantern illustrations on " Flower-
like insects from the Malay peninsula," and Mr. H. C. Robinson
another on "Protective resemblance in the ]\Ialay peninsula." The
Saturday night lecture to working-men was given by Professor Miall,
who selected for his subject "Gnats and mosquitoes." The life-history
of these insects was described in detail, and by means of some beautiful
experiments the lecturer showed how the larva? of the gnat were able,
by making use of the film on the surface of water, to keep themselves
suspended at the surface, despite the fact that the specific gravity of
their bodies is greater than that of water ; the last portion of the
lecture was devoted to an account of the work of Major Ross, on the
connection between malarial fever and mosquitoes, one of the most
interesting and important pieces of biological research work which has
been carried out for some years. In moving a vote of thanks to the
lecturer, Professor McKendrick said that the lesson he drew from the
lecture was that no object in the animal or vegetable kingdom was so
little or so humble that it did not repay careful study, and the observa-
tions made by naturalists of the habits of some of the lower forms of
life might by and by have very important practical eft'ects regarding
the human race ; words of wisdom to be borne in mind by every
entomologist.

Mr. Gillmer appears [Zcitsi. J'iir Entotii., vii., p. 375) to have been
just in time to make a synonym of his Ainorpha jioindi ab. siibjiara,
which falls before A. popidi ah. pallida {Brit. Lepidiyptera, iii., p. 469).

The late season will make notes of collecting from various parts of

280 THE entomologist's record.

the British Islands, with dates of actual captures, particularly interest-
ing for comparison with those of 1888, the most backward season of
which we have any record. We should be glad of any such notes from
any part of the United Kingdom.

The third volume of JSn'tish Tjcpidnptera has been issued during the
last month, and all subscribers should have received a copy. If any
subscriber has not yet had his copy he should apply direct to the
Editor. Those who have received copies and not yet acknowledged
the safe receipt thereof are kindly requested to do so.

We should be glad to know of any lepidopterist who can send any
facts based on personal observation of the egg-laying, larval habits,
dates of capture, and localities (with counties), of Theretra porcdlus,
KnmoypJia clpenor, Phri/.riis livornica, Hippotiou celerio, and J>aphnis
nerii. We make an especial appeal to those lepidopterists who have
met the three last-named species abroad for information, and if they
are in a position to supply material, eggs, larva^ (in spirit or otherwise)
and pupa-shells, Avould be very acceptable.

The Hon. N. C. Rothschild describes {Knt. Mo. Mag.), with plate, a
new British flea, ('eratoplnjllnx i/arci, a species closely allied to C.
(lallinae, Schrk., taken from a nest of GaUinida cldnyopus in July last
near Tring.

Mr. Wainwright adds {Knictii.) a new Tachinid to the British list,
viz., Meriania arf/cntifera, Meig. The specimen was taken by Mr. W.
Lucas in the New Forest on April 30th last.

Mr. Johnson records the capture on June 18th last, on the Welsh
coast, a specimen of Anthmcera piirpKialis without any trace of
crimson, both upper and lower wings being entirely bronzy-black. The
melanic form of this species was described in British T.rjiiiloptera,
vol. i., p. 437.

Mr. Walter E. Hardy, 52, Ikdford Street, Moss Side, Manchester,
wishes to hear from entomologists willing to help in the formation of
a local entomological society at Manchester.

Mr. G. B. Browne VQ\^orts {Kiitaiu., p. 269) Af/rotis obdisca as being
l)y far the most abundant species on the Deal sandhills at sugar for
the fortnight commencinj]; Auoust 10th. He also records lAt/iosia
}iiolijbiU'nla at Dymchurch, near Hythe. We beg to suggest the hrst of
these records, and possibly the second, to be self-evident errors. A
mere list of captures from a well-known locality is useless unless
accurate. If accurate, all lists are useful as supplying data for distri-
l)ution and times of appearance.

:^OTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARY^, &c.

Ovum of Crambus auipellus. — The egg of Cranihim adipdlus
(si/lvdliis) is of a very pale yellow tint, the surface shiny and slightly
iridescent ; much more quadrilateral than oval in outline, the ends
being somewhat square, one end ( ? the micropylar) being, however,
rather more rounded than its nadir. The eggs ai'e laid loosely in a
box, they are plump, with no hollow due to sinking, and there are
seven very distinct longitudinal ribs observable when the egg is lying
naturally on one of its broad sides, the transverse striations being
hardly noticeable under the power at disposal. The egg is exceedingly
small, the length : breadth : height as about 5:4:3. Eggs laid
August 9th, by a $ taken on Mont Joly at about 4000ft. elevation.
Described August 12th, 1902.— J. W. Tutt.

NOTES FRo:\r no;^RN ix thf, sot'th tibol. 281

Notes from Bozen in the South Tirol, in 1901 » 1902.

By F. E. LOWE, M.A., F.E.S.

In 1901 I spent a few days, June 20'ih-25th, in Bozen, South Tirol,
and found it, as I expected, one of the richest hunting-grounds for
Diurni that I have yet visited. As you have not so many reports from
Tirolese as from Swiss tourists, you may consider it worth while to
publish these jottings. They were not sent to you before because I
intended to go again this year, and hoped to make my list much
more complete, but when I arrived in Bozen this year, July 14th,
all the insects were over or worn. There had been a prolonged
drought of six weeks. Everything in the Eggenthal was burnt up,
even the hardiest wayside weeds were dry bones. In Piedmont,
where I had been wandering for six weeks, the season was so late
that I took practically nothing. My hope, doomed to disappoint-
ment, had been that the more sheltered and warmer Tirol would Ix;
only in the full swing of its butterfly season, but, as has been said,
Bozen seemed to have experienced none of the drawbacks of a late
and cold spring, whereas on the Brenner, where we went on July
17th to stay ten days, summer had not commenced, and such insects
as appeared were fully a month late. Bozen itself is a charming old-
world place, with good shops under quaint arcades, pleasant people,
and very many hotels. On our first visit we stayed at the " Kaiser
Krone," which evidently is content to live on an ancient reputation,
but not to live up to it. This year we put up at the " Victoria," a
most excellent house, conveniently near the station. I Avorked only
two of the valleys which have their lower entrances at Bozen, or near,
riz., the Sarnthal and the Eggenthal. Of these the latter, which is
the way up to the famous Karersee, is perhaps the more productive,
but both are delightful. What I found must be set down to June of
last year, when this year, 1902, is intended, special mention will be
made of the date. On a blazing hot day, June 20th, I started for the
Sarnthal, but just before the entrance I turned aside to the left, and
crossed the })ridge over the Talfer, tempted by an attractive-looking
little gorge, where I spent the morning. There I took a solitary
Ari/i/nnia da/ihne, some male Chri/sophanusYiiv. t/nnliiis, several Lhiimitin
cainilla, one J^ri/as papJn'a male, and was delighted to find abundant
the little delicate Syntomid, Naelia pnnetata, which I had not met
before. I regret now that I only brought home three specimens. I
once took an odd specimen of Xarlia ancilla at Sierre, otherwise I have
had no acquaintance with Xa(^l{a. On the road near the little inn,
just at the end of the bridge, Eii(joma poli/cJdoyos was abundant, in
finest condition. Males of Lasiocampa iiitcrciia were to be seen dashing
about in all directions. The next day I started again for the Sarn-
thal in earnest, driving to the foot of the ascent of the picturesque old
Runkelstein. Here, on the flowers of bramble, An/i/nuis (hiphve was in
profusion, just freshly emerged. I see no reason, as Kane, to compare
its flight with thatof a.l/c^/Vf^Y/. It appears to behave and to fly very much
as A. ailippc, only that it is not so strong an insect. Jlirntliin iuo, on
the other hand, which was very common in damp meadows near the
Gasthof Brenner-Post this year, reminds one of 21. cinxia in its lazy
flight from flower to flower. I have also taken a few A. daplme at
Martigny, and, in each case, flying overhead and fast. While netting
November IStu, 1902.

282 THE entomologist's record.

A. daphne I disturbed a fine Arctia piirpuraia, which I failed to secure
owing to the too pressing attentions of a couple of young Tirolese, who
were greatly intorested in my operations. Higher up the valley I saw
and missed Linn'iiitis pnpuli, sunning himself on a heap of road sweep-
ings. This took me again next day to the same place — but I saw no
more L. poptdi in the Sarnthal, but I caught two Lijcaeiia amandas,
and also several later in the Eggenthal. Any who have only seen this
species as taken at Martigny, as had I, can have only a faint idea of
the rich colour and breadth of the dark snli'usion of the Bozen speci-
mens. On my return to the hotel I found that my wife, who had
been to the Eggenthal, had caught a single Xeptia lucilla, where she
had also seen several L. populi. Next morning I was oft" by the train
to Kardaun, which puts you down at the mouth of the Eggenthal.
Some two miles up I took my first .Y. lucilla, afterwards I bagged four
or five more, they were all a little less than fresh, but I think its
time of emergence must extend over a considerable period, as with /..
Camilla, though I believe it has not two broods, at least in these parts,
as has the latter, for, on July 15th of this year, I found it still
flying, and a few individuals were in fair condition, though
nearly everything was over, and in this valley they had had uninter-
rupted heat for six weeks preceding my arrival. 1 also secured (1901)
some half dozen L. populi in tip-top order. These are very beautiful
specimens strongly tinged with blue, approaching the colour of /..
Camilla. It was only now that I woke to the fact that the specimens I
had previously taken, and several more that I had seen and missed on
difterent occasions at Aigle, are the var, tremulae. Is this the only form
at Aigle, or is it merely a chance in my case ? I should be glad to
hear from anyone who has taken the type at Aigle. Lihi/thea ccltii^
was common in both valleys, but literally swarmed in the Eggenthal.
It is an exciting little beggar until you have had enough of it, and it
may be noticed that on July 14th, 1902, a tew quite decent examples
were taken. Of the " Hairstreaks " jf'Acr^r/ sj)iui ah. b/ucriis •wa.s not
rare, and also T. ilicis, with var. ccrri, was not uncommon. Of the
"Blues," Lj/caota ainajidiis might be picked up at infrequent intervals,
all males, but so fresh that I suspect that it was not yet fully out, and
the females had not yet begun to appear. One brood of i'nliiniiiDiatnn
orion was nearly over, and one specimen may have been the herald of
the coming second brood. In 1902 I took one example on July 14th.
Lycaena arion was fairly common higher up the valley, but not nearly
so broadly suft'used with black as the examples of the Italian side of
the Simplon, which almost suggest a giant ('iia)tiris an/ioliis, both in
tone of blue and in the expanse of the black border. As often, the
"Blue " most oi evidence was ynmiades seiiiian/iix, but others, except
high mountain species, were well represented as the subjoined list
shows. The only Melitaea I saw was J/, at/ialia, the ordinary rather
coarsely marked form of north Italy. For some reason or other M.
part/ienie seldom or never comes my way, or else I am slow to recognise
it as anything more than one of the many forms of M. athalia. I am
tempted to say that I do not believe in M. paithenie (only I fear the
storm I should raise) except as var. varia, w^hich might, perhaps, as
well be called a mountain form of M. athalia. Melananjia (/alat/iea
was more or less of the var. jin)cida, generally more ; Sati/riis seuiele
Avas fine, but not of the var, aristaeus form, while N. he mi tone and IS.

APHODirS FCKTEXS, F., AND A. FIJIETARIUS, L. 283

actaea var. cordula were common, and, it seemed, very early; Cneno-
nympha arcania was a typical form with well-developed band to under-
side of hindwings, and the eye-spots strong, and presenting little
variation; Coenonijniiilia paiiipliili(s ga,\e no interesting divergence from
the type, and var. b/llus was not seen. No Erebiids were observed
but I did not at any time climb more than 2000ft.

Here is a list of all the butterflies (of which I have a note) as
actually seen or taken on the five days on which I was on the trail.
Papilio podalirius, P. viachaon, raruassitift apollo, A porta crataecii,
Pieris hrassicae, P. rapae, P. yiapi, Kiichlo'i' canlamines, Leptidia sinapis,
Colias Jn/alf, <'. ednsa, Gonrjiteri/.e rharnni, Tliecla spini and ab. li/ncetiH,
T. ilicis and var. cerri, Callopliri/s riibi, Chri/snphanu>i alcipliron var.
gordius, Plebeius aef/nu, P. art/iifi, Pohjominatus orion, P. icanix, P.
aynandus, P.bellan/us, P.lnjlas, P.mdraner, July 14th, 1902, not fresh;
Cyanin's arcjioUis, L'upido minhniifi, Nnwiades si'iiiiar<nts, Lycaeiia an'oiu
Libytliea celtis, Apaturo iris, July 14th, 1902; Littifnitia popidi, com-
mon; L. cam ilia, not numerous; L. sibylla, scsiTce; Xeptis larilla \s
evidently fairly abundant; it has rather a feeble hesitating flight
compared with L. sibylla. The Vanessids were plentiful, riz., I'nly-
yonia c-albiim, Euyonia polychloros, Aylais nrtirac, Vajicssa iu, Pitrancssa
antiopa (hybernated), Pyramdx atalanta, P. card id, very fine, but I saw
no Arasc/iuia lerana nor Polyymiia eyea ; Melitaca atlialia in only
moderate numbers. The Argynnids were better represented by Jhmthis
aniathnsia, Aryynnia daplmc, to my knowledge only in the Sarnthal ;
A. lathonia, A. adippe, Dryas papliia, Miianaryia yalathca, Satynts
hermione, 8. cordula, Pararyc maera, P. vieyaera, Epinephch' jaiiira,
Enodia Iiyperanthus, Coenonymplia arcania, V. pamphiliis, Spilothyni^
lavaterae, Syrichthits carthaiiii, S. fritillitin, S. malvac, Nisoniadcs ta^/cs,
Thynuiicns thaumas, Pawphila sylranus. More I think should have
been done even in the time at my disposal, but the heat was intense.

Aphodius foetens, F., and A. fimetarius, L. (ivith plate).

By J. EDWAKDS, F.E.S.

Notwithstanding what has been written to the contrary in this
magazine and elsewhere {c.f. Donisthorpe, Ent. Pec, xiii., p. 272,
Sep. 1901. Bouskell, " Variation and distribution of the genus
Aphodius," Trans. Leicester Literary and Philo^op/iical Soc, v., Sep.
p. 8) these two species are constantly and readily separable by the
characters given below.

Venter of abdomen red ; extreme apices of the elytra beyond the striae
shining like the remainder of the surface ; apex of the cedeagus in
the lateral aspect, unarmed . . . . . . . . . . . . foetens.

Venter of abdomen black ; extreme apices of the elytra beyond
the striffi distinctly dull as compared with the remainder of the
surface ; apex of the a>deagus in the lateral aspect produced
on each side into a subtriangular tooth .. .. .. .. Jimetiiritix.

Under ordinary circumstances the colour of the venter of the
abdomen is decisive. Immature specimens of A.jitnetarius, however,
may at times give trouble ; but here one can have recourse to the
elytral characters, which are very convenient since they are
independent of sex. The latter were first made known by M. des Gozis,
and Canon Fowler, in introducing them to the notice of British
entomologists (K^f. Mo. .1/^^,, xxii., p. 168; Col. Brit. IsL, iv,, p. 20),

284 THE entomologist's record.

appears rather to have missed the point of these characters. The
distinction lies in the state of the extreme apices of the elytra, whether
those parts are shining or dull, quite outside any question of punctua-
tion ; there is no need for the employment of a strong magnifying
power. I have added the characters derived from the oedeagus,
although these are a little more troublesome to observe, because they
are not mere ditterences of degree, but, on the other hand, such as
experience warrants one in accepting as evidence of the present
distinctness of two species.

Explanation of Plate YII.
IEdeagus of Aphodius.

I. A. funetariiis. II. A.foetena.

(a) Dorsal aspect. (b) Lateral aspect.

British Lepidoptera in 1902.

By (Eev.) C. R. N. burrows.

Entomologists, in London at least, are asking one another, I find,
how they have got on during the season of 1902, and also whether it
has not been about the worst year for collecting which even middle-aged
enthusiasts remember ; so I may, perhaps, be allowed to place on
record my experience, which possesses, as its chief claim to notice, the
fact that I always keep at it all the year round, which many ardent
collectors are not able to do.

First as to " sugar," which is my chief amusement. I find from
my diary that I commenced in my garden on May 24th with two
(ionoptcra Uhatvix and one Tat'niocawpa (jraeilis. I appear to have
taken so little up to June 11th that I have no record from that date
until June 16th, when Mr. ]Mera and I went for a week to Wicken. I
am not writing about Mucking alone so I may be allowed to remark
that, well as I know the Fen, 1 have never before realised what it can
be during a wet time. We got quite wet through night after night,
and took nothing of note until the last night, when we got Marroi/anter
arintiliiiis and Mdiana Jiannnra. I would that I had influence with
the editor, suflicient to persuade him to print in the largest type —
Arirr vixit ]]"ivl:i'ti irit/ioiit imders. This advice was given to me before
I started, but 1 took no notice. Yes, we got wet! and neither in
Soham nor Ely could we purchase anything better than hob-nai!ed
boots, which kept us pretty dry, but hurt "awful." Sport was so poor
on my return that I find no record of note until July 10th, when I had a
really good night, but on the 14th I find the sad record "sugar useless."
Here and there only have I a record of a good night, until the begin-
ning of September, when insects began to arrive in more normal
quantity. 1 find we are inclined to speak of insects generally as being
more or less late this year. I have made a few extracts to show that
they are not so much behind time as one is tempted to think. I take
them "haphazard "' from different parts of the year: — HiUophnhns jiupu-
laris, first taken in 1902 on September 1st, in 1901 on August 25th.
Afirotis tn'tici, in 1902 on August 5th, in 1901 on July 16th. Apaniea
(lulyina {oculea),ixi 1902 on July 17th, in 1901 on June 29th. Hadena
iienistac, in 1902 on June 4th, in 1901 on May 25th. Aciilalia trif/cwi-
nota, in 1902 on June 80th, in 1901 on May 30th. Miami hiniUnia,
in 1902 on July 5th, in 1901 on June 20th. Xctirunia reticulata, in

IJKITISH LEPIDOPTEKA IX l!t02. 2b5

1902 on June 25th, in 1901 on June 18th. Mellinia <iilva<i«, in 1902
on September 15th, in 1901 on September 11th. Anchoedis pistadna,
in 1902 on October 1st, in 1901 on September 11th. Orthosia Into, in
1902 on October (Jth, in 1901 on September 2ord. 'I'iliaceu aurcujo, in
1902 on October 10th, in 1901 on September 28r(l. ScopduHovia satel-
litid, in 1902 on September 29th, in 1901 on September 16th.

These dates are sutiicient to show that 1 have found the season a
week or ten days later than last year.

Another remarkable feature of the season which I have noticed at
Mucking is the marked rarity of common species. Axijlia jiiitn's,
Xi/loji/iiinia nirca, Tiliacca vitrcujo, NoctKo aiti/nr, Ilatlcna pisi, Enplc.ria
lucipara, with others I have not seen this summer. A<iroth m/etiim,
A.cjTlaiiuitionis, Hadena oleracca, BryoiiJiila pcrla, Maiiu'stra /icrsicariai',
Xi)Cti(a triani/itliirii, ('ab/iiinia trupczina, ( 'iispiilia iiiri/accp/iala, Ui/ilro('<'i(i
nictitons, H. paliidis, Hdotioplia h'ltcostiiinia, Miaiia litemxa, and Xafiiia
ti/jiica, have been exceedingly scarce ; and of better insects I have not
seen a single specimen of Mcnulnca atrapas (in any stage), Xoctua
Ktupiiatira, Apainea n)-)ldo(iraiiniia, ( 'Inltntdia .rcraiiipdina, and only one
of Tripluiena interjecta, two Leiicania nbsult'ta, two T. jiiiihria. On the
other hand, some species have been more than usually common —
Lencania straininea, Xudaria sriw.r, Iliriilq scrict'ali.s, (Joiiojiliora deram,
Pharctra rtniiicis (second brood, certainly), Xennyiiia irtindata, A/p-ntis
ohsciira, and CaUonia plirai/iiiitidis. I have seen very little of PurtJwsia
c/iri/sorrhuea, but have noticed with extreme interest that the insect
which in my early collecting days seemed to l)e always associated with
this species, viz., Ereiiiobia odindetaa, is also returning to its old
haunts, after having been absent, or rare, for so many years.

1 have not yet found time to extract from my diary records of late
appearances, but one or two have struck me as curious. A male Mala-
cosoiiia lU'Kstria came to light on September brd, a Xi/lnp/i(isi(i iiuhki-
ilhj}dia to sugar on October I3th, two L'oxinia di [finis on September 29th,
Lencania pallens on October 14th, Tripluiena conwa (orbona) on October
10th, T. pmnidxi on October 14th, and Hadena olerarea on September
28rd. I cannot find later dates than these in my diary, except a 7'.
orbuna on October 21st, 1898.

Amongst other things I saw a lovely CaUinmrp/ia licra in my
garden on August 23rd. This record may cause confusion, or excite
doubts ; so it is as well to confess that I put out a number of young
larvie last autumn, and that at least two survived the winter at large,
one, a full-fed larva, I " blew" in June, the other, a female, 1 allowed
to fly about undisturbed. If, therefore, in time to come, this species
be noticed in these parts, I hope 1 shall have the honour of being
known as the planter.

After working a district carefully four seasons one scarcely expects
to turn up many fresh species, but still one does, and Mucking has
come out fairly well this year, for I have added to the list the following
msects : — I 'i/niatophora ovtoi/e.sinia, (Tortijna oc/iracea, Kremobia oc/iro-
Icnca, Plusia moneta, Pericallia sijrin(iaria, Selenia Innaria, Knnoinos
alniaria, Amphidasi/s betnlaria, Phmodesma pnstnlata, Aathena Inteata,
PUnnuiesia nirifasciata, I'.nlxdia pbonbai ia, Sniptda lnteali><, h'bnlca
ci'ocealis, (Pldeuiatnphorus litliodartylns, and Aciptilia i/alactudactf/ln.'i.

Kpnnda Intnlenta is now becoming increasingly scarce since its
" climax," in 1900. I use the word climax intentionally, because 1

286 THE entomologist's record.

feel certain that there is some sort of cuhniaation in the occurrence of
ahnost all, if not all, forms of life. Consider our lepidoptera ! What
collector does not know bow curiously the abundance or scarcity of dift'er-
ent species varies in different seasons. Certainly, if the hunting-ground
be the same from year to year, as mine is, this peculiarity forces itself
upon one's attention. I recall, amongst many others, a Dici/cla oo
year (1887), an Agrotis obscnra year (1894), a Mamestra ahjccta year
(1900), and I have heard of Noctua (Icjuincta, N. snbrina, and even
Pliisia bnutea years. I do not seek to explain the fact, though I accept
iti as fully as that there may be years of Colias ediisa, C. In/ale, Knva-
nessa aiitiopa, Aurius conrolruli, and L'litda riamiiia. There may be
more than we understand in the complications brought about by the
variations of the climatic conditions of succeeding seasons, or there
may be something related to overcrowding, or over-competition, or
over-production. I do not know what it is, but there is a rise and fall
of species, as of nations, and the culmination of a species I call its
" climax." The climax of Epnnda Intidcnta is passed. I arrived upon the
scene before the species reached its height. I tell no man the full
numbers of specimens I have taken, suffice it that I took in 1899
nearly twice the number of the previous year, and in 1900 double the
number again. Thence the numbers decrease. Last year I halved the
product, and, again, this year, assiduous collecting has failed to produce
more than, roughly speaking, a half again ; and, with the falling off of
the actual number of specimens, comes also a falling off in the number
of aberrations, for which of course I chiefly look. In 1899 14% were
grey, in 1900 11%, and in 1901 8%. I cannot report the result of this
year's collecting until the insects are off" the boards, for, although I keep
an accurate record of each night's captures, 1 often discover later on that
the specimens recorded first as aberrations are only worn, or normal, on
closer examination. I have certainly, however, taken one or two very
nice forms, but not a second specimen of Stephens' ab. fonainiilU, the
type of which is not in his collection at the British Museum, and I
should much like to see it to compare with mine. I do not notice any
marked backwardness in this species. It appeared here first this year
on September 12th. In 1898, it came on September 21st (perhaps I
found it late), in 1899 on the 15th, in 1900 on the 11th, and in 1901
on the 5th. It is a remarkable thing to me that I never get a specimen
after October 9th, and that the first good steady rain cuts it off' entirely.
After a night's pouring rain I may get one specimen, but that is the
end.

I have mentioned above that Aijiotis olm-iira, again this year, has
been more than usually connnon. This I also named as a " climax "
species. Since my great take at Kainham, between July 5th and
September, 1899, I have each year taken one or two specimens, and it
is evident to me that it occurs in these marshes with considerable
regularity. This year it did not occur until August 8th, and I have
taken eight or nine decent specimens. With A. obscnra I have noticed
comes, also, Ai/rotis )niirica)is, and, this year, I have had a far larger
number of this insect than for a good many years past, and at Mucking
it has always been scarce.

Sugar in the late autumn has some difiticulties, it must be clapped
on well before dusk, for the moths fly early. Tonight, October 14th,
1 put it on at 5.30 p.m. Directly my 97 patches were finished, I lighted

LYMIXGTON AM) ITS iNSECTS. ii87

ray lamp, and though far from dark, went round furiously until ii.io p.m.,
wlion the flight was virtually over. I have often tried this time of
year going round later on. but I always find the moths sitting about,
" chewing the cud," and not upon the sugar.

I shall be interested to hear what my brother entomologists have
to say about their experience of the year 1902.

Lyniington and its insects.

By BEKNAED PIFFAED.

The New Forest hardly requires advertising, its character is fully
established, but I tliuik it is high time that collectors should hear what
Lymington has to say for itself, or rather for its insect life. From a
picturesque point of view the Lymington district runs the New Forest
very close, with its beautiful winding river, edged with tall reeds and
aquatic plants, and crossed by so many rustic bridges, besides the
massive and ancient stone bridge at Boldre, which adds greatly to its
beauty, and aftbrds the entomologist an opportunity of readily crossing
from one side to the other as he deems it necessary ; both sides are
a paradise for their insect inhabitants, but, to make my paper
practical, I propose taking my favourite spots in detail, and indicating
their capabilities as well as I can, but I must admit I am more
accustomed to the use of the pin than the pen.

In early spring, before the herbage is too rank, there is a convenient
spot (especially for diptera) near the town between the two level cross-
ings, just outside the railway station, it lies between the riverside
and the telegraph posts. It is marshy, but far from impassaljle, as
several deep cuttings run off the surface water ; alders and sallows
luxuriate, and meadow-pinks and marsh-mallows glow in the) little
sheltered nooks between them, and the soothing hum of the bumble-
and hive-bee delights the ear ; but avoid easterly winds, then all is
silent except the telegraph wires; these may charm the scientific ear,
but in no way compensate the naturalist for his favourite melody, but
even his time may then be employed usefully in collecting sallow logs,
drilled through and through by the larvae of Aru)iia iihisrhata.

^lilford-on-Sea is a choice spot some four miles off, omnibuses run
early from the station, and set you down a short distance from the
chffs, here there is a fine sweep of coast, with jutting cliffs at intervals,
sheltering warm flowery bays, and all along their bases are hillocks
covered with wild Howers — banks of wild thyme, mounds all aglow
with Antln/lli>i ndneraria, seathrift, and dense masses of Ononis arrcnsja,
also GcnUta tinctoria and an occasional Ojthris, among the tufts of long
grass. There is here good beating among scattered bushes and tall
I'lnhdliferae. But above everything choose a day when the wind is
from the north. When the wind blows over the cliffs the insects rise
more freely, but when it blows from the sea, it does blow, and no
mistake ; as to beating it is hopeless, and the constant splashing of
the waves is depressing, and what can be more repugnant to the Hy-
catching mind than the sight of an unlucky ('rainhiis culnuiltis under
closely-reefed sails, and clinging for its very life to a grass stalk, with
every now and then some quick and unrecognised insect that has broken
away from its anchorage drifting by, and adding to his disappointment;
mind — do not go when the wind is in the south, i have here taken on

288 THE entojioLogist's UEC'ORU.

various occasions the follo^ving iepitloptera : — IScopaiia cciubrac, Vlnjcia
dilatella, Hoitiueusonia binaerella, Serianis Uttorana, of a peculiar type,
and the true Cnpulo [Lijcaena) var. alaoidcs, this may be distinguished
from C. Diiniiiia by its sharp and more rapid flight.

For those who prefer a longer walk the opposite side of the river
has its advantages. Cross the bridge near the town, turn to the left,
and follow the coast facing the Isle of Wight, it is muddy at first
(decidedly so), but in course of time it grows shingly, and the edges of
the shingle are clothed with dwarf roses, Sileiie injiata, and seathrift,
and to the rear of these is marshland, and here Acidalia einiitaria occurs.
But continue your walk about five miles and you arrive at Pit Steep, a
coastguard station, and the mass of SiU-ne inflata is astonishing. I
would recommend it strongly for Diantliocciac to those who do not mind
making a night of it. It is a romantic spot, and surrounded by woods
that promise to repay the beating-stick, it is said that this place receives
the attention of coleopterists every year from Southampton, and from
all accounts, the coast that lies beyond the town on the Milford side
is a favourite hunting-ground for beetles. It is zigzagged with a sea-
wall with many sandy-edged pools, which should be searched as far as
Woodside, and then on to the rifle butts. These seem to be some of the
places that have a local reputation, but all are of great rusticity and
beauty.

But for the visitor to Lymington (as the Forest itself is close at
hand) an eight o'clock train lands him at a low fare at either Brocken-
hurst or Beaulieu Road Station, and this station is in one of the tip-top
localities of this celebrated forest, for it is only a little over a mile from
the farfamed, but too little known, Matley Bog, the headquarters of
Ihjiheiia iiiua. Here among their marshy joys are found ArcUijihila
iiiiissitan.s, Scriojiiiijia liorealis, and Echinoiiiyia 'jrv.ssa. This latter is a
most sepulchral insect, and one of the biggest blackest blowflies in
existence, a real " buster," they tell me " Bustum " is the Latin for
a grave, so I hope next time they name it they will think of this and
call it accordingly.

Besides j\Iatley Bog a profitable search may be made in Hurst
Wood, somewhat over a mile from Brockenhurst Station. About here
three specimens of Prianns coriacrtm were taken this year. One day, on
returning, I saw a squirrel high up in a tree munching a large white
fungus, portions of which he let fall. There were several like it grow-
ing under the tree, so there could be no mistake. The Avonderful instinct
insects have for hiding themselves was well illustrated one late summer's
day on returning from Ramnor ; passing a clump of trees we com-
menced beating, suddenly a fine Catorala jiromissa broke cover and went
away. It took over an open fiat moor — there was some excellent run-
nnig — but as it was passing over the old slump of a tree rotting m the
ground it da,rted downward, the stump being precisely the colour of
its upper wings; it disappeared into a small hole in the stump, but it
was soon unearthed and captured. Among the good things met with
this year in the forest have been (Kncrtra inlleriana, Sarnithripa
rrrai/ajia ab. laiinisajia, Tortri.v piccana, among firs, and P/u/ris abictella.

By the way, I noticed a curious fact in regard to Miitillu cnropaca.
Seeing one on a hot and loose sandy bank I placed a pillbox over it,
then passed a card under the pillbox to secure it, but before I had done so
the Muiilla had burrowed and escaped, rather a clever dodge, remind-

THllKE \VEEKh' holiday AMONG THE IJL Tl'EKFLIES 01' SWIT/EKLAXD . 289

ing nie of thimble rig. i have met also with several good plants at
various times here — Pintjninda Insitanira, L'iccndia rilifdrvie, iind, some
years ago, Lciicnbri/inii iiiinns, then new to Europe.

1 would only add in conclusion that those who want good collecting,
combined with a really pleasant country, cannot do better than ti-y
their luck in the neighbourhood of Lymington.

Three weeks' holiday among the butterflies of Switzerland.

By (Hev.) a. miles MOSS, M.A.

I spent a brief three weeks' holiday, July 5th-30th, this year, in
Switzerland, and the time was occupied in hard work, in the entomo-
logical sense, and of close and careful observation. I think 1 may
fairly add that they were by no means unattended with success.
Among the butterflies I brought away 68 species ; I observed, also, in
more or less abundance, some 14 others which I had no special desire
to take, and there is little doubt that I saw, at different times and
places, several othei' species whose identity I did not recognise. I
regard my net total of 82 species, however, for July, as satisfactory
and encouraging.

I journeyed ria Dieppe and Paris, and after a cold night's ride from
Paris I commenced observations in the early morning out of the
window of the railway carriage. Miianarijia i/alathea and Enodia
hi/]H'ranthii.s were among the first species to show up, and then, as the
train pulled up for a moment at a luggage siding, a magnificent speci-
men of 7y/;»('»i?/.sy>o7n(/i, after a few graceful turns over a heap of stones,
settled right in front of the carriage window. My net was unready,
the train went on, and L. jiojndi retained its freedom. The train
arrived at Bex about 1 p.m., and here a two hours' stay was necessary
before the electric tram was ready to start up the steep incline to
Villars, some 4000ft. above the sea level. The journey took another two
hours, but the lethargic pace of the car was to some extent compensated
by the gorgeous views which met one at every turn, whilst Argynnids,
Vanessids, Pierids, and Erebiids began to appear in almost the same
profusion as the flowers which lined the banks.

On reaching the hotel, my first capture was Aporia rrataegi, a
specimen of which I knocked down with my hat as I crossed the
garden ; this species proved to be one of the commonest in the district.
Though I could not resist the temptation of boxing a nice specimen
of Scoria dcalhata which flew out of the grass on my way to church,
entomology proper began on Monday. 1 met no other entomologists
in the district, but as a matter of fact I do not think my captures
would have been seriously diminished if half the lepidopterists of Great
Britain had been staying there. Every field was full of flowers, and
every flower seemed to have its butterfly. I knew nothing of the place
before starting, but it was soon clear that it was an admirable hunting
ground.

After the usual unsatisfactory repast of coftee and rolls, I started
ofl' with a large balloon net and a knapsack full of pillboxes, a cyanide
bottle and zinc box for pinning, intending to give the place a general
survey. In an hour and a half 1 was back at the hotel full up, having
gone only about 100 yards from the ground, and after emptying my
boxes I was oli" again, and once more returned with them cjuite full,

i^90 THE KMOJIOLOUIsr's RECORD.

in good time for dejeuner, at 12.80 p.m., and this after rejecting many
specnnens that I would have made a day's excursion forin England. The
weather continued hot and fine, though we had three excessively severe
thunderstorms, which one might have supposed would have washed all
the buttertlies ofi' the face of the earth. With the exception of a passr
generation of Xoiniades seinian/iis that disappeared after the first storm,
most of the species remained in excellent condition, and fresh N.
se)niar<n(H appeared again. Day after day passed thus ; new species kept
putting in an appearance and scarce a day passed without the pleasure of
taking for the first time, a species of which one had read, but which
was now a living reality, and possessing a more than doubled interest.
My captures were made on the heights above Villars, Chamossaire,
Perche, Col de la Croix, and the neighbourhood of Diablerets, but
mainly near the road between Villars and Gryon, the latter a village
of delightful chalets about three miles dov.n the c/uiiiiii de for, in the
direction of Bex. Among the species seen and captured were — Fapilio
iiiachaun, in company with I'l/raiiiein atalanta, swirling over the dizzy
precipice at the top of the Chamossaire mountain, at an elevation of
over 7000ft., also near Gryon, and in the pass between the
Diablerets and Argentines ; in the same pass I took a solitary
Parnassius delim ; Aporia crataciji, everywhere, and in excellent condi-
tion ; I bred one from a pupa found belted upon I'^/nis aria. I con-
tented myself with observing the common whites. A single specimen
of Ant/idchariH helia var. suiiploma was netted near Gryon, whilst Enchloi'
cardaiiiini's appeared on several occasions ; Lcjitidia sinapix. occurred
sparingly, and would probably have been common if worked for; ('alias
/ii/tde was in plenty but they were not all in good condition ; I only
detected ( '. cdii.sa in the Rhone Valley. A nice series of ( '. jduroDione
was taken at the foot of the Argentines, and a few specimens of
Goncjiterjij: rlniDini were noted here and there. Callop/iri/s nibi was
seen several times in wasted condition, whilst three species of the
Chrysophanids were taken near Villars, ri^., Chr!/s(iji/umii>< jddaca^^, n
worn specimen of ( '. helle, and a short but good series of C hippathoc,
one, an underside aberration, possessing two large irregular black spots.
The Lyctenids in the same district comprised I'lebeiiis aci/on, Polnoiu-
matus astrardie, P. icartis, P. conjdoii (very common after July 12th),
the lovely sky-blue /'. lujlaa, several in perfect condition, the even
more beautiful /'. daiiiu)i, fresh and in plenty, Cupidu iinniuia, Xuiiriadcs
setniariius (the commonest of all the blues, and in variable condition),
Lijcaciia alcnn, one worn example, and a good and varied series of L.
arion. One Avorn specimen of Xemrobiiix lucina was netted and released.
Among the Nymphalids I only secured one much torn specimen of
Liiin'iiiiis iiopnii, but saw others on several occasions when out of
reach. I was successful in finding eight pupa; of /.. camilla, a butter-
fly more intense and beautiful than />. dbijlla in its colouring. They
were found hanging on the extremities of the twigs of the species
of hone} suckle which grows abundantly among the woody undergrowth
adjoining the hotel, and nothing could have so admirably resembled
curled- up dead leaves. Four emerged satisfactorily, and one produced
an ichneumon fly. Araschnia leraiia I think I detected from the
railway carriage, but I cannot be quite sure; I'lih/ijania c-albiiin was
fairly common, but somewhat pass/-; Ai^lais artirae, as usual, was
everywhere, and I'ljraineis atalanta and 1'. cardni were common, especi-

Three weeks' holiday among the butterflies of Switzerland. 291

ally over the tops of mountain ridges. Next came the interesting, but
no less confusing, Argynnids — Melitara aiirinia, one freshly emerged ;
M. ciiLtia, several worn ; M. athalia, and, I think, M. ilictiinna, very
common everywhere; lUcntJiis enphroKijuc, common, hwi passe ; B. pales,
common at a higher altitude; B. dia, fairly common; B. ainathiisia,
very common, one in the larval state crawling with great speed in
the hot sun on the banks of Lac des Chavonnes, and seeking a place
to pupate. It fixed itself up for that purpose in a pillbox before I
got back to the hotel, pupated there satisfactorily, and the imago
emerged at Paris on the homeward journey. I also took two fresh
examples of B. ino in the fields round Villars. Arf/i/nnis lathonia I
noticed and missed on several occasions, only taking two near Perche.
A. a;/laia was common, and I caught one truly magnificent black
aberration with the majority of the silver spots on the under-surface
represented in deep bronze set in a dark green belt. It was taken
casually as it flew across the road near the hotel, and for a moment I
did not know what to make of it. It is in perfect condition, and as I
carefully pinned it, I wished much that it were possible to show both
sides. I find that one very much like it is figured in Curtis' British
Entoiiiulo(/i/, caught at Ipswich, in 1827, but mine is, I think, an even
more striking aberration. A. niuhe was very common, though I have
only captured a single example of the silver-spotted type ; A. adippe,
too, was common, and one specimen which I obtained has the under-
side very richly banded with brown. Among the Satyrids Mela)ianiia
j/alat/wa was one of the commonest butterflies, and was accompanied
by plenty of Paranje viaera. I am not sure that I saw P. DU't/aera, but
llipparcJda semele and Kpinephele ianira were there, and Knodia hyper-
anthits in the greatest abundance. I am still in doubt as to the
identification of some of my Erebiid captures. I certainly took a good
series of Erebia nielainpiis, K. niaiito, E. tijndarus, E. acthidjis, ]\. liyea,
and one specimen of E. cnii/alr. The others I cannot identify for
certain, nor a Lyc*nid taken at Villars, which is nearly black on the
upper surface, (.'ui'iionijnip/ia ijihis and, I think, ( '. sati/rian were taken
in small numbers, while the ever-abundant < '. paiiipltilns was left to
enjoy its freedom. Among the Hesperids, I'aiiiphila si/lniuHs, Thijiiirlicus
titauiiias, and Nisoniades tcujes were present, and one specimen I think
must be SpilotJnjrus altheae. Of the Syrichthids again I dare not say
what species I have taken.

My two days' hunting at Zermatt afforded other species. Baynassius
apolla, six or eight good specimens in the Visp Valley, below Zermatt.
On the Rifi'el Alp I observed Brcnthis pales, again in some abund-
ance, and higher up, in fact at the top of the Gornergrat, I took a
good specimen of Pieris callidice, and rejected several others that were
too much worn. On returning by a short cut to the Findeln glacier
hotel, I took Erebia tipidarus, and one specimen of Colias palaeno flying
with C. pliicoinone, and three specimens of PuhjoiniiiatHs orbitnlns in
poor condition. Some very fresh specimens of Xoniiadcsscniiari/Ksweve
again noticed flitting over puddles in the road ; a lovely fresh specimen
of Melitaea phoebc occurred on the way down to Zermatt, and two specimens
of a neat little fritillary which 1 have designated M. jiaitlwnic, and a
short series of Pamphila comma. As the sun set behind the Matterhorn
I found the grass blades and scrubby juniper bushes, on the banks of
the Visp, literally covered with Plcbvins ar(jas,oi which, thinking it was

292 THE KNXOiAIOLUGISt's KECORD.

/', aei/oii, I only took two of the thouscinds I saw. I captured some
coppers, males, on the hill slope between Findeln and Zermatt, and
supposed at the time that they were all one species, but on closer
inspection they proved to include some eight or nine ('hnjanphanu^
virgatireae, and the remainder C. hippothoe var. euryhia, whilst among
them I had again taken an underside aberration, the spots on the
hindwings on one side only being elongated into narrow radial streaks.
Tn conclusion I may add that both Villars and Zermatt are not at all
bad places for the lepidopterist, and that my short experience of
Switzerland nuikes me long for another visit.

Migration and Dispersal of Insects : Final Considerations.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

It would be well if future observers would discriminate, as far as
possible, between those movements which are made by insects from
one part of their ordinary breeding-grounds to another, and those
which make sudden and sweeping changes of location far outside the
limits of their breeding-grounds. We are quite conscious of the
difficulty of doing this, and see clearly that there is no very distinct line
of demarcation between them, because, whereas some great flights
covering hundreds or even thousands of miles would still keep
those species which have a very wide distribution within the limits of
their breeding-grounds, a movement of a few miles would take some local
species outside theirs. It Avoiild be irrational also to suppose that
any strict definition between local and migratory flights, based on the
above considerations, can exist, because what may be a so-called
migrating flight, if measured by distance, in one species, may become
a strictly local one if applied to another. Comparatively short local
flights in one species, then, may be just as truly migratory, and
undertaken for exactly the same benefit to the species, as are the
longer flights of other species.

The evidence that we have collected shows very distinctly one fact,
ch., that, however irregular the direction of individual migrations or
dispersal movements may be, there is a tendency for them to assume a
general northward direction whenever they originate in the subtropical
regions north of the equator, and to assume a general southward direc-
tion when they originate south of the equator, that is, the tendency is
to spread from what may be considered more favourable to less favour-
able regions so far as the stress of climatic environment is concerned.
Scudder insists that some of the butterflies to which we have
referred — Amisia arrhippnx and Pi/raiiwis cardni — have return swarms
[I'.si/rhc, viii., p. 192, Ihitf.^. Xetv Eivjland, p. 1086), i.e., that
certain butterflies come north in spring, and that their progeny
return in autumn, and later Moffat {Hrport Ent. Sue. (hitaiia,
1900, pp. 44 et .s<v/.) has written supporting this view. Scudder
refers us {Ptiijclic, viii., p. 192) to his own and Kiley's evidence on this
point, but, as we had already reviewed this, our conclusions remain
unchanged. The assumption that the swarming of Anosia arcltippm in
autumn (which is evidently merely a roosting-habit of the species, the
insects selecting a favourable spot and coming up day after day from
all quarters to this place at the end of the afternoon, and dispersing
in the morning, bO long as the weather is favourable, as shown by

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL, OF INSECTS : FINAL CONSIDERATIONS. 293

almost all records relating to the swarming of the insect) is directly con-
nected with migration, has, in our opinion, no real evidence to substan-
tiate it. Nor is the habit at all confined to this species. Eaton notes {Knt.
Mo. May., xiv., p. 276) that, in the Bombay Presidency, in the latter part
of the " rains " (September-December), in the beginning of the cold
weather [i.e., the meteorological conditions being analogous to those
under which AuDvia arcJiippua adopts this habit) Papilio hector
commonly roosts in flocks. " About sunset they betake themselves to
trees — usually the babul (a species of gum-acacia) clinging to the
underside of the subpendulous branches towards their extremities, in
crowds of many hundreds, and there they rest until the sun is well up."
An almost parallel instance is to be found in the imagines of the com-
mon European Sati/nis hcrmionc, which, in some districts, where trees
are available, not only rest on tree-trunks frequently by day, but
even when engaged busily feasting on flowers during the hot
sunshine, return to the trunks and branches of the trees to roost.
Moftat, as we have just noted {Ilcport Knt. Sac. Ontario, 1900,
pp. 44 et .sr</.), disagrees with our conclusion, viz., that the data
at disposal do not warrant our stating that there is a southern
migration of Anoda arcJdppus in the autumn in North America ; he
adds, however, no further facts to the discussion, although he states
that the data that we have already published relative to this species,
tend to prove his point. These show a general proof, he considers,
that the migrating swarms slowly move southwards. As these dates
refer to different years, involving different conditions, and have no
connection with the same swarms, we are unable to follow this argu-
ment, and the obvious points which these dates do suggest are entirely
missed, c/:., that winter commences later in the more southern latitudes
than the northern, that, as a consequence the swarming will occur later in
the more southern districts, and that cold appears to be the moving factor
in causing the swarmmg previous to destruction in the districts out-
side the area that can form possible winter-quarters for the species.
Much more exact data are wanted before a return journey can be accepted
for this species, much as we would like to connect so close an analogy
between the migrations of insects and birds. In a later paper (loc. cit.,
1901, pp. 78-K2), Moffat concedes much of what we urge, and there is
no real need in these papers to push the matter further. He notes
that the species cannot survive in any of the stages of its existence in
its northern breeding-grounds, hence, after each succeeding winter,
these regions where it is produced in the greatest abundance have to
be replenished in the spring by individuals coming from the south.
He has obtained from Thaxter a note supplementing his observation
{('an. Knt., xii., p. 38), and already quoted, to the effect that, in Florida,
the swarm observed was sketched on January 3rd, 1.S73, that the
imagines did not scatter until February, and that then many were
observed in coitn, thus showing that in the southern States they do
exactly what I'l/raineis canliii does in northern Africa, riz., live actively in
the imaginal state all the winter until the breeding-season arrives, and
then lay their eggs as soon as the vegetation is suitable for the purpose.
True Moffat still maintains the idea of a "return" of the northern-
bred butterflies in autumn, but he offers no further evidence than the
facts already recorded. It is a remarkable fact that P. canhii has been
noted as having somewhat similar habits in North America as in

294 THE entomologist's record.

Europe. In June, 1884, it occurred suddenly and in incredible numbers
in Manitoba, and, in early June, 1901, it as suddenly appeared in amazing
numbers at Ottawa, Manitoba, and westward to the Pacific, the females
laying their eggs immediately on their arrival, as do the immigrants of
this species when they visit us. The immigrants in 1901 were supposed
to have come from the south and west. Cockle having noticed the species
at Kaslo, on Kootenay Lake, B.C., on May 2nd, in thousands, but
most of the specimens only stayed a day or two, whilst at the same
time in early May countless thousands were observed in California, all
flying to the north-east and parallel to the Sierra Madre range (Ayin.
Rept. Ent. Soc. I hit., 1901, pp. 54-57). One suspects now that attention
has been drawn to the matter that our present uncertain knowledge
concerning this subject will, in the course of a few years, become more
definite and accurate as reliable data made by competent observers
accumulate. The different conclusions arrived at by Scudder and
ourselves, both having the same facts before us, is all a matter of what
we will respectively accept as sufficient evidence, and Scudder seems to
be satisfied to the point of conviction with much less evidence and fewer
facts than we require. We suspect that no lepidopterist in Europe
believes in any autumnal return movement of Pi/rawcis cardui
following a spring invasion of this species into north temperate
Europe, yet Scudder writes {Butts. New Em/land, p. 1086) that,
in the great migration of Pyraweis cnrdni, in 1879, in Europe,
a return movement was made out by Fritsch, who, from observa-
tions made from early in July to near the end of October, and by
noting the direction of flight of every specimen of the species
observed, concluded that there was no prevailing direction until August
26th, when and until October 20th, with few exceptions, the prevailing
movement was towards the west-south-west and south, or diametrically
opposite to the prevailing movements of the swarms in June, and he
says: "Here, then, the return movement of butterflies, the apparent
absence of which so much perplexed Mr. Belt, was, by careful and
minute observations, made clear. It is in no way improbable that it
is a regular and permanent feature of all migrations among butterflies.
In this instance the collective movement was in the spring, the
individual movement in the autumn ; in Anom'a anliifipus the case is
exactly reversed. Why may there not be, in many cases, individual
movement at both seasons, which has been overlooked for want of just
such careful observations?" We have no objection to Scudder being
satisfied with this evidence, we only ask him to allow us to ask for
more facts, before we ourselves can possibly be satisfied. It is just
probable, of course, that natural selection may, in the course of ages,
have induced a return migratory tendency, but it is, in the case of
insects, and in our present state of knowledge, very difficult to believe
that this has been so. The northward spring movement of Anosia
arcJiippus is an evident fact, the autumnal swarming,"' although at
present quite inexplicable as having any connection with migration, is

* As bearing on the swarniinp; rather than the migration of the species, Scudder
notes (Butta. New England, p. 1085) : " The immense numbers of Aporia crataegi,
which, at Easter 1829, made the thorntrees on the promenade at Erfurt look as if
hung with white hlos'-oins lias l)oen rr^lnted by Kefersteiu, and the sudden outburst
of Neoplasia ineuapiu in Washington Territory in 1882, was, according to Hagen,
' wonderful, and only to be compared with an irruption.' "

ORTHOPTERA. 295

also a recognised fact ; one understands, too, that, as the cold weather
advances, those individuals (or sAvarms) that fly south will, in most
cases, have the greatest chance of living a few days longer, but that
any number of the species, either singly or in flocks, that have been
bred in Canada or the northern States, ever reach subtropical America,
there is, as we have before stated, not an atom of sound evidence to
show. We suspect that the northern-bred specimens are killed o£f
under exactly parallel climatic conditions to those that kill oft' our
autumnal-bred I'l/raitiris canJui, the progeny of a spring irruption into
the north tempei'ate parts of Europe,

ORTHOPTERA.

Two Cockroaches new to Britain. — The following two species have
not, as far as I am aware, been noticed in this country before, and
though only casual visitors, I think it well advised to publish some
description of them, more particularly as one ^tijhqniiia decorata, Br.,
is a species with a wide distribution, and may, like 8. oricntalis, L.,
and its allies of the genus Periplaneta, become acclimatised in Britain.

Stylopyga decorata, Brunner. — [Syn. : Pm^^ZrtHcfn rfccora^a, Br., "Nouveau
systeme cles Blattaires," 18G.5, p. 224.] — "Bather smaller than F. americana, L.
Brownish-black, with yellow markings. Head yellow, with three transverse dark
bands. Palpi yellowish, with the distal joint darker. Antennro dark brown, longer
than the body. Pronotnm brownish-black, with a yellow streak within its anterior
and lateral borders, but following- their contour. Posteriorly this streak becomes a
series of yellow blotches. The brown central portion of the pronotum is ornamented
on each side by an irregular yellow blotch enclosing a black dot. The mesonotum
and metanotum and abdominal segments blackish-brown, with clearly margined
yellow blotches and dashes and black dots. Elytra lobiform, rounded, dark, with
two yellow blotches, the external one being much the larger. Legs long, yellow,
with dark markings, and brown spines. Supra-anal plate membranous, yellowish,
bilobed. Subgenital lamina rounded, excised at the insertion of the long thin styles.
Length of body 2.5mm. Distkiuution : •' Mexico, Venezuela, Buenos A,, res, Zanzibar,
Madagascar, Madras" (Brunner). This species might perhaps be confused with
immature specimens of P. australasiae, but its ground colour is much darker, its
markings more varied and more clearly defined, and its lobiform elytra are entirely
separated from the mesonotum.

The single male specimen from which the above description is taken
reached Worksop alive, March 20th, 1902, running out of a box
which contained some live birds from South Africa. It was in
company with several P. americana and was killed by Mr. J.
Houghton, of Worksop, by whom it was given to me, and is now
in my collection. Mr. Malcolm P3urr kindly identified it for me.

Panchlora exoleta, Kluo. — [Syn. : P. exolctii, Klg. Burmeister, 1839,
"Handb.," ii., p. -507. Brunner v. Wattenw'yl, " Nouv. syst. des Blattaires,"
p. 272.] — Size about two-thirds that of P. aiiiirifaiia, h. Colour delicate trans-
parent green. Head green. Eyes rich chestnut-brown, enlarged and nearly con-
tiguous above. Antennae testaceous. Pronotum green, with a distinct yellow line
on each side separating the disc from the lateral margins. These yellow lines are
continued anteriorly around the vertex just above the eyes, and posteriorly along
the mediastinal nervure of each elytron. P^lytra and wings perfectly developed,
hyaline, with green nervures. Abdomen much compressed, yellowish-white, verg-
ing into green laterally. Legs pale greenish, spines tipped with brown. Length of
body 18mm., of elytron 21mm. Distribution : " Brazil, .Jamaica, Venezuela,
Veracruz, Surinam " (Brunner).

The single female here described reached South Leverton alive, June 4th,
1902. It is now in my collection, having been given to me by Rev. A.
Thornley,,who received it from a fruit-dealer of Coalville, in Leicester-

296 THR ENTOMOLOrTlST's RECORD.

shire, who found it there aiiiongst some imported bananas. I have to
thank I^i'. Carl Brunner v. Wattenwyl for its identification. — Eland
Shaw, M.R.C.S., &c., North Leverton, Notts. September mth, 1902.
[Note. — Since writing the above I notice that Mr. W. L. Distant has
already recorded the occurrence of /-'. e.roleta in Scotland, vi(h>, Ent.
Mo. May., October, 1902, p. 217.— E.S. October, 1902.]

OLEOPTERA.

Notes on coleoptera collected near Newtonmore, Invernessshire,
FROM August 29th to September 15th, 1902. — The following notes on
Scotch coleoptera may be of interest, the references to the commoner
species being given on account of the locality. The weather during
the above time was rather cold, and not favourable to the appearance
of many insects. Cicindela caHipentrla, L., on sandy bank at foot of
Creag Dhu ; Carabus catenidatus, Scop., under stones; C. i/labratas,
Pk., on road side; C arrensis, F., under stone on moor, about 1000ft.;
Notioiihilus aijiiaticiis, L., and X jialiistris, Duft., from moss in wood ;
Nebria hrerkolUs, F., under stones; X. (ii/llenhallii, Sch., under stones,
top of Creag Dhu, 2850ft. ; Miscodera arctica, Pk., one example under
a stone on moor, 1000ft. ; Bradycelliis jdacidns, Gyll., damp moss
in wood; B. coynattis, Gyll., B. rollaru, Pk., and B. slndlis, Dj.,
under stones on moor; Harpaliift aenens, F., on road; h . latuft, Li.,
under stones on moor ; Pterostichns ni</er, SchalL, P. niyrita, F.,
and /'. ^trouitis, Pz., under stones ; P. vitreiis, Dj., under stones
on Cruban r>eag, 1900ft. ; Aiinira riifocincta, Sahib., on road (only
previously recorded very rarely from the south of Scotland) ; Calathits
cisteLoides, Pz., C. jlacipes, Fourc, and (J. vielanoceplialiis, L., under
stones, very abundant (the var. nidnyena, Hal., was fairly common) ;
Tophria niralis, Pz., two examples, under stones on hi^h moor ;
Ancltoiiienus anytifiticollis, F., under a stone; Olisthopiis rofiotdatiis, Pk.,
under stones in a wood ; Be)abidiuiii tibiale, Duft., B. atroruendeuni,
Steph., B. decoriun, Pz., B. monticola, Sturm., Bt. bi/iiinrtati(iii, L., and
B. bruj-ellenM', Wesm., under stones on banks of river Spey ; B.
littorale, OL, in moss; Trer/tiis viinutHs, F., under stones on moor;
Patrobns amniilts, Chaud., under stones; Cyvrindis vaporarioruin, L.,
under stones on high moors, almost always occurring singly, but four
specimens were taken under one stone at the cairn on the top of Cruban
Beag, about 1950ft. ; Halipliia riificnllifi, DeG., pool near river Spey;
Deronectea depreasm, F., HydropovKx rivalis, Gyll., //. septentriunalh,
Gyll., and H.darisii, Curt., river Spey; H. palustrii^, L., and //.
planus, F., pools near Spey ; Ayabiis bijinsttdatus, h., and Plata)nbiis
iiiandatH^, L., in small ditch ; Bliantus bistriattis, Berg., and (iyriniis
iiri)nitiis, F., pool near river Spey; Astilbiia canaliriilatiiH, F., ant's nest
(said by Canon Fowler to be scarce in Lowlands only) ; (Tyinniisa
carieyata, Kieii., decaying fungus; Meyracronas anal is, Pk., and M.
incUnam, Grav. (one example), under stones, foot of Creag Dhu ;
BolitubiuH trinotatiif!, Er., and B. pyymaetis, F., in fungus ; Qaedio-
nuchufi laeriyatiis, Gyll., under bark of fir and birch ; Stapliylinns
stercorarins, 01,, under stones, by side of road through moor ; Ocypns
bntnnipen, F., under stones; (Hhiini myrmernplnliis, Kies., in moss;
Latlirobiinii fidripeune, Gr., mider stones, top of Creag Dhu; OlojdiriDii
pieeinii, Gyll., in fungus ; Nerrop/ioriis hnviatnr, F., and N. nurrtiiorinn,

COLKOPTF.RA. 297

F., on dead bird ; Silpha riuini^a, L., dead bird ; .S'. atrata, L., in
decayed wood ; PaniKs prolifrHcnrnix, F., and P. aiiriciilafiis, Pz.,
under stones, banks of river Spey ; Aef/ialia mbnleti, Pk., and Srrira
hnoDwa, L., sandy bank near moor, about 900ft. ; Kniohin^ mollis. L.,
on doorstep of cottage ; (HiorJu/iichns blaiulKs, (iyll., under stones, but
not frequent ; Strnp/itifioiniiit lateralis, Pk., under stones on moor, and
also two species of Haltica, one a black form, swept from heatber. Tbe
rarer and more difficult insects to determine have been kindly verified
by Professor Hudson Beare. — James E. P>lack, Nethercroft, Peebles,

CoLEOPTERA IN ScoTLAND. — After the end of June, except during
my holidays in Aug:ust, pressure of work prevented me from giving
much attention to collecting, but the following stray notes may be of
interest. On July 3rd I swept up, just before dusk, on a damp cold
evening, in a copse on the eastern slope of Arthur's Seat, F>alaniitiis
bra.^sicai>, Fab., KrirJiinns acrihilnx, L., Lidsnnnts (jcatidtis, Clair, and
Apion iiuniile, Germ., and on July 17th I found under stones, near the
summit of the hill, ('orijwbites aeueKs, L., OUorlnjnchun iiniscornin,
Bris, and Qtietliiix bnops, Gr, On the afternoon of August 5th I paid
a visit to Loch Leven, and thoroughly explored the southern sliores
for some mile or two ; I was much disappointed at the results, for I
had formed expectations of taking several good insects which seem to
have been found here fairly commonly years ago; sweeping the herbage
and flowers at the edges of the neighbourmg fields produced nothing,
so I spent my time turning over and shaking the heaps of dead water
weeds thrown up on the beach, and in this way obtained Blrtln'sa
multi punctata, L., fairly commonly, Klaphrim niprcnx, T)uft., Ijcnibiiliinu
(Ion's, Pz., and I'hilontlins <iiiis(ji(ilian'iis, GylL, which was very abun-
dant; this insect, therefore, which Canon Fowler stated did not appear
to occur even in the Midlands (though it is abundant in Leicestershire),
appears to extend very far north, I do not know Avhether this is itsfir.st
record from Scotland. On August 7th, Maltlwdes iiian/inatus, Lat., and
^[. saiiiiitinoli'iitus, Fall., were abundant on bracken in Dalmeny, and,
all through tbe month, Xiptits holole.ncns, Fald, kept turning up in my
house; during the winter I found the other species, crenatits, F., in my
house at Heriot Row. In the summer I searched many of the roads
and waste places round Edinbui-gh to find plants of Sisi/iubriinn affici-
nale, mindful of an interesting note of the late Mr. Bye, but never
found it ; in September, however, I came across two patches of the
plant, one near Musselburgh, and the other on Calton Hill, off these
patches I swept the following insects : — Psylliodes ciipruiiitcns, Forst,
CeutltorlnjncliHs sidcirolh's, GylL, C. assiwilis, Pk., «.'. enjsiini, F., C
contractus, Marsh, C. (juadridens, Pz., Ceutlioylnjnchidius jloralis, Pk. so I
am hoping next year, by working the plants in June, to turn up the two
rarer insects, ('. picitarsis, GylL, and ('. rapae, GylL When I worked
them the plants looked like bundles of dusty twigs, and yet insects
were quite abundant on them ; off mallows, close to them, came Apion
aeneuin, F., and A. radioUis, Kirb., in the utmost profusion. — T. Hidso.n
Beare, F.E.S., 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh.

QuEDius cRiiKNTUs VAR. viRENs, RoTTBcj. — In Johnson and Halbert's
/./,s/ of the lieetles of Ireland, p. 644, Quedius rruentus, OL, is recorded
from Antrim and Armagh, and it is further stated that ''the specimens
from both these localities are referable to the variety virens. Rottbg."
Mr. Halbert having kindly sent a specimen for me to see, I find it to be

298 THK entomologist's kecord.

identical with a var. of cnifntn:^ I took at Torquay on February 10th,
1896. ^Ir, Halbert referred me to Ganglbauer (Die Kafer mn Mittel
Europa, ii., p. 899), who describes the var. riroix, Rottenberw, as
follows : — " l*>ei var. nrens sind die Fliigeldecken schwarz, oft mit
griinlichen schimnier, ander naht und oft auch an den seiten rothlich."
This is a very distinct form, and reminds one, superficially, of QiiefHiifi
impri'ssiiis, Pz. I note Mr. Tomlin records it in the Irish Xatnralht
(1902, p. 62) from Ballycastle. This is one of the many cases where
the " Irish List " proves, and will prove to be most valuable to coleop-
terists in this country. — Horace Donisthorpe, 58, Kensington Man-
sions, Octohn- \st, 1902.

:i^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Lepipoptera at ]>ur(;ess Htll in 1902. — The late Season. — The
months of August and September, of 1902, will surely carry a record
for low temperature and broken weather. At least, this was certainly
the case in Sussex, and, in the vicinity of the Downs, the continuous
bad weather bid fair to spoil the entomological season altogether. Had
it been a hot season, or even one blessed with the average amount of
sunshine, the local butterflies around the neighbourhood of Burgess
Hill would have made a great display. Even as matters were they
made a game fight for it, and after a week's boisterous cold weather,
would make another start and again be flying strongly, when the next
visitation of storm would come and destroy them. The Vanessids were
well to the fore, as were the larger fritillaries. The " whites" showed
in abundance, and latterly the strong touch of positive colour, afforded
by (jiJiu'ptfi-i/.c r/iaiiini, was visible with almost every burst of sunshine.
The Coliads did not appear at all in the locality this year, nor among
the " blues " was Poli/onnnatns bellan/iis to be seen, and only one
solitary example of P. astrarrhe. ( 'hri/sojilianiis p/ilaeas, Kpincjiliiic
janira, K. tithnnus. hjiKulia hi/jicrantliits, and Cocudnijmplta junajjltibis
were all exceedingly common, and, in a retired quarter of the Downs, a
surprise awaited one in the discovery of Mclanan/ia i/alatea, which was
evidently fairly numerous. This is one of those instances of the
" laying down " of a species, however, for I remember meeting a
brother of the net in the vicinity some three years ago, who informed
me that, the year preceding, he had thrown down a few eggs, which a
boxed 2 of M. (jalatea had laid, and that he had seen a few specimens
of the insect near where he had sowed the eggs, during the year he
was speaking to me. I have also heard of the appearance of this
species on the Downs at another part, so possibl}' it has drifted
along the slopes of the hills, east and west, to stop and breed in the
countless grassy hollows of their formation. The locality seems to
agree with the insect for those I saw were finely marked and large in
size. The pursuit of " sugaring " cannot be said to have been a
success. What the conditions are that make a favourable evening at
sugar we are always guessing at, without result, and it might perhaps
be a better plan to make a note of Avhat elements are dominant on
unfavourable occasions. On these lines the past season must certainly
demonstrate that a low temperature is absolutely fatal to success.
During these two months there were scarcely half a dozen evenings
when the temperature was not chilly, immediately after sunset. Only

KOTES on CuLLECTIN(t. 299

ordinary insects appeared, and these but in restricted numbers, while
some very common species were not visible at all. On the other hand,
while imagines of the lletcrocera were scarce, larv;e were plentiful
enough, in certain localities, and the beating tray became the most
interesting of the appliances to use. Of all larvie here this season, that
of ' 'i//iia{<i/i/i<ira ilii/>l(irls seemed to be the most abundant, as of all
imagines 'J'/n/iiu'licKs Uiwa was also the most numerous. This insect
was truly out in myriads. The roadside banks, grassy lanes, long
growth on the downs, and in fact everywhere that there might be an
excuse for its existence, there one would find T. Unea, buzzing in the
sun. The periods during which the various butterflies were seen were
as follows: — Pifn's hrassicdc, x\ugust 5th to September 18th; /'. rajiae,
July 81st-September 17th ; /'. iia/n, July 31st-September 12th ;
(r(j)i('ptcri/.v r/iatinii, August -jth- September 17th ; Jlirnthis selene,
August 2nd; Anii/)tnis aijlaia, August lst-27th; A. adi/j/if, August 2nd;

1 hijas paiiliia, August 2nd ; HKtjoiiia pidi/c/iloms, July 81st- August 26th ;
Ai/lais iirticae, August Ist-September 17th ; Wiiimsa ia, August 16th-
September 4th; Pj/raincis atalanta, August 20th- September 18th; /'.
canlui, August 8th-29tli ; Mclaitan/ia (/altitfu, August 5tli-16th ;
I'aranji' meijacra, August 15th-September 2nd ; Sati/nis sciiitic, August
5th-September 17th ; Ejiincjiluic janini, July 81st-September 17th;
K. tithonns, July 81st-September 17th ; I'lumJia h/p('ranthii>i, August
lst-12th ; Coenuni/inpha jiaiii/thilus, August Ist-September 17th ;
('hnjA(ij)lianiis pldaeaa, August Ist-September 18th ; Xcp/ii/nis ip(rrnis,
August lst-20th ; Plebeins aeijoii, August 2nd; I'nli/oiiuinitiis (istrairhc,
August 16th; P. icarus, August 6th-September 17th; /'. cin-i/doii,
August oth-September 13th; Ci/aniris an/inli(s, August lltli-29th ;
T/ii/iiieliriin linca, July 31st-September 4th ; Painp/nla si/lranns, July
81st- August 25th ; P. coiiniia, August 5th-27th. Of these insects it
may be remarked that /'. brassicae was out strongly between the dates
given, as were Picris rapac and /'. )iopi. (Tonepteri/.v r/iavmi was also
very abundant. Aripjnnu (Kjlaia was common on Ditchling 1 beacon,
and at Tilgate Forest, on August 2nd, the four fritillaries, Birnt/iis .schni',
Aii/ipinis af/laia, A. adippc, and Pnjaa paplda, were Hying on the same
day ; though the first-named was on its last legs, or wings, hliiiiimia
jiidijcldoron. was numerous and frequently met with in many localities.

r«»r.s.sa in, Pi/raiiieis atalanta, and P. cardiii were fairly numerous,
though infrequent. Sati/raii seiiide was rife on the Downs always, and
Pleheiiis aeijon going strongly at Tilgate on August 2nd. I'aiiip/iila
coiiniia was late in coming at Ditchling Beacon, but latterly was out in
great force. The J of this insect is a great deal commoner than the

2 , at least on flight. Whether the $ is concealed m the luM-bage or
not it is impossible to say, but not more than ten per cent, of those
taken on flight are $ s. On July 81st an imago of Tror/iiliiiin hniihcvi-
fonni.s was beaten from sallow, and the following brief record of the
failure of sugaring may dismiss that portion of the pursuit, with the
remark that every insect named occurred but sparingly. Iliipiji/iilu
jii'da, August 13th - 22nd ; Lcucania litlian/ijiia, August 23rd ;
Hydroecia nictitanfi, August 23rd-27th ; Xjilnphaaia litJioxtjlea, August
2nd ; X. uionoi/b/plia, August 10th- September 16th ; Ceriijo tiiatiira,
August 15th-16th ; Maiiu'>^tya brasm-ae, August 7th-September 8th ;
Apanira didipna, August Ist-Scptember 3rd ; Aijrntis piita, September
3rd; I'iridrniiui //ywiVo;;, September 0th-17th ; Xnctiia jilccia, Xw^nat

oOO THE entomologist's RECOtlb.

28rd- September Ist; A'. r-ni(jnnii, September 8rd-9th ; .V. mbi, Sep-
tember 9th-12th ; A', haja, August 2nfl ; A\ xantlioijrapha, August 16th-
September l-ith ; Tnjpliania jiiiibria, August 29th ; T. intcrjccta, August
lst-23rd ; T. cowcs, August 2nd-Septeniber 14th ; T. proniiba, August
2nd-September 16th; Aniphipyra pi/raiiiidea, August 80th; A. tratjopo-
r/onix, August 29th- September 7th ; Nacnia ti/pica, August -Ith- Sep-
tember 6th ; Mania iiiaara, August 8rd-September 14th ; Anchicelis
lunnsa, September 16th- 17th; Citria fulrai/o, September 16th; Mellima
ijUvai/o, September 16th ; Cofiniia traprzina, August 17th ; Calj/nmia
affinu, August 10th-16th ; r/doi/ophora iiuticiddsa, August 24th-Sep-
tember 17th ; Hadciia olcracea, July 81st ; GunopWra /j7;rtfr/.r, August
12th- September 10th ; Catorala nupta, August 16th-September 17th;
Hijpi'na rontrali.s, September 6th-17th ; Melanippe jiurtiiata, August
5th-September 2nd. Among other common insects which failed to
show at sugar may be named Leurania pallt'ns, Miana i<tri(/ilis, riiii!rti}iia
.sauchi, Ai/rotis sct/ctHiii, Ancliocdis piatacina, and Citria Jiava(/(i. Other
insects seen or taken, at rest, or with the net, were Sesia stiilatannn
(once only), August 15th; A^liifria citlicifornris, August 1st; ('allifiniia
iiiiniata, August 2nd ; Lithottia f/riseola, August 19th ; L. hfridmla,
August lst-25th; I'orthesia siiiiili,s, August 6th-September 11th; Xuta-
lopltits antiqiia, July 81st-September 4th; Malacu.sonia muatna, August
lst-4th ; Lasiiicaiiipa (jiioriis, July 81st; 'L'njphaena ianthina, August
7th- 15th. Though this insect did not come to sugar it was to be
disturbed by tapping hedges of dwarf beech, pretty freely. Knplexia
liicijiara, x\ugust 6th ; I'lnsia ijaiiiina, August 7th-September 17th ;
I'jpiinK' ajiiciaria, August 14th-80th ; Sdcnia hilnnaria, August 6th-
lltli ; L'rocailis cliiiijiuiria, September 7th ; I'scudvterjuta pniiiiata,
August 8th ; Hciiiithca strir/ata, August 19th ; (jt'ouuira niiuiria,
August lst-6th ; XajiDsoma atniulata, August 19th ; Z. purata, August
lst-19th ; Asthcna candidata, August 7th-22nd ; Acidalia diinidiata,
August llth-14th; A. ti ijit'iiiiuata, kngnst lst-20th (very late. Ed.); A.
iiiiitaiia, August lst-6th ; A. arcrsata, August Ist-llth ; A. rinfiilaria,
August 11th ; A. eman/inata, August 4th-7tli ; 'J'iiiiandru ainataria,
August 15th (the only one) ; Halia ranaria, August 10th; Stirniu dath-
rata, August 12th-21st; hlnnindcsia (r;(//«.sc/rt?a, August 19th ; T/ura rari-
ata, September 15th. Other common insects which were to be seen con-
tinually were Cahcra juisaria, C. crant/iciiiaria, Abra.vas (fiiiasulariata,
LoiiKtspilis ]iiarf/i)tata, Hijjinijictea H(jfdidata, MelantJiia uailata, M. pru-
cillata, Melanippe jliictiiata, Caiiiptotirainnia biUiuata, L'idaria te.stata,
Kiibdlia limitata, K. bipiiiietafa , but not Aiiaitis phn/iata, which, from
being generally an universally present insect, was xevy scarce, and only
seen once or twice. The dates of observation of these imagines have
been given, at the risk of being tedious, as this year the appearance of
species has been so uncertain that the subject is one which may
possibly interest some readers. For the same reasons it may be allow-
able perhaps to append dates to the finding of larvfe, for, in this branch
of the study, many mconsistencies were found. The following list will
show the species of larvai, with dates : Aijlais^ articae, July 81st- August
17th; Pijrameiy. atalanta, August 4th-21st; 17n/iiielieusthainnas (//»«?),
AugU!rt27th; r'uli/oiinnatus /V«/'».s, August Hth ; Sphin e linnet n,4n\y3lHt-
September 8rd ; Theretra juirrtilns, August 20th-29th, on the downs,
at rest ; Snu'rint/niK ocellatus, July 8lst-September 2nd; Jlalias pia^ii-
naiia. August 28th- September 15th ; (inophria inbrienUls, September

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 30l

loth; E. jatubcwae, September 5th -loth ; iJasi/chiia jindibuutia, Septem-
ber oth-17th ; Xotolophiis aiitiqKa, July 81st-September 4th ; Lachneia
lanc^tris, two nests were found, one on -luly ;-31st and the other on August
12th ; Lasiocatnpa (jnerc us, July 31st, an enormous larva, larger than many
larva? of Kiitriclui querd folia, but which proved to be ichneumoned;
Drepana lacertida, July Blst-September 15th; />. /'aZf((7a, September
2nd-15th ; I), hamida, July 31st- September 5th ; Cilix spinida, Sep-
tember 17th ; IHcraniira furcida, August 19th- September 1st ; D.
rinidit, July 3lst-September 11th ; rtcrostuDia palpina, July 31st-
August 28th ; Litiihoiiteri/.v raiiu'lina, August Ist-September 15th ;
Leidcaiiipa ilictaeiu'dis, September 5th- 15th ; NoUjclunta droiiwdariux,
July Blst-Septeniber 15th; X. zuzac, August 2nd; ]'i/i/a('ra bucephala,
August 19th-September 13th ; Clustera ciirtida, September 10th ;
Ci/iuatnji/iora diiplaris, August 22nd- September 17th ; C /liictaosa,
September 5th-15th ; TriaL'jta psi, September 2nd-17th ; Acrnnicta
Icjiorliia, August 2Gth- September 17th ; lladena coutinna, September
5th; Gonoptera libatrix, Augnst Ist-September 3rd; I'lmia (icunnia,
August 4;th ; L'liaridea umbra, August 19th-25th ; i'atocala nupta,
August 1st ; Pericallia Ki/rini/ana , September 3rd-17th ; Selenia lunaria,
September 17th; Crocallis eliwinaria, September 5th-6th; Autphidasy^
betularia, August 28th-September 17th ; Tcplirosia punctidaria, Sep-
tember lst-17th ; ioJ/x lactcaiia, August 19th-September 17th; Zono-
sonia linearia, September 5th-19th ; i'ahera pumria, July 31st, and
always ; C crautheuiata, July 31st, and always ; Macan'a notata, Sep-
tember 5th-15th; LoiJiasjiUis luaiyiiiata, Angwst 19th- September 13th;
Hijpsipetcx iiHpluriata, September 5th-15th ; Kucosmia uudulata, Sep-
tember 15th; Cidaria corylata, September 5th-15th ; KucUdia mi,
August 20th-27th; Eupisteria /wparata, September 15th. The greater
part of these larvje were obtained at Tilgate Forest, which was visited
first on August 2nd ; but the season was then too early, as the few
larvcB found were all very young. The next visit was on September
5th, and others afterwards. Parts of the Forest had suffered severely
in the spring under a most extraordinary visitation of the larva of
( 'Iieiinatobia bruuiata, and large tracts of birch trees were almost
denuded of foliage. These trees, later in the year, had made an efibrt
to develop a second growth of leaves, but had again fallen a prey to
clouds of aphides, and these creatures made larva- searching and beat-
ing a perfect ordeal. "Whenever a tree or bush was struck the air was
filled immediately with a dense flight of the pests, which at once settled
on the offending beater, and his face was almost covered. The wonderful
plague of this blight, the unusual number of Hies, and also wasps, was
a great contrast to the accompanying poor amount of lepidopterous
insects of the same period. Sussex seems to have been infested with
flies and wasps in the country north of the Downs this year, which is
a curious thing when one remembers how very little sun there was.
Ci/iuatophnra fluctuusa was found only at Tilgate Forest, and it was in
vain to seek it in the blighted trees. The larva appears to have but one
requirement, viz., good fresh green leaves. Any sized birch-tree or bush,
in any aspect, may have larvae feeding on it, in any part, high and low, but
it must be a healthy tree. Probably those larvae die which find them-
selves on failing pabulum, a fact which the entomologist who breeds
the species will quickly have brought before his notice. — J. C. Dollmax,
Hove House, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, S.\\\ Uctubcr '6id, i9U2.

302 THE entomologist's recokd.

August Lepidoptera in Sutherlandshike. — I spent the last twelve
days of August, this year, near Invershin, in Sutherlandshire, and the
following notes on the lepidoptera seen in this northern locality may
be of interest. Among the butterflies three are worth noting, viz.,
Krebia aethiupa, Coenonyiitjilia typlion, and An/i/nnis ai/laia. They were
all in much finer condition than is usual at this time of the year, C.
typhon especially being beautifully fresh. Larv.e were very scarce on
the moors last year, but this year those of JMsinramiia ijiicrc/is simply
swarmed over them. A\ hether this abundance was local or general
over Scotland 1 do not know, but I have never seen such numbers
anywhere before. Those of Sdtiimia paronia [carpi ni), on the other hand,
were scarce, Pluiretra )neiiya)tt/iiilis was hardly to be found, and I did
not come across a single Sjiilosouia fuliyinosa. Near the river, which
ran down our Strath, were woods of old birch trees, and I devoted some
hours to searching these for larvis. The Notodonts were all unusually
late, many being only just out of the egg. The latter is laid on the
underside of the leaf, and, by turning over the long twigs at the ends
of the lower branches, the little larv^e are easily seen. In this way I found
great quantities of Loji/iujitcry.r camelina, a good many Xotadotita ilromi'-
ilariioi and an occasional Lidocaiiipa dictaeoides, but my most interesting
capture was Ldphoptcryx caniuiita, which was nearly fiiU-fed. Other
larva' to be found on these birches Avere those of ]>eiiia.s coryli, Acronicta
li'lioriiia, Sdoiia tctraliinaria [illii^tyaria), S. bilunaria, JJistdii hiitaria,
and ('idaria vtiata, while some fine aspen trees near by produced larva^
of LeidcaiDjia dictaca full-fed, and ( 'uspidia nn'yaa'jdtala larv* in their
first and second instars. Before last year I always thought that the
fa\ ourite foodplant of Dniias njryli was hazel, but Avhen staying at
Tongue in the extreme north of Sutherlandshire, I found the larva very
plentiful on the stunted birches that grow near the sea coast, exposed
to the full force of the cold northerly winds. Thelarv»of Bistoii liirtaria,
Sdcnia tctraUinaria [illtistraria), and S. bilunaria are not hard to see
when you know how to look for them. During the day they sit motionless
among the clusters of dead twigs, only moving at night to the fresh
leaves. Sugar was more productive than usual, owing to the lateness
of the season, which caused many species, usually over, to be still on
the wing. L yniatdii/iora duplarix, Xylophana nirea (both the type and
the ab. cuiabasta), and X. /ndyodon, including some superb black aber-
rations, were pretty abundant. Among the Noctuids, yactiia aiiyiir
and N. baia were everywhere in splendid condition ; N. fcstira was
common, but rather worn, J\'. da/dii, X. brninica, and A\ ncylccta only
showed themselves occasionally. Vysr/iorista siispecta was in fair
numbers, and apparently only just out, as I did not see it on the first
night. The Epundas — Kimnda Lutulcnta and niyra — are doubtless to be
found in the district, but they were not out when I left. I took the latter
last year sitting on a stone right out in the middle of the moors.
Ajilecta tincta (one specimen) and A. nccalta in some numbers, but in very
bad condition, also came to sugar, and I have a brood of larvae from
eggs laid by a female A. occulta, which I kept alive for the purpose.
The only "Geo" I took at sugar was JJoaruiia rcjiandata, which
is very light in colour in this locality, but Larcntia caesiata and L. didy-
iiiata were abundant enough i)y day. Last year, on a cliff near Tongue,
1 took Larcntia tiariciiictata. It is a very local msect, not moving far
from its food-plant, which iu this case was <iaxifruya aizoidcx. — Neville

JJOTES ON COLLECTING.

803

Ch.\mberlain, F.E.S., Hiohbury, Moor (Iveen, Birmingham. S('pte)iihey
28tJi, 1902.

Leucania albipuncta, etc., in South Devon. — Last month I had
again the pleasure of taking several Leucania albipuncta on the South
Devon Coast, three of them on September 4th, two of which singularly
were secured on sugar of the previous night, and which I casually
looked over on my way home. On September 5th, with another L.
albipuncta, I took a female Laphij(/ma exicfua, the only one seen on
this years' visit ; it was so worn, too, that I fancy it must have been a
straggler from the summer brood, and that the autumn brood was not
yet out this late season. The only fresh lepidopteron of interest to my
former records was Tlucla betulae, females of which were flying about
blackthorn bushes. Of dragonflies the formerly rare 3'nchna mixta
was abundant in several places, Torcross proving a good locality for
it. A fresh species to former records, too, turned up in the fine
Conhiletjaster annulatu^. Two fresh trichoptera, too, were taken at
sugar, the rare Lininophilus bipnnctatus being very welcome, and Stcno-
phylax concentricua commonly. The weather generally was bad from a
lepidopterological standpoint, but from my experience this and last year,
the September of 1900 was an exceptional one, and I expect the
marvellous captures of that time are only likely to be repeated in
occasional equally exceptional seasons. — Geo. T. Porritt, F.L.S.,
F.E.S., Crosland Hall, near Hudderstield. October 8th, 1902.

Lepidoptera in Merioneth. — The weather in North Merionethshire
was fine in August and September, and butterflies were abundant, if
late in emergence. Pieris hrasfiicac appeared about August 8th, and
was very numerous in September; P. rapac, August 15th; P. napi,
out for some days before August 1st. Of the Vanessids, T fl??^'s.sa io
was abundant from August 19th ; Ajilais urticae from the end of July,
especially on the uplands ; Ih/ranwis atalanta, August 14th-September
15th ; Pohjpiiiiid c-albuui sparingly, but widely distributed, in at least
half-a-dozen localities, from August 21st. Ariu/nnis ai/laia and A.
adippe swarmed on the wooded mountain sides. The former worn by
August 1st, though I took a fine female of the ab. i^uff'um on August
23rd ; Driian paphia occurred in numbers in some of the woods, I saw
a 5 ab. valcsina near Maentwrog, but could not get it. On August
23rd I caught an interesting $ ab. of 7>. paphia. This form is not
to be found at South Kensington. The black spots, especially the
" Augenreihe," on the lower wings are appreciably larger than the type,
and the base and nearly two-thirds of the hindwings are powdered with
greenish scales, rather like those of Anipnnis Intlinnia. Can this and
the dark aberration of A. aplaia already noted have been due to the
wintry spring and early summer ? Of the Satyrids the usual species
were plentiful, Sati/rua seinele being especially abundant, but Paranie
var. ei/crides was decidedly rare, appearing very late in August ; Foly-
(iminatus icaru>f and ('hn/sioplianus jiJdaeas swarmed, and Ze}ihyrus
(pierci'iti was very numerous in the oak woods till September 3rd ;
Ct/anirifi arfiiolus was rare, and I only saw two $ s of Aujiiades si/lranmi,
August 5th and 8th. On August 8th I found Brenthia selene, some
going over, some quite fresh on the Roman Steps — alt. circ. 1800ft.
above Coombychan Lake. I cannot think this was a second brood,
since the butterfly only appears on the low ground in May and -Tune, I
suppose it must be attributed to the season. Of sugaring and beating

304 THE extomologist's record.

the less said the better. I am attemptinpj to introduce Papilio nmchaon
and AranrJinia levana into North Merioneth, and should be glad if
collectors who go there would take the hint. The A. lecana are coming
from north-west Germany and north France as far as possible, as the
conditions there are generally more like those of our islands than in
the centre of Europe. Near us, Umbellifers are very numerous, and
there are some good marsh meadows full of Dauciis carota by the shore.
—P. P. Graves, Emifa, Harlech. October Vdth, 1902.

Amphidasys betularia on brooji. — Having recently returned from
a part of Spain, where one was gradually learning to believe that
everything would eat broom, even if it would eat nothing else, it is
somewhat amusing, if less surprising, to find a larva of Amjihidasys
betularia at " Betula," feeding on a species of broom, a free-growing
species with small white flowers, common in gardens, but the
name of which I do not know. I watched it for several days on
the shrub, and then brought it indoors and satisfied myself that it was
eating and quite at home on the broom, though it may originally
have come from a contiguous hawthorn or crab. A. bctidaria will
eat most things, so that broom may have been already recorded, but
I do not remember it. — T. A. Chapman, M.D., Betula, Reigate.

Lepidoptera at Folkestone and Chelmsford. — While staying at
Folkestone, from August 28th to September 12th, my father and I
captured some fourteen Colias t'diisa and one ab. Iwlicc, in bred condition.
I brought one C. ediisa $ home for eggs. It laid ten, and the larvre all
hatched out, but the ants took them when two or three days old.
Mchiiianiia (jaJatea were going over, but we took a few very good ones
on the Warren and the hills round Cspsar's Camp. We also took four
( 'alias hyale and a few Pyranins cardni, P. atalanta, Hipparchia scinele,
Polyommatnn antrarche, P. adonis, one or two blue P. icariis, females,
Aryymiis aylaia, and two Acidalin ornata, while Bryophilaperla, Luj/erina
testacea, Nenroriia popidaris, Peridroma ypdlon {Hiijf'tisa), and Porthema
elirysorrhoea $ , came to light. Autumn insects are late here this year,
as most species have been during the summer. PhihoUa cerrinata is
still emerging in a cage out of doors ; and Polia jtariciiicta has just made
its appearance here. A good many of my young Piitridia qiwrcifolia
larvte, which were sleeved out in the Qgs, state, are still very small, and
I am afraid will not have time to feed up for successful hybernation,
before the leaves fall. — (Miss) E. jMiller, The Croft, Rainsford Road,
Chelmsford. October \Qth, 1902.

Dates of Appearance. — The dates of appearance of the same
species must, in some instances, be very different in Perthshire and
Yorkshire. In the " Practical Hints " for October, Mr. Bush gives
October as the date for the occurrence of species that we normally obtain
much earlier. The following dates will exemplify my meaning —
())iorahia fiUqrawjiiaria is an August insect here. My dates are — 1895,
August 28th, worn ; 1896, August 11th ; 1902, August 29th and 30th.
This species is usually fairly common here, frequenting open heath
land, and I can usually get the larvae about the middle of May on
Calluna nili/aris. Is it a lapsus calavri ior (>. dUtitafa which in just
coming out now ? Xnctna ylareosa, 1895, August 28th; 1900, August
30th ; 1901, August 21st ; 1902, August 30th. Anarta nn/rtilli, larva?
are usually full-led here about the end of July, and I never take any
after the middle of August, as these are always ichneumoned. — L. 8.
Brady, 68, Hunterhouse Road, Shefiield. October 2,Ut, 1902.

NOTES ON collp:ctino. 305

Abundance of Vknusia cambrica. — The season here has been a bad
one. Some favourite woods of mine in the Doncaster district appeared
ahnost tenantless. The only species I have noticed as being more
abundant than usual has been Vennsia canibrira. In a wood al)Out 10
miles from here I usually see one or two typical forms yearly, Init this
year they were on every tree-trunk and a good half of them the dark
melanic form, curious looking insects with white fringes. I have not
seen this form there before, though I suppose it must have occurred,
but nearer Sheffield, 90% of those I see are the dark ones. — Ibio.

Time of appearance of Hesperia comma. — I notice (antm, p. 27'^)
that Mr. Lofthouse reports having taken fiesju-ria roiinna between .June
ISth and July 1st. Is not this an error, as I have never taken it
before August 1st? — W. E. Butler, Hayling House, Oxford Road,
Reading. October 20tli, 1902.

CoLIAS EDUSA AB. HELICE AND CaMPTOGRAMMA FLUVIATA IN HERT-
FORDSHIRE.— On the morning of September 7th, I captured a beautiful
specimen of C. edusa ab. helire, at rest in a clover field, oft" the
Station Road. In the afternoon of the same day I netted a male
specimen of ('. cdusa, in an open space adjoining the canal bank near
Miswell, near Tring, which 1 found, however, after boxing, was
chipped, so set at liberty. It was the more surprising to me to find
< '. edusa this year, as, in 1900, it was not nearly so common as C.
Iiijale, whilst in 1901 it was not observed at all, and ('. hyale was
scarce. This year C. hyale is absent, C. eduaa reappears, but very
scarce, these being the only two seen or heard of in this neighbour-
hood, though I worked the clover and lucerne fields for a good way
round. I take this opportunity of recording also a specimen of
(\ii)iptufirai)ima jiuriata, a species that appears not to have been before
recorded for the county. It w^as netted at the Reservoir on September
21st, 1888, by myself, but only recently identified with other insects
by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, to whom I tender many thanks for this
and other services in identifying difficult specimens. — A. T. Goodson,
18, Park Road, Tring.

Notes on Lepidoptera from Burnley, 1902. — The principal
characteristics of the past season have been an ordinary experience up
to the end of April, followed by a cold May and June, with a good
deal of high wind, moderate July and August, and a stormy
September. In consequence many insects have been very scarce, and
most of them late in appearing, and only a few normal or more
abundant than usual as the following dates will show. Owing to the
weather being so bad I did not try for much until May 17th, when I
paid my first visit to the moors, but it was quite fruitless; I tried
again on the 24th and 31st, but the combined result was only two
lladena ijlauca, one Acroni/rta iiieui/anthidis, and one Parlumbiu
nihricosa. Hijpsiprtes inijdiiviata appeared in singles from .^lay 29th,
and was still emerging on June 2-lth, while a good specimen was
taken on July 1st. On June 7th two Aniji/iidasya hetidaria ab.
doubledayaria were taken in cop. on an ash trunk ; one emerged on the
15th, and one was taken on a trunk, just out, on the 18th, also one
Larentia fsalicata on a wall. Odontopera hidentata came to light on the
26th, and Rumia crataeyata was abundant and tine on the 27th ;
Kxbnlia palnvibaria, among forage on the 28th, was plentiful ;
Cahera exanthemaria, Melauthia ocellata, And Scleuia btnaria, on an elm
trunk, were also taken, the latter being an addition to our local list,

306

THK ENTOMni,()GIST S RECORD.

which was further an^nieiited hy I'lialna hiircphala at light, and
h_y X;ih>jiltasia lit/Ki.iylca at rest on July '24th. On July 1st was
captured a line example of Sjiilnstmia incvt/iastri ah. odiratra, on a wall.
Kitpitht'cia nunata and K. pulchellata were observed on July 19th, also
J.arentia caeniata and Mclanippe iiuintanata, while Tanaijra atrata were
abundant. Hepialns rdleda on the 24th, Hadena devtiiia on the 26th,
and Pliisia chn/sitis emerging on the 31st, completed the month.
August was very bad, one Venvsia rauihricri on the 1st. and Cidan'a
jii/roUota on the 16th, only being noted. In September, on the moors,
the following occurred : Laientia (lith/mata, plentiful, 18th to 20th ;
Polia clii, Ibth to 27th, scarce; (idaria /Kijiidata and ('. trstata, fairJy
good, IBth to 27th ; Cliararas i/ramiiu's, $ s, fine, on the 20th, also
two Loientia caesiata, one in good condition ; Cclaoia /laiidrt/iii, 20th
to 27th, worn, and (fiKirahia filinKninnario on the 20th to 27th
complete a very poor list. — W. G. Clutten, 124, Coal-Clough Lane,
Burnley. Ortnbrr 28)y/, 1902.

On the dates of capture of some lepidoptkrous larv.^e in 1902.
— The following particulars as to dates of capture of the larvse of a
few species of lepidoptera taken on the southern end of Lazonby Fell
may prove interesting : October 5th, Aworpha popidi, L., full-fed, also
pups ; Leiticaw/ia dictaea, L. dictaatidei^, Notodonta ziczac, and A'.
dromedarii(s, from half-grown to full-fed ; Acnuu/cta vicniimitliidin., full-
fed ; Anarta ini/rtilli, half-grown. October 11th, Amorpha popvli, full-
fed ; Leiiicitinpa dirtaeoides, Xotodnnta zjczac, and A", drooiedariiis, full-
fed ; Ih-epana falrataria, half-grown. October 16th, Awnrpha popitli,
crawling on the pavement in Penrith. — H. Britten, Prospect House,
Salkeld Dykes, Penrith, (ktohe}- 20t/i, 1902.

Plusia muneta in Middlesex. — I am glad to say that the wet
spring seeuis to have had no eti'ect on my colony of P. vxmeta. The
plants of aconite which yielded a few larvas last year, provided me
with a dozen in May, which were spun up at the end of June, and
duly emerged the following month. I may add that I noticed no larvffi
this year on DeLpliinimn, while those taken were confined entirely to a
row of rather stunted plants, away from a considerably more flourishing
l)ed elsewhere. — H. Rowland- Brown, M.A.., F.E.S., Oxhey Grove,
Harrow- Weald. ()rti>hcr, 1902.

Lepidoptera at Marlow in 1902. — This has been a most disap-
pointing season. Not a single specimen was seen of Pob/nnnnatns
hrllari/iis, Melaiidif/ia (/alatca, Pri/as pajdiia, or Hajita himacidata, the
Kphyrids and Pyraustids were very scarce, and even such common
things as I'.nudia hiiperauthiis and Vararije ef/cria were seldom met with.
On the other hand, Voncstio to appeared in something like its former
abundance, and l'i/ra)neis cardiii was far from rare. Of species new to
the district, Thera rariata was taken at the end of June, and again
early in September, Plnbalapteryx termta on June 28th, Sroto.v'a vetii-
lata n;i July 6th, Zephjirus hetulae on September 21st, Polia ftavicincta
on S 'ptinubar 28tb, and the larva of Armnyrta leporina on the same
day. A. H. Clarke, F.E.S., 109, Warwick Road, Earl's Court, S.W.

(irURRENT NOTES.

Wo liave alrecidy drawn attention to the remarkable larva of Loplm-
xtetliu^ dnmoUnii [Brit, Lfp., iii., p. 862), and even gone so far as to
assert that the description of this larva suggests that the species is not
Sphinjiil at all ; but Dvar has been fortunate enough to obtain an

ifiURRKNT NOTES, S07

example and descrilbes it {Proc. F.nt. Snc. WcisJi., xiv., pp. AiO ft seq.) in
<letail. He finds it to be a true Sphingid, not more nearly related to
the Ceratocanipids than any other Sphingid, and with all the primary
larval tubercles represented by spines except tubercle ii on abdomen,
vii on the 7th and 8th abdoinincil segments, and viii on all apodal
segments. A full account of the early instars of this curious larva is
much to be desired.

In the Pi'Hc. Ent. Sor. Wash., iv,, pp. 414 et .<t<'r/., Dyar describes
the life-history of the Epiplemid, Calliilantfri/j- (Inpipterata, Grt. The
structure of Qgg and larva suggest that it belongs to the Hepialo-
Noctuid stirps in spite of its remarkable apparent Geometrid affinities,
Dyar further gives a revisional phylogenetic tree of the upright-egged
stirps, certainly the best and most logical that has yet been offered us.
With the exception that we should exchange the position of the
KpipUDiidae and Thyafiridae, should possibly place the Pcrico/ddae on
the Arctiid branch, and should move the Xolidai' above the Geometrid
and Lachneid branches, we see no real objection to it. The arrange-
ment is, with these one or two exceptions, practically that which we
are using in our own work.

Dyar further gives an interesting account [Pmc, EnU Soc, Wash,, v.,
pp. 48 ft seq.) of a lepidopteron, E^jtipurops barbfriana, n.sp., the larva of
which appears to be parasitic on a leafhopper species near hsns anro-
rfi(s, Uhler. Westwood gives {Trans, Ent, Soc. Land., 1876, p. 519)
an account of a lepidopteron, Epipyrops anomala, found living on
Etdffora ainddaria at Hong Kong, and later (Inc, cit., 1877, p. 433)
cited instances of an analogous species observed by Ansen in a Fulgorid
of the genus Aphaena, in the Dillrang Valley, and by Wood-Mason
upon another Fulgorid, pjiirybyachus sjdnosa. Champion recorded
{Proc. Ent. Sfic. Lond., 1883, p. xx) the occurrence of Epipymps larvae
on some of the smaller Fulgorids in Central America, but the larvae
were apparently not bred.

Yet another most interesting paper " Oa the fluctuations of the
postspiracular tubercle in Noctuid larvae" [Proc. I'lnt. Soc. Wash., iv.,
p. 370) has been published by Dyar. One would like to have seen the
results throAvn into a tree for comparative purposes, with the generalised
?ind specialised branches of each tribe well shown by marking the
genera.

At the meeting of the Ent. Soc. of London, held on October 1st,
Dr. Chapman read a paper on Hetero/iy)iis paradnxa. The paper
reported that at Bejar. amongst other brooms, Cytisna puryans and
(ifnista finyida abounded, and on these Hfteroyynis paradoxa was found,
and, excepting also Cytisus scoparius, the larvag would eat no other plant.
Owing to this fact and the apterousness of the female, and the sluggish-
ness of the male, it resulted that three separate colonies of the species
were found, absolutely segregated from each other, though two of them
were only four or five miles apart, each colony presenting definite
differences in larval colouring, tune of appearance, size and colour of
imago, and in the habit of concealment or otherwise in both the larval
and pupal stages, as well as imagines. The differences between H.
peyidla and H. paradoxa were also noted, of which the most unmis-
takable was the occurrence in the 1st stage larva of //. paradoxa of very
rem irkable secondary tubercles, of which no trace existed in that of
H. pen.dla.

At the meeting of the City of London Entomological and Natural

'"(08 THE entomologist's record.

History Society on Tuesday, October 22nd, a very interesting lot of
exhibits of Hi/diionwna furcata (Hi/jisi petes suniidata) were brought
together, well illustrating the almost endless variability of this species.
The smaller size of the bilberry-fed examples, with a prevalence of
blackish and reddish forms from Yorkshire and Scotland, and of pale
and yellowish greens from Kent and N. Devon, was very noticeable :
whilst the most intense melanic specimens were Mr. V. E. Shaw's from
Wigan, and Mr. H. J. Turner's from Macclesfield, the former having
been bred from sallow in a small wood. Discussion turned on the
causes of the variation, it being pointed out that the insect must
either be capable of adjustment to very varying conditions, or else
must be protected in some other way than by its colouring, and thus
able to continue in a state of exceptional instability. In this latter
connection it was remarked that, in the soiith, II. furcata was hardly
ever seen exposing itself on tree-trunks or palings like its congener, H.
antiiitiiialiH {trifasciata), but seemed constantly to resort to the shelter
of thick bushes.

At the meeting of the Ent. Soc. of London, on October 15th, 1902,
Mr. A. J. Chitty showed an entirely black specimen of Metim-m
parado.eits as tending to disprove the mimicry suggested by him at the
meeting on the 1st October. Dr. Chapman said that in his experience
one out of every six specimens of this species was black. Mr.
Donisthorpe stated that out of about one hundred specimens he had
never caught or bred a l)lack Metoecux.

At the same meeting Mr. E. P. Pickett exhibited a long series of
Poh/nminatxs corydtm tciken near Folkestone and Dover in x\ugust last,
including four males of the last named species, with the black band on
the edge of the forewings much deeper than usual ; also twelve dwarf
male specimens of this species, four dwarf females, and many other
aberrant forms. Mr. Goss said this dwarf form of P. eorydun occurred
constantly, according to Mr. Sidney Webb, in one valley about two
miles east of Dover, but he was unaware of its regular occurrence
elsewhere in this country. He remarked that a dwarf form of Lycaena
arion occurred everywhere where the type was found, both in Gloucester-
shire and Cornwall. We recorded the dAvarf form of 1\ cori/datt
{Knt., XX., p. 32B) almost 20 years ago from the upper edges of Fan
Bay, the hollow near the South Foreland lighthouse, and suggested
reasons for its occurence there. Professor Cockerell also discussed
the matter at length {Ent., xxii., p. 176).

At the same meeting Dr. Chapman exhibited of Nutndunta
{Hyhocavipa) / dryinopa from Queensland. It was remarkably similar
in appearance, structure, and habits to Hy'wcavia vrilhauseri (see,
Kntomoloyiat, 1889, and p. 43 of 1902). He stated that the pupa, with
a similar spine to that of H. viilhaiiseri, does not cut out a regular oval
lid from the cocoon like that species, but by a stabbing process pierces
it with a number of holes, since with bits of bark, stone, etc., a
cutting process would be impossible, whereas the cocoon of H.
milhameri, was of pure gum-like silk. He pointed out that the larva
much resembled that of H. milhatiseri, but the hinder segments were
more like those of Stauropus fayi. He also exhibited living eggs,
larvffi, and imagines of Orina tristin, var. sviaraydiua, from Pino, Lago
Maggiore. The beetles were taken on May SOth, and had laid many
eggs. Dr. Chapman said that the embryo, ready to hatch, might be
seen within some of the eggs, and its hatching spines observed.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OK T-ONDON. 309

The new rules proposed by the Council of the Ent. Soc. of London
are to be preferred to the old on the ground of distinctness and clear-
ness in place of ambiguity. The addition of two members to the
Council may be a boon to those who hnd the present number inade-
quate to gratify their ambition to serve the Society, but the present
Council is amply large enough for business purposes. The raison
iCetre of the alteration is to improve the mode of election to the
Council with a view to avoid in future any of the ill-feeling which
certainly was raised over last year's election. It seems very objection-
able that no way of attaining this has been devised without resort to a
ballot every year; this is much to be deprecated. The Council are to
be congratulated on the astuteness with which they appear to oflfer
the " rebels " large democratic concessions, whilst making the election
of anyone not on the Council's list practically impossible. Impossible,
certainly, without an amount of general feeling on the point that
would justify a vote of censure on the Council. A gi'eat amount of
discontent, almost indignation, would be retpiired, without which the
necessary canvassing and organisation (without any assistance from
the officers of the Society) would not be undertaken, and, if undertaken,
would be fruitless. The ett'ect of the amended rules is that, at the ballot,
any member may replace any name suggested by the Council by any other
he pleases, and nine-tenths of the members voting might do thii-', but the
Council's list would be elected all the same. Suppose a majority, say,
four-tenths of the voters, desired to expunge one name from the
Council's list, they would fail unless they all agreed on the name to be
substituted for it, and, equally, the desire of a majority to add a fresh
name would be futile unless all agreed to strike out the same name to
make room for it. It is absolutely necessary if the democratic character
claimed for these new rules is to have a shadow of reality that some
means be afforded by which all names that are to be ballotted for,
whether on the list of the Council or those proposed by individual
members, shall be on the papers distributed for the ballot. The
prohibition of plumping is merely a device for rendering more certain
tliat the distributed votes and erasures of an unorganised opposition
shall be futile.

Proposed alteration of Bye=laws for the election of the Council of
the Entomological Society of London.

It is now nearly twelve months since the Council of the Entomo-
logical Society of London was warned that the society itself was no
longer in leading-strings, and that personal likes and dislikes had to be
put aside in the selection of those who should govern it, that those
who were selected must be men who were entomologists first and other
things afterwards, and above all things that they should be elected by
the body of Fellows in reality and not merely theoretically. It was
allowed to be desirable that a more democratic mode of election should
take place, and that the Fellows should take an active part in the
election, even by those Fellows who were unwilling to take part in a
movement that might by the weak-kneed be construed into something
approaching a vote of censure on the Council. After delaying the
greater part of a year, and with the minimum time left at disposal to
satisfy the Byelaws for their consideration and discussion, a series
of alterations in them has been brought forward by the Council,
which, to put it mildly, are the most transparently simple suggestions
ever made for turning the Council into a closed body, and to prevent

810 THE entomologist's record.

the Fellows who are not placed within the charmed circle by the
existing Council, to have any part in the management of the Society.
It really seems ridiculous, and we tried to persuade ourselves that we
were misinterpreting some clause or other, but no, there is no doubt
about it, the emendations, instead of making it easier for the unofficial
member to find expression for his views, which is their professed
object, absolutely takes away the very slight chance of doing so
which he has under the present Byelaws. We want the members of
Council to believe that the average body of Fellows is equally capable
of honest thought and of right and just action with themselves, and
would select the men most suitable for the post. Time works changes
in everything. Men slowly, and without knowing it, get out of touch
with the society ; such men would, naturally, in any democratic form
of election fall through, and more active men take their place. The
Council carries on the business of the society ; this business is many-sided
and must, if it is to be well done, be carried on by the at-present active
Fellows of the society. If the Council is to be elected because of past
services rendered, and not for present services being rendered, not only
must the business be left to a few, but afi'airs stagnate. Things never
stand still, they go on or fall back. We fully recognise the necessity of
ha\ing on the Council members who thoroughly know the history
and traditions of the society, and can preserve that continuity in its
action to which such knowledge is essential. Apart, however, from
the fact that the unofficial member will not forget this more often than
the Council itself, it must be reiuembeied that that element of strength
is well protected by the circumstance that the important officers of the
society — the secretaries, the treasurer, and the librarian — are practi-
cally permanent members of the Council. It is, therefore, essential
that reasonable opportunity be given for the addition of young blood.
The remarkable thing is that we supposed this view of the position to
have been largely conceded, but the proposals of the Council go in
precisely the opposite direction. A simple democratic result might
have been arrived at in many ways. The nomination by the officers
of say a score of names of eligible members from whom the twelve or
fifteen members to form the Council should be elected by ballot,
suggests itself. To these might have been added any suggested by
the Fellows themselves at any of the three meetings preceding the
election. A similar result might have been obtained by the bringing
forward, at the November and December meetings, a proposed list and
asking for additions thereto. What is wanted is a fair straightforward
ballot for the return of men in touch with the Fellows, not the passage
of a cut-and-dried list under the name of an election. What is the
more remarkable in ottering such a scheme to a body of intelligent and
educated gentlemen, is that there are, on the Council, men who, in
their public life outside the society, sftand for progress. That the
"shibboleths" of continuous office and the feeling of responsibility
should weigh with some members of the Council is understandable,
but that others should be satisfied to follow such a lead is incompre-
hensible. Rarely does a body of educated men give itself so completely
away as does the Council of the Entomological Society of London in
these proposed new Byelaws, or rather, prop)Osed alterations of the old
ones. No wonder that the Council elected a capable pleader for its
case, but what the Fellows want, is not to be treated as units to be
pleaded with, but as a capable body of thinkers to whose common
sense an appeal is being made.

Vol. XIV.

Pl. VIII.

Aberration of Argynnis aglaia.

Evtum. Record, etc., 1902.

Vol. XIV.

Pl. VII.

H

^

Armmirs i'iktkxs and A. kijietahius.

I'lir Kiitoiii. Heroid, etc., 1902.

SPRINCr AMD ATTTTT^TV OKSP',RVATrONS IM SOUTH-EAST FRANCE. 311

Aberration of Argynnis aglaia {with plate).

By (Eev.) a. M. moss, M.A.

I have already (antea, p. 291) made I'eference to a magnificent black
aberration of Aniynnh aglaia taken by me at Villars, on July 26th,
1902. At the suggestion of Mr. Tutt I have had a plate prepared
to exhibit the marked features of the aberration for the readers
of the Fynt. Record, and add the following detailed description of this
striking aberration. The figures are from careful drawings which
I have made from the specimen, which is a male in perfect condition.
It has the median area of all four wings of an entire rich black on the
upper surface. The base of the wings is of a warm bronze hue, sur-
mounted in the forewings with a crescentic mark, small orbicular, and
terminal streaks between the nervures of the typical A aijlaia brown.
The posterior row of black spots on the hindwings is only just visible
in three places, the ground colour being equally black. The body, legs
and antennie are normal. On the underside the median area of the
forewings is again black, except the nervures, which are red-brown, and
the termen of the wings ochreous, the black not being carried to the
fringe as on the upper surface. Anterior silver spots of hindwings
backed with olive-brown. Submedian series deep blue black with a few
silver scales — most on lowest spot. These spots are set in a some-
what lighter olive-brown ground. Terminal silver spots small, slightly
sinuate and anteriorly edged with red-brown. The ground colour of
the hindwings is a very perfect blend of three colours, olive-green,
olive-brown, and a trace of ochre. The fringe is whiter than in
the type. The whole butterfly is of very striking appearance and
somewhat resembles a specimen caught at Ipswich in 1827, and
figured in Curtis' British Entomoloijy.

Some spring and autumn observations chiefly in south-east France.

By H. KOWLAND BBOWN, M.A., F.E.S.
For the first time in my life as a collector I think, it has fallen out
this year that I have seen the first and last butterfly of the season
abroad, and, curiously enough, at points within a few miles of each
other. On March 26th I left London, arriving next morning at
Avignon, and the first insect on the wing that greeted me was Pieria
brassicae; some months later, as I turned northward from Vienne, on
October 20th, the last butterfly I remember to have seen was a fresh
female of the same species flitting weakly over the ancient walls of that
extremely interesting city of the Romans. From the cabinet point of
view, 1902 has been a marked failure for me, not because of any
particular scarcity of insects in their usual haunts, but because cir-
cumstances took me to them at the earliest and latest months for day-
hunting in the south-eastern corner of France. The best day of the
whole year was undoubtedly the first that I unfurled my net —
March 31st— when I found myself at the Pont du Gard, on ground
well-known to other collectors, and, at a later date, even more prolific
of species than on that brilliant spring morning. The cistus was not yet
in flower, but the limestone hills were sweet with the scent of a small
white narcissus about the size of a snowdrop, thick clusters of rosemary,
and the ever suggestive fragrance of the budding thyme, Among the
December 15th, 1902.

B12 THE entomologist's record.

ilex, prickly oak, and box, with which the cliffs of the Gard are
wooded, there are numberless open glades, and in them and
upon the warm rocks that face the river butterflies abound. The
Swallow-tails— Z^rtj>i7«o podalirius and P. macliaon — swung lazily over
the lower scrub ; Fieris brassicae, P. rapae, and P. napi, with those
typical butterflies of the Midi, Anthnrhci ris belia, Enchlo'e cardaininea
and E. eiiphenoUles, g s (ranked as a distinct species in the latest
Staudinger catalogue), with the flashing Gonepteryx dcopatra, and an
occasional Leptidia sinapis, were everywhere. Coliaa ediisa, small, but
in prime condition, suggested an early emergence. CaUophrys ritbi,
surely the commonest butterfly of the broom-clad Alpes-Maritimes and
the hot Provencal bills, was already in full force, while of the
Lycaenids, CyaniriH aryioliis $ s were settling on the ilex leaves, and
the herbage teemed with Polyommatm baton (somewhat worn), P.
icaru!^, IVianaos tayea (very common) and Chrymphanns phlaeas. The
hibernated Vanessids were also conspicuous, and, as a rule, looking
little the worse for theii- winter slumbers. Of them, Pyranieis cardni
was perhaps the commonest, with /'. ataJanta, Eiivanessa antiopa, Aylais
urticae, and an occasional Polyyonia c-albnm. Lastly, Pararyc eyeria and
P. meyaera completed the list of butterflies about. With the exception
of a few specimens of i'arcluirodus alceae on the grass plots outside
the wonderful bastions of Aigues-Mortes on April 1st, I met with no
further new species until I arrived at Digne, on April 5th. Here a
disappointment was in store. The weather, which previously had been
glorious since I left England, broke up, and of the whole week I spent
in the capital of the Basst's-Alpes, only one day was entirely fine. The
orchard -trees and the flowering shrubs m the gardens, however, were
worth a visit alone, and the plums especially proved attractive to P.
podalirius. On April 0th, going off in search of Erebia I'piMygne, and
taking La Collette from the Dourbs road, I saw several males, but, owing
to the wind, failed to secure them. In the more sheltered gorges,
Noiniadeti melaiwps, both males and females, were common enough,
Brentlm dia was already showing signs of wear, and Eurhlue caida-
minea (^s) was just coming out with Hespena tnnlvac, and again
swarms of Calloplirys ritbi. The afternoon turned wet, but next
morning, though the wind persisted, the sky kept clear, and on the
slopes behind the old cathedral I took a single ? E. epistyyne, a very
fresh pair of Tliais. mededcaste, and a sprinkling of AnthiKharis belia.
On th ewalls of the convent, Polyynnia eyea basked in the sun, and
Ooneptcrys deopatra was again extremely common. Meeting one of the
Coulets on La Collette, he had advised me as to a certain spot under
the Dourbri where I should undoubtedly find the desired Erebia.
Accordingly, on the 8th, I spent the whole day on the mountains.
Result, one $ and one single Hespoia sao, and with these the spring
season ended for me, as it rained four days on end after, and by the
15th I was back again in London.

My second tour in France was not undertaken with entomology as
a chief diversion, and occupied but three days, mostly spent on the
bicycle between Etaples and Calais, by Crecy and Hesdin, to St, Omer.
I merely mention it because the country, especially in the neighbour-
hood of the river Canche, turned out unexpectedly charming and well-
wooded, the butterfly fauna strongly remmiscent of the New Forest,
where, in this late season, I found Limenitis sibylla, females, quite fresh

SPRING Wl) VtlTUMN OTSSERVATTONS IN SOUTH-EAST FRANCE. 813

in an interval of sunshine, vouchsafed during the two days' storm of
July 26th-27th. The greater part of the Pas de Calais is highly culti-
vated, but the chalky soil makes useful banks beside the roadsides,
and there are pleasant dingles with well-tended coppices of hazel, oak
and ash. In them, Dn/as papJiia swarmed with L. sihjjUa and
Leptidia sinopis, but, with the exception of a single Cliriji^ophamis
durilis, I saw no other than the species we might net in a day's walk
in any ' entomological ' wood on our own side of the water. This e7i
passant, and merely to suggest how, in a country husbanded to the last
acre, species which have long since disappeared from similar areas in
the United Kingdom, continue to hold their own, apparently
unaffected.

My third departure promised a more interesting field, but once
again the note-book is chiefly filled up with what I expected to find
and did not. The start was anything but promising. Two days of
rain and cold preluded my arrival at Turin, the first week in October.
But the weather, at any rate, soon mended, and, coming from Cuneo
by the Col de Tenda to Ventimiglia, I was able to get some sort of idea
of the later butterflies of the Mediterranean coast. Both Colias ediisa
and C. Ityale were large, in perfect condition, and common below
Breglio ; one battered P. pndalirins, an almost indistinguishable
Paranje ntaeva, a few Epinepluie jnrtina, one Coenanijinpha arcania,
with the common Pierids, completed my observations. Now October
is t/ie wet month par excellence of the Riviera, and I was not aware of
the fact when I started. During a week spent at Beaulieu, October
8th-14th, I was, however, lucky to enjoy many fine exceptions to the
rule, and even when it rained the clearing was sudden and efiective —
pouring torrents at sunrise, brilliant summer, cloudless blue, at noonday.
Beyond the limits of the villa gardens, the grass and wild flowers of
these lovely clifls is all burnt up at this time of year. Great bushes
of a " golden rod," with woolly grey-green leaves, helped materially
to solve the universal grey, while the sheen of the olive and the ilex,
the changing vine leaf, and the glimmering orange groves are
a never-ending d.^light to the unaccustomed northern eye. A walk one
bright morning (October 9th) up that narrow cut in the hills known
as the Val Miierta to the Corniche road, high above— rather a memor-
able day, as I was emancipated from five weeks' foot bandages —
yielded the following list of observations, for I can hardly say I made
a bag at all : — P. pudalirinx, one very worn ; (t. clenpatra, one fine <? ;
Colias ednsa ; Chrysophaiuis p/dacas, in good condition ; also a diminu-
tive brood of L. icarns and one or two small L. bdlair/ns and
t'oenoiiijiiipha paiupliibis ; Pt/raiiieis cardui, vey commoa, in all
stages, Irjiu fresh primitiveuess to utter dilapidation ; Saffjrus ciire,
one ; Pobjunnia c-aibum and P. eijea, both fresh and active ; Pararge
mcgaera, males and females, just emerged ; P. er/erla, common
on ilex and where the clematis hung over the rock path, but by
no means confined to the shade, as I saw it constantly flying in
the sun upon the shore under the low wall, that is apparently
all the protection required against the tideless ocean. At the
Corniche elevation I netted a single broken 2 T.ampides hoeticiis,
and, among a heap of loose stones, at the highest and windiest point
overlooking the bay of Beaulien, I chanced upon quite a little colony of
Adopaea thaumas, bleached almost white by wind and sun. The

314 THE entomologist's record.

Hesperiids are a hardy race, but, as it seems to be generally agreed
that there is but cue brood of this species, it may be assumed
that the emergence is somewhat prolonged. My earliest date of
capture abroad is June 23rd, 1899, at Susa, and this in the
mountainous country of the Mont Cenis region, whilst it was
not out at Digne that year before. The Riviera brood is not
likely to be later beginning than this. Bromilow in his Catalogue
gives June to September ; my earliest observations in England
show the first week in July. I do not remember ever to have found
it on the wing after the first weeks of September. Here, at least, the
fiight is prolonged over a much longer period. On October 16th — a
splendid day wnth a cloudless sky — through mountains gorgeous with
the changing hues of autumn, and especially beautified by the dazzling
red of the Bhiis cotinus, mingled with the burnt gold of the sycamore,
the diligence carried me from Puget-Teniers to St. Andre. Very few
butterriies were upon the wing, with the exception of the ubiquitous
CoUaa. At the top of the pass which looks towards St. Andre I
noticed, however, a single Brentliis cnphrosynf, evidently the last of
the second brood, and one specimen each of B. ilia and (J. deopatra.
On the 17th I was once more at Digne, but just as the first week in
April was too early, so the third week in October was obviously too
late, and an overcast day did not assist matters, though I spent the
whole of it in the morning on the right bank of the Bleone, in the
afternoon on the slopes above the old cathedral. The former locality
produced ( ^/iri/so/ihanns n/tlacas, quite fresh; one female C. dorilh
('? third brood) ; several Pob/onDiiatns coiijdon, males, one, with most of
the black borders obliterated ; a brood of P. icartis, presenting no special
features ; and one small male /'. hcllarifiis. In the poplar copses by
the riverside Paiartic t'<ieria was common, and a large worn Catocala
flew up out of a small potato patch. On the other side of the river I saw
nothing on the wing, and with this morning terminated for me the
season of 1902, for the rest of my tune was devoted to towns and
cities, which soon brought me beyond the influence of the not always
" sunny "' south. I had certainly hoped to have made up a rather
better note-book of emergences, to say nothing of captures. Lampidex
tdicani(s, which occurs on the Riviera right up to Decen.ber, I did not
see. J J. haeticut^, which obviously hibernates in the imaginal stage- — if,
indeed, it be not continuous in these southern climes, for I found it
four years since at Hyeres in much the same condition on April 3rd
— was confined to Beaulieu {ef. Knt. llec, vol. ix., pp. 250-1). As far
as weather goes, the early season to the end of May appears to have
been unusually wet at Digne, but not so on the Riviera, where a rainy
season comes with the regularity of the tropics in October. In the
case of some single specimens I may add that, though I did not catch
them, I Avas most careful to secure absolute identification, and one
or two such (? A. helia, and ? an Erebia on the St. Andre road)
I have relegated to the "entirely doubtful" list. Entomologically
speaking, my spring and autumn visits have yielded little, but I have
" staked out " in a sanguine spirit several promising localities for
further investigation which I hope to reach next year, before the
autumn has finally set its seal upon the collector's hopes.

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS : FINAL CONSIDERATIONS. 315

Migration and Dispersal of Insects : Final Considerations.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Nothing would have given us greater satisfaction than to have
discovered in our enquiries into this subject an analogy between the
migration of insects and the migration of birds, but we can find none.
The latter is regular, systematic and purposeful, the former appears to
be spasmodic, irregular, uncertain, and undertaken solely on account of
the absolute necessities of the time, yet there is one point in which an
analogy appears to exist. Migrating birds from the tropical and
subtropical areas north of the equator go north, those from the tropical
and subtropical countries south of the equator go south ; so undoubtedly
do the insects, and one is tempted to suspect that the primary motive was
common to both. It has been suggested that, as the present northern
subarctic regions in comparatively recent (Miocene) geological times
had a subtropical climate, and possibly fauna and flora, the
slowly changing climatic conditions drove certain members of the
fauna (and flora) southward very gradually during the winter, but
that they regained the lost ground in summer and returned to their
old haunts to breed, and that thus an attempt was made to
maintain the old ground. But each successive winter drove them
just a little further than its predecessor, and the distance to return
in summer became greater ; and then, when, later, the climatic
conditions became gradually ameliorated, it is supposed they
attempted and still attempt slowly to regain the lost ground.
There are many objections to this being considered as initiating a
migrating tendency such as that observed in many insects. It may be
accepted as forming a basis for the acquisition of a habit of following-
up annually the region that best afforded food at each season, but it is
diflicult to understand how such a dispersal tendency for food purposes
could be changed into a migrating tendency on a large scale, especially
in such short-lived animals as insects. On the other hand as an
element in dispersion within given limits, one sees that climatic
conditions may come in. As a matter of fact, a species occupies a
certain area, some a greater, others a less, usually in a number of
isolated habitats. Every species spreads, or attempts to spread, each
year beyond its normal limits, but is cut back ruthlessly by climate,
etc., to its normal area. Seasons, however, vary, and, according to the
conditions, the species may be pruned more severely, in some seasons
on its northern, in others on its southern, limits. If it happen that
the pruning is done more markedly on the northern or southern side
for several seasons together, there will be a swinging of the central
point of the habitat north or south as the case may be, whilst on the
whole the average remains stationary. The species may be looked upon
as being secure at this central point and tries to spread in all directions,
but is continually pressed at all sides to keep to its true territory. If
now the secular change of climate above hinted at came in, so that
there was an excess of pruning done on the north, and if there were
none done on the south margin, as is assumed, the species would
gradually shift southwards, but, as far as actual spreading or migration
is concerned, the species really does nothing at all difierent from what
it did before and can acquire no habit of migration thereby. The fact
is we are scarcely yet in a position to speculate on the stimulus that

316 THE ENTOMOLOdHST's RECORD,

gives rise to migratory flights in insects, more particularly in lepidop-
tera. Some species appear to have a constant migratory instinct.
Certain individuals, why we do not know, set oil' and fly apparently as
far as they can, in a more or less definite direction, possibly because in
some way they recognise that the ground is already occupied, and the
excess individuals when the species abounds set off on a migratory
quesb for unoccupied ground. The presence of flying specimens of
their own (or other) species may be looked upon as the stimulus, and
so long as a swarm keeps together, the stimulus persists and the
swarm keeps on so long as its individual members can. When a species
03cupies a habitat very favourable to it {Pyraiiiri>i canlni in north Africa
in perhaps an instance), this abundance must occur almost every year,
and it is only by such migration that the species does not exterminate
itself by eating up every available scrap of food before the larvae are
half grown. Despite their well-known migratory habits, there is
reason to imagine that locusts do actually exterminate themselves over
large areas. Suppose this self-extermination does actually happen,
then the survivors are only a few that did happen to migrate ; their
progeny would have to work back to the favourable areas again, and
then multiply exceedingly and repeat the process, and, after a time, the
species would be descended from these occasional migi'ants in a number
of their preceding generations, and it would become an instinct of the race.
But with short-lived animals, such as insects, there could not possibly
be any of that regular movement due to knowledge, that one readily
understands in birds, and the migration of insects appears to us to have,
beyond the initial cause of the tendency to dispersal, nothing in common
witli that of birds. Trimen, whose observations, being made in South
Africa, are especially valuable, w-rites {in lift.) : " There is, in the nature
of things, no migration proper, i.e., like that of birds, among such short-
lived creatures as butterflies. The great assemblages of the latter, all
moving onward in the same direction — which seem to be almost
confined to Pierinae and Danainae — appear to be cases of emigration
under pressure of abnormal multiplication in specially favourable
seasons for the larvae. It has been sometimes stated that only males
composed these travelling myriads, but, although that sex was much
more numerous in the few instances of the kind that came under my
own and Colonel Bowker's observation in South Africa, we took a
fair proportion of females among them, and my belief is that the food-
plants over a large area, having been denuded of foliage by the
unwonted number of larvae, compelled the females to go far afield in
search of some district containing fit plants for oviposition, and that
they were naturally accompanied by the males. Of course, under normal
conditions, every species is doing its best to extend over larger areas,
and there is evidence in South Africa (and no doubt also elsewhere) of
conspicuous species having extended their range to the southward in
recent years, e.g., at Durban, in Natal, a locality well-worked for
l)utterflies by a good many resident collectors, it is certain that three
species, Crenis rosa, Godartia wakejieldli and Pieris apilleri — which
nobody could avoid seeing if they were about — made their first
appearance there and on the Natal coast generally, some few years
since, as stragglers from the north, but are now firmly established
as resident species."

The causes of insect dispersion, then, so far as they relate to

MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSKCTS : FINAL CONSIDERATIONS. 317

butterflies and moths, are still very obscure. The migration of those
insects whose imagines are voracious to the highest degree, as those of
locusts, are evidently based on the absolute necessity of supplying
their own immediate wants with food. Dragonfiies are also voracious
ia the imago state, and their migrations may probably be due also to
necessities of food, or still more probably to the drying-up of their
breeding-grounds. The migration of ants also, has no doubt its
origin in necessity, and their spread is evidently to prevent over-
crowding and for the purpose of cross-fertilisation. Their migratory
swarms appear to be largely confined to the male sex, the latter
taking voluntarily to Hight, whilst the workers, in many species
at least, actually drive oft" the females from the nest in which
they have been reared. As the females are driven off at the time
that large swarms of males are on flight, and pairing takes place
whilst on the wing, close interbreeding is thus prevented, and
the physical excellence of the insects is maintained. But what
are we to say about butterflies and moths whose only food is the
sweet nectar distilled in some fairy cup in the bosom of a charming
flower, who leave a flowery Eden in subtropical lands and take vast
journeys by sea or land, not to advance their own welfare, but for tbe
sake of their yet unborn progeny ?

Is any explanation of this forthcoming ? It is a generally accepted
opinion among scientific men that the orthoptera, to which locusts
belong, is one of the most ancient orders of insects. It is further
believed that those insects which show the greatest and most marked
ditterences, between their various stages (larva, pupa, imago),
are the most recently developed, whilst those which have no very
marked ditterences in their various stages are the oldest. If this be
so, it follows that those which have undergone the greatest amount of
difterentiation from the ancestral type, such as hymenoptera, diptera,
coleoptera, lepidoptera, will be likely to retain some slight traces of the
habits of their ancestors, and if this be allowed, and if, further, the
general opinion that the lepidoptera have been developed from offshoots
of the neuroptera, and these again, farther back, from forms related to
the orthoptera, be true, it becomes evident whence our lepidoptera may
have first derived the migratory instinct which some of them still
possess in so high a degree.

There is, of course, no reason why, with the instinctive faculty of
migration present, it should not become active when the parent is
seeking for food whereon to lay eggs as much as when the parent feels
the necessity of obtaining its own food. It must be borne in mind,
however, that males as well as females, at least of some species,
migrate, and the instinctive faculty that would lead the females to
migrate for egg-laying purposes, would hardly find a potent response in
the males, unless the faculty were of a more generalised character than
the premise suggests. The migrating instinct in insects seems to have a
deeper-seated origin than this, and one is inclined to look upon it as a
survival of a very old habit which has been transnntted through past
ages, and preserved where, for any purpose whatever, its use has been
of advantage to its possessor. It is very doubtful how far some of the
instances recorded in the preceding chapters are really migratory
movements at all. Especial reference is now made to the records
relating to the genus CaUulrya.s and allied genera in Central and

3lS The entomologist's record.

Southern America. These so-called migrating swarms usually iiy
from the northwest to southeast, and it has been suggested that this
is due to the fact that at the time of migration the vegetation of the
Pacific slopes is parched, whilst the forests of the Atlantic slopes are
green. But the fact that the butterflies fly year after year from the
same direction shows that, wherever they come from, they must
lay their eggs, at least in part, before migration. Besides, the
Pacific slopes are certainly not to the northwest of these areas,
and the butterfiies are not suspected of crossing the Rocky Mountains or
the Andes. The migrating species in Nicaragua, referred to by various
writers, must come from the forests of Honduras and Guatemala,
and those in the Amazon valley from the countries to the north
and northwest of that river. It appears, therefore, that these
so-called migrations are at the most only local dispersal move-
ments from regions that regularly produce these species in excess.
Such at least is our impression after full consideration of the
facts. Bates and others have noticed that many of these flights
are composed entirely of males, an important fact, if true, that puts the
movements of these species in quite a different category from
those of such species as (Julias cihisa, Pi/rainns rardiii and Anoda
avchippiis, in which both sexes are equally aijundant.

It must be considered as quite outside the province of this paper to
show how the presence of man has, in some instances, led to the
extermination of animals and plants, and how, in certain cases,
his presence has led to the spread or wider distribution of other
species. This is especially the case with those insects which feed
upon cultivated crops. ■ Just as the spread of many plants (especially
cultivated plants) has caused the spread of birds attached to
them, so the spread of plants has, more or less, influenced the
spread of insects. The introduction of non-indigenous timber
trees into Britain from various districts, has added a large
number of insects to our fauna, and the sustained extension of the
area over which Anosia anhiiipus has spread is dependent upon
the growth of the Asdepiaa. It would appear, too, that the well-known
Colorado beetle feeds in America on the native Solanum roi^tratinii and
that, wherever the beetle, owing to the cultivation of the potato
[SuIaniDii tnbcrustnii), has spread more rapidly than its native foodplant,
the crops have been injured ; but as the native foodplant spreads the
potato is left for it and but little harm is done. There can be
little doubt that the introduction of the potato into its haunts has
enabled it to spread very considerably. The Coliads revel among our
cultivated clover crops, and endless other cases might be cited.

The question of the migration and dispersal of insects has hereto-
fore received nothing but the most haphazard treatment, and it is only
quite recently that the broader questions underlying dispersal move-
ments have been at all carefully considered. Already there are signs
that scientific methods will be applied in the near future to this subject
and that careful observations and reliable statistics will furnish data for
useful generalisations bearing on the subject. A paper by Webster
{Ilc/it. Knt. Soc. Out., 1901, pp. 63 ct acq.), entitled "The trend of
insect diffusion in North America," illustrated by maps, sketches the
paths by whicli some insects, once unknown in North America, but
now common, have made their way to their present areas of habitation,

MIGRATION AND DISPEKSAL OF INSECTS : FINAL CONSIDERATIONS. B19

and the author also points out some generalisations suggested by the
facts at disposal. The species dealt with are chiefly introduced ones —
Pieris rapae, AiJiudiiis J'ussor, Ci'inccris a>ijiarai/i, I'/ii/toHonnis piinctatus,
Haeniatobia ^icrrata, Cr!/j)torli>j)ic/iiis lapathi, &c., and hence are some-
what outside the purview of this paper, except that a want of know-
ledge of these and their mode of dispersal might vitiate generalisations
based on observations made on native species. The general spread of
those species that have entered the States from Canada has been south,
and must be carefully distinguished from the dispersal of native species,
('jj., Doryphora dcceiiilhtcata, Leptoccris triritfatus, Diabrotica lonifi-
coniis, which, coming up from the south, extend north and east, making
more or less permanent settlements under favourable conditions of
environment, and appear to be especially influenced by the increase of
food supplies derived from the spread of agriculture. Broadly, the
dispersal movements of insects in the Nearctic area are similar to those
observed in the Palnearctic, viz., from subtropical to temperate regions,
but, at the same time, it must not be overlooked that there is some
evidence of the spread of certain members of the subarctic fauna
southward. Schwarz has dealt (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., i., p. 186) with
the distribution of Aphodiiis vKjijies and Noniius jiiji/nun'ini, but the facts
at present are not numerous, and the whole question bristles with
difficulties when one attempts any generalisations. One can only hope
that the near future will give us more reliable facts on which to base
our generalisations.

There are but few conclusions that can be formulated in the present
state of our ignorance, and, as we have already said, the different
phenomena included in our summary of the recorded movements
observed in the species of the various orders, and the different factors
influencing the different orders, of insects considered, make generalisa-
tions rather worse than useless. If we say that migrations take place
irregularly, and only under stress of the development of an unusual
abundance of species resulting in the failure of the foodplant, so that
there is a surplus population to be got rid of, it may be quite true with
regard to the occasional extensive movements of lepidoptera, but is
absurd in its application to the regular autumnal spring movements of
aphides from one foodplant to another, the annual spring swarming
of Apis miilifica, or the autumnal nuptial swarming of ants. We may
assert that, on the whole, the general trend of all dispersal movements
in the northern hemisphere is northerly, and in the southern hemis-
phere is southerly, but we are well aware, and have just illustrated
the point, that local dispersal movements may be in other directions,
whilst it seems clear that there are no return swarms that are
at all comparable with the going and returning journeys observed
in bird migrations, i.e., no return autumnal journey in a direction
opposite to that taken in spring. Nor are we at all clear what
inherent impulse is the prime factor in bringing about, in some
species, at far distant times, the desire to migrate and to leave
the place in which they are bred. On all points relating to
the migration of insects we want detailed facts based on accurate
observations. When these have accumulated we may be in a much
better position to discuss the rationalr of migration. At present we
have only attempted to bring together the observations already made
and to add such remarks as the facts at present seem to warrant.

o'lO tHE KNTOMOLOCtIST*S RECORP,

British Lepidoptera.^'

By W. BATESON, M.A., F.E.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

The third volume of Mr. J. W. Tutt's British Lcpidnptera is a
really important book. It has been compiled on the same plan as the
preceding volumes, though partly on account of the particular genera
treated, but more from the catholic taste with which the author has
brought together his materials, the present work is even more useful
to the scientific entomologist than vols, i and ii. To the collector and
systematist Mr. Tutt's books are without doubt of high value. The
analysis of specific and varietal characters is evidently made with
extreme care, but, to the general naturalist, and especially to the
student of evolution, the book has a direct and uncommon importance.

Nothing of this kind has been attempted in any language hitherto.
Mr. Tutt, though modestly entitling his work A Natural Histuri/ of
British Li'jyiduiitcra, has gone much further afield than such a title
would lead a reader to expect. For example, in treating Ladocanipa
(juercfls we are provided not merely with a discussion of the British
races, but an abstract is given of all that has been observed in the
field or discovered by experimental breeding regarding the foreign
forms and the laws which govern their heredity and variation. Again,
in connection with the natural history of Satiirnia paro)tia, Mr. Tutt
introduces a full account of Standfuss' important experiments in
crossing the Continental species. Many similar examples might be
given illustrating the broad scope of the work.

It may well be imagined that in dealing thus liberally with species
such as (juercLis, jiotatoria, paronia, tiliae, jmpitli, and nrellata, all forms
famous in the literature of variation and hybridisation, a very fine
body of evidence has been amassed. To take the subject of gynan-
dromorphism alone, it is scarcely too much to say that the raw material
for a treatise is scattered through Mr. Tutt's pages.

The abstracting and condensation of the evidence, so far as it can
be judged by one who is not a professed entomologist, has been most
carefully done, and the reader may feel confidence that, though the
points are concisely put, exaggeration has been consistently avoided.
Alto'>ether, such a work is one to be thankful for, and there can be no
doubt that such a publication will stimulate the younger generation of
students to step from the narrow track of mere collecting and to
wander oft" into the more fertile fields of experiment and observation
of living forms.

When so much has been done for us criticism is hardly in place,
yet a reviewer can scarcely avoid repeating a word of regret that the
author has not leisure to digest his materials rather more completely.
The trained student knows what to expect under the head of querciis,
poptdi, and the like. He will easily find his way to the matter he is
seekino-, but even a professed naturalist, who had not a fairly clear idea
beforehand of the class of tact each species was likely to provide,
mio-ht find a good deal of difficulty in using the book. The kind of
oro-anised arrangement called tor is, unhappily, about the most exacting
task an author can set himself, and many a fastidious writer has never

* A Naturnl IlUtory of the British Lepiduptera, by J. W. Tutt, F.E.S.,
vol. iii. London : Swan Sonnenschein and Co., Paternoster Sf|iiiire, F.C,
Price, £1 not

NOTES ON ABRAX^\S GROSSULARIATA AND HOW TO REAR IT. !^2l

published his collections at all because he had not the opportunity to
arrange them ideally. Let us be grateful to Mr. Tutt that he at least
has not sinned that barren sin.

A subject-index would go far to put all this right. Mr. Tutt tells
us in his preface that if anyone will make such an index, he will print
it in the next volume. Cannot some keen young worker take him at
his word ? Meanwhile, the student of evolution must not be daunted
by the difficulty of putting his hand at once on the fact he is looking
for, and the physiological chiffonier, as Claude Bernard called himself,
may be assurad that if he will only rummage about a little, he will pick
up some rare treasures in Mr. Tutt's heap.

To include everything that can by any possibility relate to, or
interest the student of the British fauna, is to err on the right side,
though the connection with that fauna be rather remote. Now and
again, however, we come on a few pages which are very doubtful in
point. Space being so valuable, we feel that, for instance, the details
regarding the structure and classification of the Attacides of the world
need not have found a place here, not that the facts are unimportant,
but no one is likely to look for them in a work on a fauna which con-
tains one solitary species of the group.

The unprofessional reader wonders, too, who uses the solid pages of
locality-records in the case of species widely distributed. When these
records detail the varieties of the districts, their value is manifest, and
they will form a solid basis for the observation of future changes in
distribution. Did we not feel sure that, in this case, the author knows
the requirements of his public, we might be disposed to question
whether this was really the best use to which the labour and space
could have been put.

None of these remarks, however, detract from the statement that
the new British Lepiilnptera is a fine scholarly piece of work, for
which not only the entomological specialist, but naturalists of all
orders will be thankful to Mr. Tutt for many a year.

Notes on Abraxas grossulariata and how to rear it.

By (Kkv.) G. H. RAYNOE, M.A.

To most of us who have been collecting English Macro-Lepidoptera
for a considerable number of years in the same locality, a time arrives
when we feel we have so thoroughly worked the species frequenting
our neighbourhood, that the only way to sustain our flagging interest
is to take up some particular species and thoroughly investigate its
range of variation in the British Isles. In such a case the three
desiderata are that it should be common, variable, and easily reared
from the egg ; for, although the last item is not absolutely a sijie qua
non, yet it is highly desirable. In the early nineties of last century, I
was fortunate to breed (from wild Darenth Wood larva-) a very line
male aberration of Aivjerona i.ninariu, which I succeeded in pairing
with a female of the ab. sordiata. I was thus enabled to establish a
very fine race of this species and to enrich my cabinet with a long and
remarkai^le series of this magnificent insect. The riice died out in
1897, after an existence of five or six years.

In 1893, when I was living at Pantou, in central Lincolnshire, I
determined to go in for Rpilnsoiiia lnbrici/ieda, and succeeded in finding

322 THE kntomologist's record.

a considerable number of the larvae feeding on elder along the coast in
the neighbourhood of Louth. From these I bred several very dark
specimens, the progeny of which showed truly marvellous variations.
This race I kept quite pure until last year, 1901, when it was evidently
becoming worn out. I therefore crossed it with specimens from wild
larv* taken at Hazeleigh, Essex, and Weston, Herts, and this year I
further crossed it with specimens from wild Hayling Island larva\
For some time, how^ever, I had been feeling that I had thoroughly
explored this Arctiid, and, on casting about for something else in which
to specialise, I hit upon Stirma clathraia and Ahraxax (iroasidaiiata.
Of the former of these I will not now say more than that I believe it
has no superior in point of interest (so far as variation goes), but that
it is only moderately easy to rear from the egg. On the other hand, it
possesses an advantage in the fact that, in a wild state, it varies more
frequently (and perhaps I may say more remarkably) than any of the
other three species.

Well, to return to our M-agpies, 1 began operations in ISOD by
enquiring among my friends for information as to the best way of
breeding this species from the egg, and although I found, to my surprise,
that none of them had any experience in the matter, this only made
me more anxious to prosecute the enterprise. Deeming it best to start
by obtaining larvie from somewhat distant localities, 1 procured some
from Mr. G. F. Leigh, of Chiswick, and others from a friend residing
in a large manufacturing town in the County Palatine, where 1
knew the species to be variable. The former, betw-een 200 and 800
in number, produced nothing at all interesting, but from the latter lot
emerged a beautiful pale female, at the first sight of W'iiich my rapture
knew no bounds. 1 had never seen a specimen at all like it before,
and, in my inexperience, imagined it to be unique, but have since
learnt (partly by hearsay, and partly by experience) that this particular
form is not infrequently bred from larv* taken m this same Lanca-
shire town. That it occurs elsewhere is proved by the fact that 1
possess a similar specimen bred by Mr. Thomas Salvage from a larva
he took at Arlington, in Sussex. For convenience, 1 at once named
this specimen a " creamy," that being the ground-colour of the insect.
Mr. Barrett figures nothing at all like it on the two coloured plates
he devotes to this extraordinary species in his work on T/ie
Lipuluptera of the British Mandn, but the second woodcut in Newman's
British MotJia is not by any means unlike it, the chief difference being
that Mewman's aberration does not show any yellow blotch at the base
of the forewings, such as all my specimens possess. This being
apparently a well-known form, seems to me to deserve a distinctive
varietal name, and the one 1 hereby bestow on it is ab. lacticolnr.

The curious point about this ab. lacticolur is that all the specimens
I have seen, numbering between two and three dozen, are, without
exception, females. The first lactiailor I ever beheld was l)orn on
July 7th, 1899, and mated with an ordinary male of Chiswick origin ;
but, among their progeny (over 100 specimens) born in 1900, there was
not a single moth at all closely resembling the mother; which, of
course, was a very great disappointment. However, 1 effected several
pairings (in June, 1900) among different members of this progeny,
pairing pale with pale and dark with dark where possible, in the
spring of 1901 I bad so entirely abandoned all expectation of breeding

NOTES ON ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA AND HOW TO REAR IT. 323

any more lacticolor that I sent a few larvfe of two diflferent pairings to
three of my friends, two of whom, the Rev. C. 0. Hatton and Mr.
F. J. Hanbary, each bred one lacticolor, but Mr. A. W. Mera had no
such luck. I myself bred rather over a score, and obtained eight
pairings (of $ lacticolor) with eight males as diverse as I could select.
Before proceeding farther with my story, I may remark that these
1901 lacticolor (which resemble one another very closely) are extremely
fine and handsome insects, being nearly twice the size of their grand-
mother, and having the two yellow transverse bands on the forewings
excessively broad and of a deep coppery-orange shade instead of the pale
yellow of their 1899 maternal progenitor. This excellent size and
colour is no doubt due to their being fed on gooseberry, and plenty of
it. I have never seen such handsome (/rossidariata anywhere else, and,
as I think a great deal of them, I have so far only parted with a single
specimen. Reverting to my main subject, I have to make the mar-
vellous statement that among the progeny (of these eight 1901
pairings), which consisted of 40 specimens born between Septem-
ber 20th and December 25th, 1901, and many hundreds born in the
summer of this coronation year, not a single lacticolor has appeared !
However, nothing daunted, but true to my family motto of " Nee
mora, nee requies," I went in for (jrossulariata more strongly than
ever this summer, as may be proved by the fact that I biought about
no fewer than 74 distinct pairings, in a considerable number of which
specimens of creamy origin were concerned, whilst stock from Bude,
Durham, Hazeleigh, Lancashire, and Nottingham had to do with other
combinations. Of these 74 pairings, Nos. 8, 14, 28, 49, 50, and G7
proved infertile, although I saw all the insects coupled and all the
females (except one which laid a single egg) oviposited freely. I have
now, October 27th, something like 50 pupre from pairings of Nos. 1,
2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, and many full-grown or large larvas belonging to
these and other pairings up to about the 20th. As gooseberry and.
currant (both red and black) are no longer obtainable, I am now feeding
my larvas on FAiomjtnm japonica, which they do not like nearly so well.
However, they will get nothing else this year. The larger ones will
have to pupate on it, and the smaller ones will nibble it a little till they
gradually go to sleep early in November. I find that they awake
pretty regularly again about the beginning of March, when I supply
them with Kiionijrints until the gooseberry comes into leaf. They are
extremely fond of the tender gooseberry leaves when first expanded,
but the prickly stems of this pabulum make it somewhat unpleasant
to handle, and 1 feed my larv* almost entirely on red currant as soon
as the leaves of this Ribcs are fully expanded. Black currant also pro-
duces very fine imagines, but I am unfortunately not able to get a
supply anything like sufficient for the many thousands of larvfe which
I now aspire to rear.

This autumn I have bred five imagines at present, the first of which
appeared on October 13th, the second on the IGth, the third on the
18th, and two yesterday (26th). The first four are from No. 1 pairing,
the fifth specimen from pairing No. 9, all of "creamy" origin, but
none in any way resembling lacticolor. They are chiefly black, striated
with white, and generally have a fulvous blotch at the apex of the
f orewing. In summer the duration of the pupal stage is very regular,
and may be put at three weeks, but, in autumn, 1 find it lasts a week

924 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

or ten days longer. For the last three autumns I have bred a fair
number of specimens and have only had one chrysalis that failed to
emerge, although my last imago in 1901 only appeared on Decem-
ber 25th, "presenting" itself appropriately on this date to an en-
thusiastic admirer of the species.

I am fortunate enough to possess a small room, facing east, which
I can devote entirely to the rearing of larvae. It is lift, longx 7^ ft.
wide X Oft. high, and running round three out of the four sides, are
three tiers of wooden shelves, each 9in. wide, distant, respectively, from
the floor, 3ft. 9in., 4ft. lOin, and 6ft. 2in. All along these shelves are
ranged boxes, the bodies of which are made of stout cardboard, and the
lids of a cardboard frame filled with fronts entirely of glass — such
boxes, in fact, as drapers use for displa.ying neckties in their shop-
windows. These boxes are made specially for me by Messrs. Hugh
Stevenson and Sons, Victoria Mills, Pollard Street, Manchester, and
are of three different sizes, so as to nest into each other when not in
use, the size of the largest being 14in. longxT-iin. wide x Sin. deep.
In order to obtain ventilation I cut out small oblong pieces of the card-
board from the middle of the N.E. and W. sides, and by means of secco-
tine, fasten pieces of line white muslin over the apertures. The boxes
must be kept upright and arranged at a short distance from one another
all along the shelves. After sprinkling some sand on the bottom of each
box, I insert a small bottle full of water, containing a piece of food-
plant large enough to pretty well fill up the interior of the box. Thus
treated, urufiHitlariata larvae seem quite happy, and thrive amazingly.
The advantage of this system over ail others known to me is, that one
can, in an incredibly short time, walk round a large number of boxes
— I have over 100 — and see at a glance which larv^e want feeding and
what imagines have emerged.

For the purpose of pairing (which generally takes place about
9.30 p.m., or, failmg that, about 3 a.m.) I use a muslin covered frame-
work of wire, stuck in a flower-pot about three-quarters full of light
soil, the whole being placed out-of-doors about 7 p.m., before the
moths begin to fly. Next morning I kill off the male and remove the
female to one of my smallest sized cardboard boxes, in which I have
already placed a sprig of currant for the reception of her eggs. Should
this sprig wither before the eggs hatch, I put another sprig (ui a second
small bottle) alongside the old one, and the young larvfe crawl off"
on to the new food without giving me the trouble of moving them.
I thus avoid a serious waste of time at an extremely busy season. The
young larvffi remain in this same box from the time of their birth
until about the following April, when, after a month's feeding from
the beginning of March, they are ready to be transferred into a
middle-sized box. They then grow very fast, and, if they are a large
healthy lot, I generally transfer the greater part of them, before
pupating, into a box of the largest size, where they have plenty of room
to spin up.

The perfect insects resulting from larvae thus plentifully and
regularly fed, generally emerge at least a month before their time, so
that from these one has a far better chance of rearing a second brood.
Although there can be no doubt that this species is more variable in some
parts of England than in others, yet I feel confident that good aberra-
tions may be reared in almost any locality, if a sufficiently large

LEPIDOPTERA OF HAUTESWOIR : THE BREVENT. 825

number of larvfe be obtained, certainly not fewer tban 1000. The
natural food-plant, in rural districts at any rate, is blaci\thorn. By
beating this in the daytime a moderate number of larva; may be
obtained, but by far the best plan is to go out any summer evening, say
between the beginning of June and the end of July, about an hour
before dusk, when the larvae leave their hiding-places and can be found
with the greatest ease as they ascend the blackthorn trees. There is
no difficulty whatever in getting a hundred in an hour. Then, when
the light begms to fail, a further supply may be collected by the aid
of a lantern. The younger one gets the larvte the better, as they are
not so much aftected by parasites, and if fed up on gooseberry or
currant they undoubtedly produce larger imagines.

The larva drops very easily, and it is a good plan to take out with
one the bottcun of a chip- box pierced horizontally by a flower-stick
some two or three feet long. Larvte feeding in a clear place fall readily
into this apparatus when placed beneath them, and in the spring it
may be used in a similar way for Taeniocampids feasting on the sallow
blossoms.

It will probably be news to many of your readers that, in Durham
and Northumberland, there is a constantly recurring jet-black form of
the larva of (jrossidariata. This I had never seen till the present year,
when I received twelve or fifteen among a comparatively small number
of larva3 sent me from a locality not far north of Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Buckler figured this black form of the larva on Plate cxxiv of vol. vii of
The Larvae of British Ihitterjiies and Moth^i (Ray Society, 1897), and in
the text on p. 151 (ad finera) he says : " These black larv^ at Newcastle
produce the most ordinary form of the imago. Mr. Robson has
since informed me that the larvie are not all sooty-black, but vary in
every degree, from the ordinary colour to uniformly black, even more
so than the specimen I have described. Mr. Robson has bred a great
many of them, but never got a variety of the imago from them." In
contradistinction to this black form of the larva, I, this year, found one
at Hazeleigh in which the black markings are to a very large extent
obsolete, so that the catorpillar presented a remarkably creamy appear-
ance. It possessed, however, the usual red lateral stripe, the absence
of which renders the black form so remarkable and (to the uninitiated)
difficult to recognise. The imago varies considerably in size, the largest
specimen I have expanding exactly 2in., whereas the expanse of the
smallest is only ly^in.

(I'o be concluded.)

Lepidoptera of Haute=Savoie : The Brevent.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
Chamonix does not give up its insect treasures without hard work
and continuous search. Meeting M. Robert, a well-known French
coleopterist, at Argentiere, he informed me that the valley has produced
nothmg really good under 2000 metres, but that, once that elevation
was reached, many good insects were to be obtained. This was even
more strikingly true of lepidoptera. I had practically made up my
mind that there was no good species of Rhopalocera in the valley,
when I selected a fine morning, August LSth, to go up the Jirevent,
and a start was made shortly after 7 a.m. This outing brushed away

326 THE entomolooist's recobd.

all the cobwebs as to whether the valley really contained any insects,
and I look back on it as one of the most enjoyable days of my life.
Not that I brought home many insects, possibly a couple of hundred
for the day's work were all I pinned, but the enjoyment was intense ;
the perfect weather, the glorious outlook, the final view of the whole
length of the snowy summits arising from the huge Mont Blanc range
and the gleaming glaciers that lie in its scarred and seamy sides, all
added their quota, whilst the return of health and strength and
unusual vigour added zest to the long upward journey. Almost before
Chamonix was left, Parnaiisius apollo, of large form, was seen flying
among the rockstrewn boulders covering the huge scarred seam that
leads direct from Chamonix to the summit of the Prevent, and yet
elsewheie in the valley P. apollo had appeared to be a rare or absent
insect. Drifos paphia, too, was abundant and in good condition, and
there were also some ab. valcsina ; Anij/unis ailippe was still more com-
mon, bat was soon replaced, as one ascended, by an abundance oiAriii/mtis
atjlaia and A. niohe. There was no trouble to select a few fine silvery-
spotted undersides of the latter from among the females, nor could one
but be struck with the large size of the (Jolias ednso that occasionally
flitted by. Certain steep flower-strewn gullies climb straight up the
steep sides of the Brevent through the pine-woods, no doabt occupied
with roai'ing torrents in winter, but now quite pictures of floral beauty.
There was here an accumulation of fritillaries and a feAv Lcptidia
sinapis were observed, the species, not having been seen elsewhere
in the valley, must be rare here, or the second brood not fully out.
Taking one of these gullies and crawling rather than climbing up it,
we find an abundance of Erebia inclanipKs, ('hri/>iup/ianiis rirfjanreae,
Antlinicera piirpuralis, A. transalpina, and A./ilijioidtilae, large numbers
of I'amphlla comma, and many other species among which Kuholia hi-
punctata was conspicuous. C/tri/sophaniis var. citri/bia was going over,
and so also was C. var. (jordius, but Sijiichthun alvem was in first class
condition, and abundant ; Setiyia aurita was in good order, but was not
at all common. Blues were scarce, Puli/nmmatus corydon, P. icarns, and
Nomiades aemiartpis being the only species in more than single speci-
mens. It was interesting to find Krchia luiea at the bottom of the
slopes replaced by E. eioyale before much of the ascent had been com-
pleted, whilst a single Melitaea pJiochc was observed, and Melitaea athalia
was neither uncommon nor in really bad condition. I quite appreci-
ated Mr. Lowe's views concerning JSl. athalia [antca). Like him I
can, of course, pick out certain definite forms of th« instct, and say that
this is more or less typical athalia, that more or less typical parthenie,
and the other, I was going to add, more or less aiirelia, but I am not
at all cocksure that I can even do the latter, whilst, of course, the
mountain raria has, in the mass, a facies peculiarly its own. I
have a really fine series of this insect — athalia — parthenie — aurelia —
varia — probably between 300-400, captured by myself and Dr.
Chapman, here, there, and everywhere in the Carinthian, Tyrolean,
Swiss, Italian, and French alps, in central France and Savoie, in
Piedmont, in Spain, and Scandinavia, with German types from the
dealers, and I confess I am at present beaten. Perhaps light will
come some day. Riihl wrote an article on these insects some five or
six years ago in tiocietas Entomohxjica. I wonder if any British
lepidopterist who reads German would translate and summarise it and

LEPIDOPTERA OF HAUTE-SAVOIE : THE BREVENT. 827

offer it to us to publish in the Record. Pi/raiiii'i:^ canhri, P. atalanta,
A/laiH nrticae, and Rnraiws^a antlopa were intorviewed, as also was
Leioptilus osti'oilacti/lus, and then, after a fine walk up the lonc^' zigzags
among the pines, one found oneself leaving the pine forest and coming
out on the big seam that is such a conspicuous feature at Chamonix,
and possibly a third or fourth of the way up the Brevent. Immediately
the fauna changed — Erehia (joante, E. tijnlarux, and swarms of E.
melainpits were around one everywhere. Anthrocera pitrpiiralis, quite
brilliantly tinted, boomed along in the sunshine, and worn Cnenonijin-
plia satijrion began to appear, but still Coiiafi elit'<a occasionally passed
us and continued to do so almost up to the inn known as "Plan Pra,"
where, later, one was only too thankful to lunch, in spite of the high
price and poor fare. A single C. phicouione, a worn $ , also came to
the net, the only one I saw^ in the valley. I was glad to get it, as I
bad all along wondered why the species did not occur here, and Avas
inclined to think that, at last, in spite of suitable conditions, I had
found a valley that did not grow C. plilcoinonc.; I.yaena arion, a single
worn example, many were seen at the bottom of the ascent, all badly
worn, and worn C. var. iiordiiifi, also occurred here, as well as lower
down, whilst Acidalia tnntata was now frequently observed. More or
less worn Erehia stijgne and E. ceto, soon tempted me up among the
grass and heather and rocks, in the hopes of finding some better
examples, and I soon made up my mind that I had to get to the
summit by going straight ahead and chancing the possibilities. So I
went. These two last-named Erebias soon began to get into better
condition, Coononyuipha aatyrion swarmed, and had a marvellous knack
of being most abundant in the most inaccessible and difficult places,
and, when not clinging to the heather by one hand and netting with
the other, I was lying flat with my toes dug into the slopes for a rest
and a change. Then Eutheinoiiia russnla got up, and many Nemenphila
plaiitayinis, and soon, as E. ceto was left behind, E. mnestra appeared.
I climbed and crawled and sat and lay until I had got up about 800ft. of
the slope, and my box would seemingly hold no more. Already five or six
E. mnestra were pinned sideways on one pin, one above the other, the
Pariiassius apollo had been transferred to the lining of my hat, and sundry
other changes negotiated, and it became at last necessary to get oft" the
slope, besides all of which I was literally starving. As Mr. Moss has
before told us, rolls and butter and cottee (even with jam and honey
add^d) do not do much towards filling the aching void that an English
lepidopterist seems always to possess. The tall tough heather made
progress slow, certain insects must be taken after all, but, at last, I
observed that the heather and grass were getting shorter, and presently
a bending down of the herbage indicated a track. I followed the track
and it led to a splendid spring of water, boxed in (but unlocked), and with
pipes to carry the delicious fluid to the town below. Having refreshed
myself I sat down. A well-defined path zigzagged from the spring up
the mountain, walking was easy, and soon the net was busy again. A
good deal of squeezing followed, and the numbers in the tightly packed
box steadily increased. Sijnchthits alveus and .S. sao still appeared
with P. counna, and I was now up almost 7000ft. I had passed
thousands of Sciapldla anjentana, Boti/s aerealis, B. alpinalis, Cranibiis
conchellitfi, Scoparia sudetira, and now the leaden-coloured Hercyna
phriiyialu was in countless swarms, whilst a species closely allied to,

S2R THE F,NTO>rOT,OfiTST's RKCORT).

if not identical with, Mimaei^eoptibis hijmnctidactyla was not uncommon.
Larentia olirata had only a little before been disturbed from the rocks,
and here and there Acidalia fiavcolaria had been passed flitting in
thousands, and Citlaria popiilata almost as abundantl}', whilst Stcnoii-
ten/.r Jn/brulalis accompanied one right up the mountain, and the little
black Pi/iiiiiaena /i(sca was frequent. A single Picris (■aUidice
was taken, but Kirhia unwstra was now the common insect. Boxes,
however, were full and the appetite was urgent, and I pushed on,
and, when the '' Plan Pra "' inn came in sight, I hurried up and
allowed it full play. To say that I got no further that day is
needless. After lunch I lay and enjoyed myself to my heart's content,
nor was I even sorry tbat the clouds that commenced to gather on the
mighty peaks opposite floated over and obscured the sun. I watched
others toil on "to do" the mountain, and from the way they kept their
noses straight to the front I wondered what they saw. At the bottom
of the slopes the following day, although it was quite unsuitable for
entomology, 1 met with sundry other species, of which Uithijia caruella,
Spilothj/nis althaeae. and many AiitlniH-tva lonict'iae, of a large form,
may be mentioned. Mtiitoi'a at/iolia, ('lirf/sojilianiis var. i/ordius, C.
plilaeas, Erehia (/oaiite, Sj/nrhtliKs alr< hs, I'anqdnla comma, and several
other species also were more or less abundant, and there can be no
doubt, that, to make a big bag, one should work the P>revent ixp the
great seam and not by following the zigzags.

On the Nomenclature of the Orthoptera.

By MALCOLM BURR, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

In the Zuolo(i'm-lie Anznitier, no. 676, 1902, Dr. Hermann Krauss'''
discusses the question of the acceptance or rejection of some of the
older generic names of orthoptera. The writings of so distinguished
and profound an entomologist must have great weight, and his
decisions may b^ taken as authoritative.

As is customary nowadays, the earwigs are separated from the
orthoptei-a as a distinct order, but under the name Knplecoptera.
Westw., while de Geer's name Dermaptcra, is quite correctly applied to
the remaining (h-tl>nptem. It has been pointed out by many writers
and on many occasions that the name OrthopU'ra of Olivier has never
had any claim to acceptance until, from sheer familiarity, it was
generally assumed to be the right one : a few courageous authors have
rejected it in favour of Dcrwaptno, which has undoubted priority,
besides being more appropriate.

The F.uplccoptera have one family, Forjiculidae, with F. anricidaria,
L., as the type of the genus Forticida. The Dcrniaptcra are divided
by Krauss into the three familiar sections, Ciirsoria, Gressoria, and
Sahotnria. The former have the subfamily Pancldorinac, while the
genus fl/otta has for its type, not orientalis, L., but si(riua7iie)isis,
Linn., for Brunner's Lencophaca coincides with Blatta. Krauss
defends Kakniac, which is the genus of orientalis, while reriplaneta is
kept for mnericana ; the genus Lencophaca of Brunner has for its type
species sininamcnds, Linn., while nirca, Linn., is in Paneldora. But

" Die Namen der altesten Derniapteren (Orthopteren) Gattungen und ihre
Verwendung fiir Familien — und Unteifamilien— Benennungen aiif grund der
jetztigen Nomenclaturregeln."'

ON THE NOMRNCLVTCRK OF THE ORTHOPTERA. 329

stmnamensis, by a sort of elimination, is by this time the type of
Blatta, which jrenus, therefore, corresponds with Branner's Leucnphaca.
The genus PlinUodmnila, which de Saussure suppresses as being
synonymous with Blatta, is thus restored with its type P. (jermanica.
So that, owing to Latreille, in 1825 and 1829, taking B. orirHtalls as
the type of his new genus Kakrtiac, this barbarous name must now
supplant Blatta for the familiar on'cutalis. Sti/Iopi/(ia is, of course, a
synonym of Kakerlac. Kirby, in 1891, refers to Kakerlac (proposed
for B. oricntalis and allies) and Stelfopi/i/a (includes Blatta oriinitalii^,
&c.), as synonyms of Blatta ; the difference between the arguments of
Kirby and Krauss is this, Kirby regards oriental^ as the type of
Linne's genus Blatta, in which case it is permanent, but Krauss
maintains that Latreille first fixed the type in making orientalis the
type of his new genus Kakerlac.

The Mantidae are not affected, Mantis rdi(/insa remaining the type
species of the typical genus ; Phaama phtliimnni (Linn., 1858), which
is more familiar under the name Phanma necydaloulc>;, Linn. (1863), is
the type of Phasma.

But confusion reigns supreme in the Saltatoria. Brunner's names,
which were based rather upon use and convenience than upon the
strict law of priority, have been freely used owing to the immense and
far-reaching influence of his Prod ramus that appeared twenty years
ago ; but many writers, including Bolivar, Kirby and Karsch, have
shown their independence. Krauss divides the Saltatoria into three
families ; the first is Locastidae ( = Acridiodea of Brunner) , which is again
subdivided. The familiar Acridiiun aeriyptiacuin, Linn., gives way
before Locusta tatarica, Linn., so that the Arriiliidae become the
subfamily Lociistinae. Many entomologists will welcome this change.
The Trii.validae of Brunner form the subfamily Acridiiiiae, with the
genus Acrida, as has been adopted by many recent authors, including
myself in a recent monograph. Krauss courageously rejects Tctti.c and
Tetrix, which have no claim by priority, confirming the opinion of
Kirkaldy {Entow., 1901, p. 243). Fabricius' Arnjdiinn must be
restored, but here we meet with another difficulty. As we have already
a siibfamily Acridiinac, it would be pedantic to force the Law of
Priority to its furthest extreme and so have Acri/diinat' as well ;
Tettitiidae, and Tetri<iidae must be rejected ; Krauss suggests the name
Paratettiifinae, from Bolivar's genus r*aratettix. Brunner's Locustodca
become Tetti(ioniidae, though Kirby and Karsch prefer Pliasf/onuridae.
Krauss restored Tetti<ionia, its type species being T. acuminata, a
Brazilian form, but it is not quite clear whether he retains Plias/ianura,
Westw., for T. viridissima, or ranges it in Conocephalus ; if he does,
the latter must entirely alter its significance.

The crickets become Aclietidac, a change that will be welcome to
many. The genus (Tryllus remains, not for our old friend the Cricket
of the Hearth, but for an exotic Central and South American form,
Gryllus inuticus, Geer. The House and Field Cricket are thus
permitted to take back their old-fashioned names of Acheta. (rriillo-
talpa remains untouched, although Kirby prefers Oken's Curtilla.

Many entomologists will probably be disgusted to find names that
are in general use thus submitted to a searching examination ; those
that cannot prove their right to existence must go, and the only
difficulty is that most authors have slightly different ideas as to the

330 THE entomologist's record.

legitimacy of a name under certain conditions. Still, after this " Writ
of Quo Warranto," Krauss restores many old friends, which were used
by the last generation of British entomolgists, and we think that his
innovations will be met with more general favour on that account.

Collecting Lepidoptera in 1902.

By (Kev.) FEANK E. LOWE, M.A., F.E.S.
Those who ought to know tell me that negative evidence is nearly
as much wanted as positive. This is my sole excuse for recounting
my disheartening experiences in June and July of this vear. The
wish had been — starting at a much earlier date than Mr. Tutt's visits
— to add something to his valuable " Contributions to the Fauna of
Piedmont." Thanks to his kindness I was provided with all the back
numbers of the Knt. Record bearing on the localities to be visited. Also,
at some little trouble and expense, 1 had little booklets printed, with
lists of all possible butterflies, and the page opposite ruled in columns
like a school register, that 1 might have no need to trust to memory,
but simply " mark the attendance " of each species in every locality,
with a series of signs to denote •' fresh," " worn," etc. London was
left on June 4th, and reached again on August 1st. Our trip was to
Freiburg in Baden, Turin, Susa, Valle di Pesio, Aosta, Courmayeur,
back to Turin, Vorona, Bozen, Brenner, and home. Well, we did all
this and more, but tlje whole tour has not given me a single new
species for the cabinet, and very few which may serve to renew or
extend existmg series. Everywhere but at Bozen, where we were too
late, insects were so abnormally backward that there was nothing to
be done. The weather was generally wet, and always cold for the
time of year, but, though the summer species were retarded, there was
no consolation of belated spring broods. At Freiburg, June 6th was a
dull day, thunder threatening, and nothing stirring in the woods
behind the " exercising ground " but a few Abraxas aylvata. The next
was a pouring wet day, and I was laid up with neuralgia. Sunday,
entomologically a dies non. On Monday, the 9th, as it looked more
promising, 1 was up and caught the 6.0 a.m. train to Neu-Brtisach.
It began to rain before 1 reached my destination, and never ceased for
more than a few minutes at a time. The motive of tlie detour to
Freiburg and Breisach, was the desire of a good series of (diri/wjdianns
dispar var. rutilus. Last summer I liad taken four in passable condi-
tion on June 14th, viz., one male and three females. Two of the
latter were boxed for eggs, ;i,nd ruined as specimens without obtaining
ova. This year 1 hunted up and down the sides of the moat which
surrounds the fortifications, in the same spot as last year, but took not
a thing, not even A(iro]/Jiila trahealia, or Bankia arrjentiila, which
abounded in 1901. Turning to go back to the station I was " halted "
by a sentinel of the 142nd Regiment of the Line, who calmly, but
very decisively, barred the way. From his remarks I gathered only
one word, *' verboten," at which I offered my apologies in English,
and again attempted to proceed to the station. At that he manifested
more excitement, and signalled to other soldiers who appeared ready
to hand. These made me understand that I must follow them. 8o
we marched back with arms at the slope to the guard-room. Here a
sergeant, pen and note book in hand, endeavoured to question me, but

COL,I-.ECTrNG LEPIDOPTERA IN 1902. 331

as he only spoke his own language, and I did not, we got no
" forrader." After much dela}', I was sent under guard to the citadel,
and was again equally hopelessly interrogated by higher officials, who
spoke neither French nor English. They evidently suspected me,
most unjustly, of knowing German, for — by the way they insisted
upon seemg the contents of all my pockets — when I showed a " pocket
pistol " of whisky and water, saying "flask," as I had named every
other article in turn, one very typical German, in a green uniform,
sprang forward, seized the lapel of my coat, and brmging his face
down to mine, snarled, " Hein ! You no hab Deutsch ? ' Flasche '
ist Deutsch. A-rrh ! vat you said." 1 gently suggested that the
name of the vessel was practically the same to both of us, but lh;it the
spirit was good Dewar, and like myself a British subject. Not to pro-
long an amusing scene which, however, is not entomology, they found
at last a private who had been in England, and could speak the
language of civilisation. He came, and in a few moments I was
discharged, " without a stain on my character." It caused some
amusement when I ventured through the interpreter to express regret
for the trouble I had inadvertently given, but official dignity was
greatly ruffled when, through the same mouthpiece, 1 asked if I might
come again to-morrow. Next day I tried Gottenheim, another haunt
of ('. var. rutilits, but with no belter luck. The 11th was dull with
slight showers. I took, however, two Aporiu crataetii at rest on
flowers of scabious. One of these, a female, is of remarkable beauty,
apparently just emerged, the underside of the secondaries being of a
strong maize colour. The coloration is visible on the upperside. but
it is on the underside that the full etfect of this unusual tint is seen.
The oosta and tips of the primaries are slightly tinged with the same,
but the contrast of their semi-transparent whiteness, with the smooth
imit'orm opaque yellow of the lower Avings, reminded me forcibly of
the startling effect of the under f*ide of Delias eucharh. The same
ground where, on June KJth, 1901, 1 had taken Thecla jinini, worn
but common, did not yield one this year, or anything, indeed, but
Brt'iithi!> sdeue, and a few Viial/ictfs trifaiiciata on tree-trunks. On the
l'2th, being a little brighter, Paran/e acliinc appeared in numbers in the
wood, commonly settling on damp patches in the road, or on the
lowest sprays of beech or hazel in the open glades. The question is
whether the cold and wet had shortened the length of the spring flight
of C var. riitilKs and postponed the advent of T. pruni, or whether
neither had yet emerged, or both were prematurely over ? Last season,
at the same date, Linnmitis dbi/Ua, Brrathis ino, and others, were to be
had abundantly in these woods by the railway. Other things noted
at Freiburg on this visit were Leptidia sinapt!^ ab. dininnsis, <}onop-
teryx rhaiiini (worn), J'oli/ominatus icaraa (one male), Polijijonia c-album
(worn), as also I'ijranieh vardui, Vanenfia io, I'aranie eifi'-riu var. eijeri-
des, Cocnonyinpha paniphiliis and Carti-rorephaliiH palaeinon (botli com-
mon). Out of conceit with Freiburg we left for Susa, at which little
town of classic fame we arrived on the evening of the lOth. Here we
had three fine hot days during our stay, which extended to midday of
the 21st. Though so much further south, Nature seemed to belittle
more forward here than at Freiburg. On the l.Sth, about "jOOft. above
Sta. Maria della Luso, I found the meadows filled with the pheasant-
eved narcissus, in its first <_!:l()r\'. with (h-iiitho'iahnu luifam^ and others,

33^ THE entomologist's BECORD.

which foi'iued quite an early spring show. While we were at Susa
the only common butterflies were A. crataiyi, L. sinapis, and
I'aranie iiiaera, with some remarkable fine Paran/e incijaera. One of
the latter, a female, measures just under 2iin., and is as large as a
good P. maera female. Half a mile above Sta. Maria, June 18th, a
few Nomiades cyUarua were sharing the puddles with Nomiades ^eiui-
ariiiis, and among them was one var, hlachieri, of which more anon.
Close to the river and the town Anthocharis hdia (one) and a damaged
Litnenitis sibi/lla were taken. Below the Mont Cenis railway, 0.
pamphilns and (J. arcania were plentiful, the latter very fine. Higher
up a few Ciijiidd minimus var. ahnidoy, and Avell marked Plebcius
at'i/oii could be taken. Poli/ominatns hi/lafi showed up once or twice, and
P. orion yielded one really fine specimen, but otherwise was over for
the time. One Pieris luipi var. hri/ouiac, and Callniil>ri/s rubi (com-
mon and fine on the narcissus ground) completes this list in the
higher elevations. Just above the vineyards which surround the
town I got one Thcda ilicis var. aeAciiU, and one Libi/thea celtis (worn),
June 18th-. The Argynnids had not yet appeared, with the exception
of some A?f)ij)iiiis latJnmia and one good A. ailippe var. deodo.va. A
single fresh, but very diminutive, Papilio macliaon was all I saw of the
genus Papilio, and three Mclaium/ia j/alatea var. prncida were doubt-
less the advance guard of a host to come after our departure on the
24;th. Spilot/njrKs althaeac and Sijric/ithiis carthami contributed one
each. Xisdiiiadca f.a(/f>i occurred often, with var. miiailor or appnuvi-
mata. Without doubt there would have been good sport at Susa
later, but the hotel was not run on sound principles of sanitary
science, to put it mildly, and uninviting, therefore, for a protracted
stay. The absentee chiefly deplored was Poli/i/dnia cfp'a, which Mr.
Rowland-Brown found so abundant about a week later last year.
With empty store- boxes we took train to Turin, and on the next day
train again to J3einette, from whence, after some difficulties with our
driver, we reached Certosa di Pesio at 4.80 p.m. on the 22nd. The
old Certosa, or monastery, suppressed by Napoleon, has been converted
into a most comfortable hotel and bathing establishment. We were
the first visitors of the season, and never more happy in country
quarters, but the valley is close and relaxing. Even here we were too
early for the summer of 1902. The first insect to attract attention
was Noiiiiadefi njllanis, on the road just beyond the arched gateway of
the Certosa. It was fresh, and apparently continued to emerge during
our visit, and a longish series was made up with the Susa captures. At

* It was doubtless a mere accident that Mr. Rowland-Brown {(mtea, vol. xi.,
p. 292) did not observe any of the food-plant Celtis anstniU.-^, for it grows not un-
commonly on the rocks on the road immediately above the Triuujphal Arch, and on
the right hand, on the way up to the little village, at which the path turns off at
the left for Sta. Maria dellaLuso. .Just around Sta. Maria and above there appears
to be no favoiuable place for it, if (as its habit at Crevola, Val Strona, Val Anzasca
and the Eggenthal, etc., seems to indicate) it requires deep crevices of rocks in
which to root. I would add to Mr. Rowland-Brown's interesting list of dates for
the flight of L. ccltis from my own knowledge : — Crevola, .June 3rd, 1899, fresh.
May 26th, 1900, worn to ribands; Val Anzasca, June 12th-15th, 1900, fresh;
Sanithal and Eggenthal, near Bozen, June 20th-22nd, excessively abundant and
fine, July loth, i9U2, few rather worn. In these parts there seems to be a first brood
over at the end of May, a second in June, synchronising nearly with the appear-
ance of Thccln 2>ruiii, and probably, at least in warm summers, a third in southern
Piedmont and the southern Tirol [vide, Ent. Rec, x., p. 119, Mr. Tutt at Susa. J.

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1902. 838

least the quantity was sufficient to afford an opportunity to note the
ti^reat variation in nuiubei- and size of the antemarginal row of spots
on the underside of the forewings. 8ix spots is regarded as the
normal number, but the following analysis of the Susa and Pesio
specimens may interest others besides myself. To take them in an
ascending scale they run thus : —

Males. — One var. hlachieri, with only two spots, aiul these reduced to dots (I
do not mean that this makes vai\ hlachieri, but that this example has this
deficiency); five with four spots ; five with five spots; six with six spots ; three
with six on right, and five on left, wing ; four with seven, and of these specimens
one has a small but distinct basal spot on each upper wing. Kane says of this
species " no basal spots."

Fkmales. — One with four spots; one with five spots; three with six spoils;
two with seven spots.

It is at least curious that of three, having an unequal number of
spots right and left, they, nevertheless, agree in having the larger
number on the right, and the lesser on the left side. In every instance
where the spots decrease in number, they also appear to diminish in
size, and show a tendency to become obsolete. Thus, in the case of
the insect with only two spots, they are mere dots, Nos. 1, 2, 3 and (j,
according to the normal setting, being absent. In those specimens
credited with seven, it would perhaps be equally, or more, correct to say
that the sixth, or last nearest the inner margin, is double, like a colon,
which might be counted as one, but in these cases it is rather a double
dash, and not round. Certainly this is a long range of variation in
just over 30 specimens, and these not picked, but all that came to the
net. The iSusa lot are, as a whole, finer and larger than the set from
Pesio, but they differ much in size inter sc, as is the way with " blues."
The other Lycajnids observed were Poli/oiininitiisaridii, worn stragglers ;
I'Lcheina ar>/u.'> and \Si,v. aenidioii, ['oli/uiiiinatiis astrarc/ie type, /'. icarns,
I', bfllarijiiii, P. hylaa, a few ; and A"(iiii lades seniiuniiis, very numerous.
The most prominent butterfly at this time was L'aniastiiiis injienw.vjne ;
it was everywhere round the hotel, in the meadows, and also in the
woods by the side of the river. /'. apollo was not out, except one sad
example, which I found hopelessly intoxicated in the heart of a large
scarlet lily, and another of better morals. But abundant were the
common " whites," and also Eucldo'e caidaiiiines and Leptidia dnapis.
< 'olia.s edusa was seen once or twice. CaUa(ihr(/fi ndn was the only
" hairstreak," and very tine. Some shabby C'hri^sophanus riifauraeae
indicated that the first brood was over. C. phlacas was fairly common,
but no var. elens. (.'. dovilh was represented by var. (dpina, large, and I
may say here that, as Mr. Tutt has found, this variety is in my ex-
perience generally larger than the type, though Kane says " a smaller
mountain variety." Neiiwobitis laciua was scarce and small. Aijlaia
uiticae everywhere. Pi/raiiieis cardiii in last year's coat, but I wo mag-
nificent examples were taken which were so beautifully flushed with
pink that it is a temptation to label them var. /iinderu. Melifaea atkalia
had not yet shown in any quantity. After a fatiguing climb up the
sides of Mt. Besimauda (twice J essayed it, but having been wrongly
directed never I'eached the top) I took a short series of Melampias
epiphrun var. rasnujpe, the first I met on the continent. All the fol-
lowing were more or less plentiful : — Pai-arge viae) a, Coenonynipha
orrania, Spilot/ii/rus ahlKdiif. Sijrichthiis ctdt/ianii, espL'cially also 5.

3S4 tHE entomologist's RECOftD.

maivac and Nhoniades tages, with a single Carterocephalus palaemon.
Among the nut-trees, Encufniiia undulata was in fine condition, with
Melanlliia albicillata, and the beautiful Oclezia tiblale, and Emnjc/iia
octoiiiactilata rose from the path pretty frequently. All these in the
woods by the river. At the base of Mt. Besimauda, while pushing a
way through stunted growth of nut, beech, etc., Bomolocha fontis was
frequently disturbed, and a few Asthena lutcata.

The evening of June 30th found us at Courmayeur. Here it was
soon evident, as elsewhere, we were too early. It is not necessary to
name insects which are simply a repetition of what we had met before.
On Jaly 3rd, a little way beyond the baths of La Saxe, Paraiye hiera
was common, and still, in many instances, in fair condition, and also
next day on the Val Veui road past the little Santuario N. D. de
Guerison, though less numerous, many specimens were in really good
order. This is one of those quickly-worn things which it is very
difficult to obtain in best condition. On Mt. de la Saxe — I did not
find it on the Crammont — I'ieiis ralliilice was flying abundantly, and
though rather small, mostly quite fresh. At the back of Mt. Chetif,
climbed from the Val Veni track, I took four Authocharis bclia, which
are not var. mniilonia, and still less var. aiisonia. They might be
described as seiiii-siinplonia, and, I suppose, are the form alluded to by
Kane — "It is to be noted that the silvery traits on several butterflies
are replaced by plain white in higher latitudes." On the 5th one
beautiful Dii/aa pandora was netted, flattering as if seeking to enter
the " bcuole Maschili " at Courmayeur. On the 7th I attacked the
Crammont, and near the snow took one Mditaea vaitlienie var. raiia,
and what I first thought was another, but it proved to be a very small
Mi'lltaca cinxia male, at an unusual elevation. By Dollone were a few
Coenonymiiha aliijihion var. ijovdius ; one is a strange little specimen
(female) not larger than a fine C. dor'dis, and very lightly marked, so
that, except that it has not the dark underwings, it might easily pass
for a female of the latter. Of the Lycrenids, Poli/oiiuiiatus eschcri was
chiefly noticeable, with some Lycaena avion var. obscura of a poor
form, in the Val Ferrex. Of the Erebiids — Erebia ccto (very abun-
dant), E. ecias (one), E. lappona, E. enryale, and on Mt. Crammont
one which, had I taken it in Tirol, I should have confidently
named E. nerine var. reichlini $ , but which proves to be E. eiias.
It is a recently emerged specimen, but unfortunately a lizard
or a bird has had a shce out of its left lower wing. In a wood,
a little before leaving the trees, on the Crammont, several large
females of Eimjdia cribrnin. were flying in the sun, one brought
home is over 1-Jin. in wing expanse. All the other butterflies men-
tioned for Susa, except Noiniadi'}^ ci/llanis and Libi/thra ccltis, were
present, to which may be added Coliaii ))hiconionc (one), Mditaea phocbe,
M. diitijnna, Ari/ynnis aylaia and A. niobe var. eris, while Picris bias>-icae
Pyraiiu'ifi atalanta and P. cardtii all seemed happy at the summit of
Mt. de la Saxe flying in the company of Pieris caUidice. We stayed
at the Hotel du Mont Blanc, beyond Courmayeur, but for entomology
1 should decidedly recommend Pre St. Didier as affording better
huntinar-erround.

OOLEOPTERA. 3$6

ilfOLEOPTERA.

Notes on coleoptera taken during the year 1902 i\ the South-
port DISTRICT. — In spite of climatic conditions, apparently adverse — a
cold wet spring and persistent sunlessness — the season's collecting
has been, on the whole, very productive of noteworthy species. It is
hoped that the following list may be of some interest as a contribution
to local faunistic work, and to this end certain species have been in-
cluded which, although not accounted rare, are, nevertheless, little
known in the south Lancashire and Cheshire district. Such species
as have not been previously recorded are indicated by a prefixed
asterisk. I was unable to commence collecting before the end of April,
when, despite the weather, beetles were well in evidence. It will,
however, facilitate the collation of my notes if I arrange the species
in their taxonomic sequence instead of noticing them in the order of
their appearance. Uarpalm iiei/lectus, D., during the months of May
and June was rather less rare than usual. PterostichKs ininor, Gyll.,
usually rare in the south Lancashire district, was abundant. '''Bcmbi-
diiuii, clarki, Daws., was discovered amongst wet moss, Birkdale sand-
hills. Of ■■'■Oc/ithebius marinns, Pk., a single specimen was swept one
evening in June from damp herbage on the Southport foreshore. Three
examples of Mi/nncilnnia l/ni.bata, Pk., were taken in April crawling on
the sandhills ; an ant was in the act of carrying olf one of tiiese.
* Romalota crilis, Er., occurred in profusion in Hood refuse from the
Birkdale sandhills, May 3rd. '''Habrocfrua capillar icornis, Gr., is one
of the southern-ranging species which from time to time unexpectedly
turn up in the district ; the specimen was shaken from powdery fungus
and leaves in a wood behind Scarisbrick Hall. Phytosus nif/riventris,
Chevr., was, as usual, common on the shore during the autumn. Quedius
cruentun, 01., and its var. vire)is, Eottb., Q. jnUjidus, F., and Q. ohlite-
ratus, Er. { = si(tnralis, Cox ; Fowler in part), have all been unusually
plentiful in heaps of cut grass and straw during the summer. Two
specimens of '''Mi/cetoporus aiv/idaris, Key., were taken in April on the
Birkdale sandhills. Of Staplti/liniifi stercorariii.'i, 01., always a rare
species in the district, Mr. Sopp took a specimen in August, another
being captured by myself in September. Ocypus brnnnipi's, F., for
some obscure reason, was in evidence for two or three days only at the
end of August. L'Idlonthas nilcans, Grav., was, as usual, abundant on
the Birkdale sandhills along with Actobitis d<jnaticornis, Key. Durin^
July several specimens of Actobius proceiulus, Grav., were taken, and
in the following month ''^ Leptavinm pannnpanctatns, Gyll., turned up.
■^Lathmbiuin loni/iiluni, Grav., occurred during July and August, the
first specimen being shaken out of a deserted bird's nest; L. quadratuw,
Payk., was captured at the roots of reeds. Medon obaoletm, Nord., was
abundant, cis it has been for the last two years, in a habitat now
destroyed, so that for the future it will probably bo taken rarely, as,
though generally distributed throughout the district, it is very rare.
■""Blediits loni/iUus, Er., and 'B. opacm, Block., are two decidedly rare
species with us of which very few specimens occur annually. Tro(fo-
p/doeiis rividariN, Mots., T. cuiticinus, Grav., and -'T. piisillus, Grav.,
were taken in flood refuse from the Birkdale sandhills, May 3rd. This
material yielded a most interesting species — ''Thinobiuti brevipcnnU,
Kips. During a stay of a few days Mr. Tomlin discovered Troqo-

336 THE entomologist's RECORIJ.

pidneus tenellm, Er., in abundance. ■'Homalium. deplanatum, GylL, was
found sparingly in cut grass. Pfisiidopsls sulcata, Newm., appears to be
a regular summer denizen of our garden refuse heaps, though its
capture is a tedious process, as it lives deep down in the material that
has almost rotted to earth mould. '■''Kuplectns karsteni, Keich., and
"■£". i>i(jiiati(s, Reich., were taken in garden refuse. *A'. picens, Mots., was
found under the bark of birch logs. ■■'Ne^jhanes titan, Newm., was
swarming in the fine siftings from the refuse heap. '■Clanibnn
pubescent, Redt., was taken in vegetable refuse; *t'. niiniitus, Sturm.,
was swept from wet grass, July 2nd. Two examples of Anathiditnn
marijinatum, Sturm, were taken on the sandhills. Of Anisutaiiia
ciliaris, Schmidt, I took one specimen in the spring and two in the
autumn. At the end of August I was so fortunate as to discover a
locality where for about a month Anisotoina furra, Er., was by no
means rare. Ht/<l)iobiiix pioictatismiius, Steph., has been decidedly
rarer this autumn than last. Saprinua tjKadristriatKs, Hoft"., was taken
very sparingly during May and June. One specimen of "(Tiiatliouciis
naniietrnsiH, Mars., was found under dung on Jund 2nd. ''■ Munotoma
rufa, Redt., occurred abundantly in a heap of rotting straw, along
with M. (iHadricollis, Aube. '■'•Braclii/pteras (/raridas, 111., is very
common on Linaria ludf/aris. During May and June a few Orthocerus
muticiis, L., were found crawling on the sandhills. Three specimens
of Hcptaitlaciis rillunKs, GylL, were taken at the end of June. Pmm-
nwbiiis aidcicollk, 111., was, as usual, common in spring, with a much
smaller brood in autumn. Aunnoecius breris, Er., is a characteristic
local species, appearing early in spring and occurring sparingly until
about the end of June. The sudden appearance of Actfialia rnfa, F.,
has already been noted in the l\nt. Hicunl. A specimen of ''Tdephorus
darivinianiis, Sharp, was found in May in a burrow of Jjledins specta-
bilis, Mr. Sopp took another on the sandhills ; a systematic search will
probably prove this species to be far from rare. L't'diiuts pevtinicnrnis,
L., is a noteworthy tind, only one specimen having been previously
noted in the district. Anmna inoschata, L., usually so common here
in July, was not noticed until the following month ; to make up for
its tardy appearance it continued in evidence nearly to the end of
September. For a district so well supplied with ponds and large drains
as is the neighbourhood of Southport, the genus Donacia is unac-
countably scarce, and the occurrence of 1). vcrsicolora, Brahm, is on
that account worthy of mention. Mantnra ehri/santheini, Koch, which
I failed to rediscover last year, occurred in great abundance during May
and June of this season in its old, very restricted locality. It seems
to live exclusively on Ituiiuw atrtosdla. When I introduced a friend to
the place in June, a few steps were taken whilst sweeping the RiiDiex.
The net was then emptied on a sheet. A hundred specimens were
picked out and bottled, after which operations were suspended. Of
Cassida rlareula, Thunb., a few examples were taken in June. A single
specimen of AnthkuH biinavidatus. 111., constituted " the find " of
May 18th. Among the great group of weevils very few notable species
have been taken, though the importance of some of these counter-
balances their fewness. The remarkable elongate variety of Hi/prra
suspiciosa, Herbst, on which the inclusion of " H. domjata " in our
lists is perhaps based, was taken on two occasions in July. Several
Orthocaetpx sffii/i^r, Beck, were taken on the sandhills during Angnst.

CrtLKOPTERA. 337

A dark example of ''Ti/chins sijKainiflatus, GylL, was found on the
Birkdale sandhills on June 2nd. ■'-(THiniietron adliimfi, Cxyll., and '''G.
llnaiiai; Panz., two apparently long-lost species, certainly constitute
the most important local records for the season. Both species are
quite confined to plants of fAnaria nihjaris, and are decidedly local,
the former being quite rare. At the roots of the plants were small,
evidently newly-formed galls. Some of these gall-bearing plants Mr.
Sopp, with his characteristic liking for life-history work, has trans-
planted to his garden and is studying. A single example of Orohitis
ri/auciis, L., taken on August 18th, concludes the list. — George W.
Chaster, Southport.

A DAY AMONGST THE CoLEOPTERA ON THE SOUTHERN END OF LaZONBY

Fell. — A day's collecting in this interesting locality was not without
interest. I made a start at some rotten fungi, at an elevation of 400ft.,
I ohtnined Ii»i(iiiU(lrl;/iittatNn,F., Pocadimfemtiiineiis, F., Alrochara snc-
cicola, Thorns., <Kc>/po(la aUernans, Grav., Hoinaluta xanthoptera, Steph.
and funiiicula, Thoms., Alitalia iiiipream, 01., BoUtobiiis Lnnidatns, L.
tfinotatiis, Er. and piji/iiiaei(n, F., Oinaliiun licidare, Payk., Proteinm
avails, Steph., all very common; Meiiarthriis iln'im'ssns, Lac, Pliilontlan^
aeneits, Rossi., Tacliinas hiuncralis, Grav., nijipi's, L., inanjinellus, F.
and collaris, Grav., Chuleva clinjsonieloidfs, Panz., and PtoiuajduKjus
sericciis, F., a few of each. Going on to the higher ground up to
768ft., stone-turning produced the following species. — Miscudera
arctica, Payk., one); Cymindis vaporarioriiiu, L. (seven); Beiiibidinni
nup-icorne, GylL, Treclius ntinutus, ¥,, and secalis, Payk., Calathtis
cUteloides, F unz., Jiainpes, Fourc, tnelanoccphaliis, L. and war. niibii/eiia,
Hal., Harpalits rnficurnis, F., aeneas, F., latus, L. and var. rrijthro-
ci'phalua, F., Olist/iojJiis rotiiiidattis, 'Payk., Bradt/cellus harpaliniis, l)ej.,
siDiilis, Dej., Qiiedius ftilu/uiofnis, Grav., trt'Mis, Grav., iiwlor/uni(x, Grav.,
I'hlloiitlnis pnlitiis, F., Lathrubi trill bureale, Hoch., briuutipes, F., all
common. The water-net produced the following species. — Dijtiscus
piinctnlatiis, ¥., iiiariiinalu, L., Aciliiis sulcatiis, L., Ar/abiis sturiiiii,
GylL, chalcunatus, Panz., bijjiistiilatns, L., Hijdioporiin palitatri.s, L.,
incuijnitus. Sharp., ert/throci'jt/ialus, L., j/tjllen/tali, Schiod., all very
common; Hijdnipunis iiioriu, De]., a few; AtjabHs nebidosiin, Forst.,
Deronectes 12-pii>itulatm, F., Halipliis falvus, F., Laccophilus obscurus,
Panz., Hhantiis exuletus, Forst., Hijdrobiiis jdcicrm, Thoms. and
P'kilydriis minittiis, F. a few of each species. Uenicocerus ej-sidptus,
Germ., was found clinging to stones just above the water level, in fair
numbers. — H. Britten, Prospect House, Salkeld Dykes, Penrith. —
October 10th, 1902.

CoLEOPTERA LN THE IsLE OF WiGHT. — I Spent a holiday in the
Isle of Wight in May, 1899. The weather was uncongenial, and
entomological work was consequently generally unsatisfactory. Every-
thing seemed late and scarce, and the following captures were the
result of three weeks' hard collecting : — XutinphUns siib.striatiis, at
Sandown, where also occurred Leistnn ferrui/ineus and fj. rtij'escens ;
L)ij>iclunHs salinus, at Bembridge, and D. aeneiis, at Luccombe Chine ;
Baduter sodalis and IJ. bipiistidatus occurred at Sandown, and ('Idaenins
vestittis in refuse on the sea-shore at the same place; Aciijudpns fJari-
collis (Alverstone), A. meridiunalis (Sandown) ; at Culver Clifi', IJarpalns
rotimdicullis and H. ritbripes were taken in plenty by cutting and
shaking grass tufts ; H. azureus was taken in numbers under stones in

338 THE entomologist's record.

a ploughed field uear Ventnor, together with H. rupicola ; at Ventnor,
two specimens of H. tenebrosus were captured, and also one specimen
of H. cuprcHs, $ , at Bembridge ; iJicherotnchus obsolettis was very
plentiful on the marshes at Bembridge, all the specimens being im-
mature ; three specimens of Anuodactylus poecehndes were taken at the
same place ; Pterustlchus minor occurred sparingly in a bog at Alver-
stone ; Ainara apricaria, A. connKlaris, A. lanicollu, and A. communis
were all taken at Sandown, whilst A. nrata was bottled at Ventnor ;
A. courexiuscula rarely at Bembridge ; one specimen only of Calathus
piceus was found under a stone at Alverstone, and Amhnntruus oblnwjuK
was plentiful at the same place ; at Bembridge, on a patch of moist
ground, Tachi/s scatcUaris occurred in thousands, and these little
beetles were so active that it was no easy matter to capture them, one
specimen only of Ta<hi/x bif<triatiis was taken in company with them ;
Bcmbidium striatiun occurred on walls, and B. manncrheiini, B. 4-
ijultatum and B. naxatilc, with its light aberration, at Sandown ; B.
minimum, E. cphippium, Poi/onua chalceus (in great numbers) and P.
luridipenniH were turned out of coarse grass, which grows plentifully
near the coast at Bembridge ; Droviius linearis, D. melanocephalns, D.
rcctensis and Blechrus mannis were taken out of grass-tufts at Culver,
and Brachiniis crrjiitaus was taken in numbers under stones in the
same field as Harpalus aziueiis at Ventnor; a visit to some ponds near
Sandown produced Halipliis jiacicollis, 11. rujicollis, Noterus sporsus,
Hydraratii.^i cbuwalis, A)iacae)ia ;/ltibidiis and Limnebiua jiapposus ; at
Bembridge Pliil/n/drus iiiaritiiiius wa^s taken in numbers out of brackish
water near the shore, together with Hiiopluirus intrrmcdins, (klitlicbiiis
marijipallcn^, (>. iiiariniis, 0. bicolor, O. aeratiis and O. pioictotii'i. Of
the Brachelytra a large number of species occurred, amongst which
may be mentioned ALeoc/iara r/risea, A. ahjarum, A. obscure.Lla, under
seaweed at Bembridge, etc. ; llyobates nii/ricoUis from boggy places at
Alverstone, and a nice series ot Myrmedonia Limbata was secured at
Culver ; Alianta plumbea, Homaluta halobrect/ia, Xenusa iivida, X.
sulcata and IHiilossa viersa all occurred singly at Bembridge, whilst
Phi/tosiis spinifcr, /'. baltictis and Heterotliops binutata were much more
plentiful at the same place; Oliyota atimuiria '? and (). puncttdato under
bark at Newchurch ; Mijcctoporu.ssjdcndens, Lnstotrojdius murinus, hoih
singly at Sandown ; I'/riiont/nin luceiis, Stiiiciis rufipcs, Stenus atcr,
S. os.iiiim, S. acrosus, S. binotatiiA and S. siiiiilis were all taken in bogs
at Alverstone, and at Bembridge the following Staphs were found :
Pliilontlius fnmarius, Cofiiis fucicola, 0. sericens, Ot/iius laeriuftculus,
Sco)>aeus salcicQilis, Mcdon rupicola and Blcdius spectabilis ; at Culver
Medon propinqus, iSimiiis ouyustatus and PlatijAtctJcus nitens occa-
sionally turned up, whilst Pacderiis littoralis was found very commonly ;
at Luccombe Chine, Blcdius bicornis and B. atricapillus were taken in
numbers. This brings the list of captures to the end of the Brache-
lytra, and I hope to complete my list in a future number of the Record.

H. WiLLOUGHBY ElLIS, F.E.S.

Tkopiberes (Enedrentp:s) hilakis, Fahks.,in a London warehouse.
— Although almost certainly an importation, it is perhaps worth Avhile
to record the capture of the above at a wholesale druggist's in the
City Boad. Only a single specimen was taken alive, and in good con-
dition. Bedel states {Fanne Basdn de la Seine, vi., 16) that it is found
at the roots of broom (Sarofliflinvus) in June and -Tuly, and it appears

COLEOPTERA. 339

to be widely spread in France, although very rare. Reitter gives
{Cat., 1891) no other European Iccality. It is a significant fact that
some broom tops had been recently purchased^ but from whence I have
not been able to ascertain. — E. A. Newbery, 12, Churchill Road, N.W.
Octuber Slst, 1902.

CoLEOPTERA IN Barron Wood, CUMBERLAND. — The past summcr
has been one of the coldest and most sunless I remember, and coleop-
tera have been correspondingly scarce. It was not until Jane was in
its third week that here in the north Ave had a touch of real summer
warmth, and then it was of the most transient nature. On the 24th
of this month after two previous but futile attempts, I managed to
reach Barron Wood in the Eden Valley, perhaps the last remaining
fragment of the ancient forest of Inglewood, which, in former times,
extended from Penrith to Carlisle. This Barron Wood was a favourite
hunting-ground with the entomologists of Carlisle of 50 and more
years ago. T. C. Heysham, a valued correspondent of Stephens, found
some of his rarest insects there, and the locality gave J. B. Hodgkinson
many fine micro-lepidoptera. It was there also that the Geometrid,
Eubolia viacniata, now relegated to the list of British "casuals," was
taken. I met my friend, Mr. Britten, by appointment at Lazonby and
soon after we were hard at work in the wood beating the mountain-
ash trees for lihunchites cnpreus, L. We had met with this weevil a
year ago on the same ground, but only sparingly, as we were probably
too late for it then, or rather the season of 1901 was a more forward
one than the present. This year, however, we had just hit the right
time, and it did not take long to give us as many as we wanted. In
the hot sunshine it is an excitable insect and soon flies off the beating-
sheet. We met with many other species by beating other trees as
well as mountain-ash, perhaps the finest being a lovely specimen of
Saperda scalarh, L., the only longicorn we saw except Bhaniuni
bifaaciatum , F., and Grainnioptcra ritjicornis, F. We took some rather
interesting skipjacks, of which Corynibites impressus, F., was the best
but was not numerous enough to satisfy us. C. querciis, Gyll., was
common enough with one or two var. ochropteras, Steph., C.cupreus var.
aenufinosus, ¥., was taken on the wing, and a single boater balteatus.
L., came from oak. Sericosonnis hrunnens, L., both males and females
turned up in fair numbers, mostly on hawthorn. A skipjack we
specially wanted was Atlions i-ittatns, F., biit we only managed to pick
one or two each from the hosts of A. Iiaetnorr/umlolis, F., which wei'e
always dropping on to the sheet. Dolopius mariiinatus, L., was very
abundant and variable. Telcphoridae were numerous, the best being
Podabi'us alpiniis, Payk., Telcphorua hacmorrhtiidalis, F., and Malthodcs
atumus, Thorns. Some old larches produced Dnjophihis piisilluft, Gyll.,
both sexes in plenty. Polydrnsus micans, F., and P. undatus, F., were
both common on birch, the former being in fine condition. A single
Magdalia annvjera, Fourc, also came from oak, a single Attelabuf
curculionoidea, L. Some hawthorns gave us a series of Lochniata
cratacgi, Forst. Rain unfortunately came on in the afternoon and put
a stop to beating and made sweeping unpleasant, so we went down to
the river to see if there was anything to be had. On the sandy
margins, Bembidimn j)aliid()t>u>n, Panz., was al)undant, with others of
the genus. L>. bipuiutatnin, L., which we found here last year, did
not turn up on this occasion. Under dead branches lying on the sand

340 THR E\TOAIOI.OrHST's RRCORD.

we found a nice lot of Aerjialia sabideti, Payk., a welcome capture, and
Melasoma aeneinn, L., was to be picked off in plenty from the under-
sides of the leaves of the dripping alders, — Frank H. Day, 17,
Thirlemere Street, Carlisle. Octohrr 2lst, 1902.

Chrysomfxa banksi, F., in North Kent. — It may be of interest to
London coleopterists to know that this handsome Chri/souida is still to
be met with in the neitihbourhood of the metropolis, notwithstanding
the encroachments of that fiend in entomological eyes, the suburban
builder ! The sight of a fine series recently taken by my friend, Mr.
F. W. Terry, and his kind directions as to finding the habitat, in con-
junction with the " aching void " above the specific label in my col-
lection, were quite sufficient inducements to me to journey to the
locality next day, when I had the pleasure of boxing upwards of a
dozen specimens, several more being seen but not taken. The species
here lives upon Ballota ni(jra (Mr. Terry informs me that he takes it
in Cornwall on bracken), growing on the grassy bank of a lane, but
although several were perched on the tallest flower-heads of their food-
plant, they were not so conspicuous as from their size and colour might
be supposed. I may remark, however, that these Kentish specimens
seem to me to run smaller than others I have seen from Ireland and
the west of England, Several localities in North Kent are given for
C. bankd by Fowler, but most of these are now probably destroyed.
The only other species of any interest met with on the same day were
a specimen of (J. lamina and the little Lonnitaisns balhitac, Marsh.,
which was common on the Ballota. — F. B, Jennings. F.E.S., 152,
Silver Street, Upper Edmonton, N. October, 1902.

Discharge by Anchomenus .junceus. — A few days ago I pillboxed
five specimens of Anchnuieniis jioicfHs when collecting in Whitley
Wood in the New Forest. On returning home I noticed such a curious
occurrence in respect to one of them, that it seems worth recording.
On turning one of them out of the pillbox, and touching it with a piece
of cardboard dipped in chloroform to quiet it, it immediately sent out,
from both sides of its abdomen, jets of dense white vapour, on touching
it a second time it repeated this. The vapour was very dense, and did
not condense for some time. On returning it to the box and opening
the box shortly after, I found the box full of white vapour, so it must
have let ofi' the steam a third time. I know that the bombardier
beetle does something of this sort on a small scale, also I know a South
American beetle that does this, and that the vapour leaves a mark like
caustic on the fingers, but this is the first decided instance of the sort
I have met with in England. — B. Piffard, Ivy Cottage, Brocken-
hurst, Hants. November 25ih, 1902.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

The abdominal male tuft of Xylophasia monoglypha (polyodon). —
I find on the male of Xi/lophasia inonoiiljipha {pohjndon) a deep groove
opening to the exterior on the 3rd and 4th segments of the abdomen.
The groove is prolonged anteriorly in a cul-de-sac, which is contained
within the 2nd segment and reaches nearly to the front of the ablomen.
It has a chitinous lining, continuous at the margin of the groove with
the general investment of the body. From the bottom of the cul-de-sac
there arises a tuft of long silky hairs which extend back to the

VARIATION. B41

posterior end of the groove, and the tuft is there bent round, being
somewhat larger than the groove. The sides of the groove are also
rather ^thickly covered with short hairs. The organ is, of course,
paired, and is not present in the female. I find what is apparently a
very simple form of the organ on the 3rd segment of the abdomen of
Porthexia ftiiniliii ( aurifina}, $, but there is no trace of it in Triaeiia
(Acronijcta) triilem, ^ . [A similar structure is described in Xiilopliaaia
rurea {Brit. Xnct., iii., p. xiv).] I shall be greatly obliged if anyone
can supply me with references to papers whish describe this structure
and discuss its function. — J. F. Lister, St. John's College, Cambridge.
October 22ml, 1902.

Partial double-broodedness of lepidoptera.— Dianthcecia cucu-
BALi. — Four newly-hatched larvae found in seed-capsules of Silme
injiata at Caxfcon, Jane 13th, 1899, fed up rapidly ; moths emerged
August, 1899 (two), June, 1900 (two). Cymatophora octogesima. — Ova
from Boxworth, Cambs, on June 10th, 1901, hatched June 23rd,
sleeved out on aspen with flower-pot attached to end of sleeve ; pot
brought indoors October 7th, two C. ortnf/fsima had already emerged and
were dead and dry, remainder emerged in due course this year. Macaria
NOTATA. — In 1901, larvae from Market Drayton sleeved out on birch with
pot attached to sleeve ; pot brought indoors October 7th, one imago had
emerged and was also dead and dry ; none emerged this year. — (Rev.)
C. D. Ash, M.A., Skipwith Vicarage, Selby. November 11th, 1902.

Retarded emergence of lepidoptera. — The pupfe have all been
kept under similar conditions, viz., in a fireless unfurnished room with
window facing due east, and constantly open daring day. Two
winters in pupa : — 10 Ihymonia chaonia — none emerged first year ;
14 Notodonta trepida — 8 emerged first year, 4 second year ; 20 Lophop-
teryx cuculla—1 emerged first year, 5 second year ; Notodonta dronu-
dariiis ; 8 Cymatophora diiplaris — 6 first year, 2 second year ; Acronicta
leporina ; Cucidlia ai^te.ris ; Anticlea rubidata — 4 out of batch of 15 ;
Venilia maculata — the whole of a batch of 14 ; Abraxas Rylrata — 2 out
of 6 ; EniDielesia anifasriata ; Eiipithecia rrnomta — Shetland ; E.
isoyranimaria — 8 out of 30; Chesias ritfata — about half the batch.
Three winters in pupa: — Eiipithecia veiwsata — Isle of Man ; Ayrophila
trahealis — Breck district. Four winters in pupa : — Aifvophila trabealia —
Breck district. Five winters in pupa: — A. trabealis — Breck district.
I have also had Papilio wachaon two winters, and Lachneia lanestrix
three winters in pupa many years ago, but have no records. —
Ibid.

'W' A R I A T I 0 N .

Plebeius ^gon ab. unipuncta, n.ab. — For the rare form of fHebcim^
aecion with a basal spot to the underside of the forewings (perhaps
unique, since I cannot find any notice of its having been recorded
before, nor is any mention made of it by Messrs. Tutt, Barrett, New-
man, or Lang, in their books on P.ritish and European butterflies), I
propose the above varietal name of ab. unipuncta. The specimen
happens to be a ? of the ab. (et var.) Corsica form, and was taken by
myself at Witherslack, in July, 1901 . In addition to tiie already
mentioned variation, the black spots on all the four wings are large
and well-developed, including the metallic ones on the hindwings. The

B42 THE entomologist's reoord.

form with the one basal spot is found in Polyommatm coryhn, P.
bdlarfiiift, and P. icanis (ab. iphis), but I bad never come across, or
heard of its occurring in either Puli/oiiiinatiis astrarclie or Pleheim ae(jnn
until I captured the above specimen. — H. Mousley, F.E.S., Burnfoot,
Buxton.

Aberration of Argynnis aglaia. — On July 21st, 1897, I took a very
fine ? aberration of Ar/iyiwis aijlaia, in which the anterior wings are
black, shot with dark green, a row of fulvous spots on disc, sub-
marginal spots very faint, posterior wings normal. What is the
scientific name of tbis form? None of my books define it ! — F. B.
Newnham, 1\I.A., Church Stretton. October 27t/i, 1902.

Aberration of Brenthis euphrosyne. — Early in June, 1901,1 caught
here a strange aberration of what, from the colour, I take to be Brenthis
eitphroxj/ne, in which the posterior wings are almost black above,
as in var. Jinijal, but the base of these same wings beneath are light
yellow, hind margins orange-red ; marginal silver spots reach almost
the centre of wings. It is very much Hke the aberration of B. selene
given in Newman. I should very much like to know its name ! — Ibid.

Ltjperina testacea ab. unca at Buckerell. — The season hitherto
has been very unproductive in my immediate neighbourhood, as it
seems to have been elsewhere. I sugared for Caljiuinia pj/ralina five
or six times in July in the orchard in which I usually take it, and not
a single moth of any description was attracted. The light trap, too,
was lighted, and was barren in the morning, although a few common
insects have come occasionally to light in the bed-rooms. One of these
was a dark Luperina testacea ab. tinea. I have taken the insect abun-
dantly in Devon and Cornwall, but never, hitherto, this form, they
have always been the light putty-coloured or ochreous-brown forms.
Does this aberration commonly occur in the south '? I know it is taken
freely in the north. — W. S. Kiding. M.D., Buckerell. Sej)teinber ''23rd,
1902.

Variation of Nemeophila plantaginis. — On June 11th, while
visiting in the neighbourhood of Helvellyn, I came across a number
of nearly fuUfed larvas of ^V. plantaifinh, and took between 40 and 50.
I fed them up on dock, Galium, and other low plants. They spun up
from June 15th-30th, and commenced emerging on June 3rd. From
the 3rd to 8th 20 came out, all being females ; one male on the 7th,
and four more on the 9th came next, thence to the 17th the sexes
appeared in equal numbers. Taken altogether there would be fully two-
thirds females. The males varied very little, one dwarf specimen being
the only aberration noticed. The females, on the other hand, varied
considerably ; they were mostly rather dark on the upper wings, and
the markings also varied in arrangement, while the lower wings ranged
from light yellow through orange to a rather deep red : three t^pecimens
were of the last form. Most of the bodies were of a bright red, a few
inclined to orange, while three specimens bad light yellow markings
on their bodies. — \V. G. Clutten. 124, Coal Clough Lane, Burnley.
November 2'[ St. 1202.

:iiiOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARYiE, &c.

Observations on the earlier life-history of Trochilium crab-
RONiFORMis. — A female of Trochilium crabronifurmiif was observed ovi-

I.IKK-HISTOKIKS. ;^45?

positing on August 4th, UiO'Z, at Pettti \\ ood, near Uickley, Kent, on
sallow (SaKv capven). Oriiiii: About Inmi. in length by 5mm. broad,
and the same high, of a dull mahogany -brown colour, (juitt' siuooth,
slightly depressed in the middle, inside of a brilliant metallic sheen,
deposited in batches of two or three on midiib of leaves, and also in
batches of from three to fifteen on the bark of suuiU twigs ; the egg,
state lasted fifteen days. Lana : Emerged from ovum August 19th,
leaving a minute circular aperture at one end, the portion of the ovum
cut away for the purpose of egress being retained as a " door." LarvjB
in first instar are dirty-white in coloui', the head black, and the pro-
thorax with a chitinous plate of the same colour ; the young larva?
eat a small quantity of the leaf, leaving the fibres, and then, after
feeding externally for about twelve to thirteen days, they descend the
nndrib till they arrive at the junction of the leaf with the stem, and,
at this corner, they mine then- way into the stem ; they advance down
the stem, entering the main branch at the axil of the leaf, causing it
to drop off, and leave a quantity of frass at the entrance point ; they
moult at the time that entrance is being effected, and are then nearly
white, with the head and prothorax approaching brown in colour.
The larv* in their first instar have a quantity of hair on them, but
are practically naked in the second instar, i.e., after the first change.
One individual was observed to be feeding between the outer bark and
the wood of the twig. Parasite: It was observed that the eggs
deposited on the twigs produced a minute hymenopterous parasitic fly
with transparent wings and black body ; length from wing tip to wing
tip l-.jmm. — Mekvyx G. Pax,meh, 24, Frindsbury Road, Strood, Kent.
Septeiiiber 'SOtJt, 1902. [We should like to know definitely what Mr.
Palmer means by "a quantity of hair on them." What is the
character and arrangement of the hair? The 1st instar would appear
to be in this species more specialised than the 2nd instar. It is a
matter worthy of further consideration. — Kd.]

Rko vakiety of the larva of Sphinx LmusTKi. — In lUickler's
lAirrae llrit. Butts, and Mollis, ii., pi. xxii., fig. 2, is the picture of a
most unusual aberration of the larva of Sphin.r lifjnstri. From the
letterpress {loc. cit., p. 110) one learns that the larva was found in the
grounds of Colchester workhouse on privet by Laver, on September Gth,
1882. I had never seen this form ali\e, and it was, therefore,
with pleasure that I received, on October 22nd, two larv.e closely
resembling this form from Mr. Head, of Scarborough, who writes : —
" Most of my larvte of S. lif/ustri were more or less of this colour this
autumn, and I believe the very cold weather is the cause of it. I have
often had a few dark specimens when the larvae have been late in feeding
up." One of the larv* was already moribund, the other of a tine rather
deeper dorsally than that of Buckler's figure, the upper part of the
oblique lines pink instead of slaty, the spiracles yellow instead of
green, and the sides in front of the lower portion of the oblique lines
and the area below the subspiracular flange black, the caudal horn very
shiny black, the anal flap also black, the [)rothoracic plate and he;id
blackish without the green markings shown in Buckler's figure ; there
is no green mark behind the CiUidal horn, and the prolegs and ventti'
are of a deep purple-black, except that the pale mark on the outside of
the prolegs is fairly distinguishable. — 1. W. Tutt. October 2otlt, 1902.

3i4 THE entomologist's record.

Jg^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Lepidoptera at York. — The most remarkable feature of the present
season seems to have been the extraordinarily late time of appearance of
a great number of summer species, June and July insects having been
on the wing in numbers as late as August and September. Epinephcle
ianira was flying along the hedgerows at the beginning of this week,
so, too, was Forthema sum'lii^ {avriflna). 1 found a larva of the latter
species a fortnight ago liuilding its cocoon on the bark of a tree.
Acronicta leporina was on the sugar on August 28th, whilst a $
Cymatopltom diijdaris was even later, September 5th. Sugar proved
attractive for a few nights only in July. On the 5th, at Askham Bog,
X>/l(ipliasia hepatira , X.s}ihlii!itns,Thi/atira bath, Hadena dismiiili>i[suasa),
H. dinitinu, Fliisia festucae, and Lcucania impudena {pitdorino) were in
fair numbers, whilst Noctita festiva and (iramviesia tri<ira)niinca ap-
peared in greater numbers. Sugared thistle-heads seemed especially
attractive to Nortva mbi, which swarmed. The 19th was another good
collecting night, sugar accounting for many of the species above, but
was particularly notable for large numbers of Noctua oiKjnr and N.
f estiva, which almost monopolised the sugar patches, one yellow
aberration of N. rnbi, 3 , was boxed, but it was badly chipped and of
no cabinet value. Is luijiistciia hcjiarata a double- brooded species in
the south of England ? At Bishop Wood, near York, I find it usually
at the end of May and early June, but, during a visit to West Malvern,
I took a female in excellent condition on August 1st, which would be
surprisingly late, even for a Yorkshire specimen, to be on the wing.
Perhaps it is double-brooded in Worcestershire. — S. Walker, York.
September 15th, 1902.

Lepidoptera in Essex. — Here, as elsewhere, owing to the long
continued spell of cold wet weather the season has been a poor one,
nothing, or next to nothing, at sugar. Endotriclia jlamnwalU has, I
think, been the commonest moth of the year. I'orthesia chrj/sorrhoea
is now so firmly established here that it beat /'. sviiilh [aurijlua) in
point of numbers. I have just heard that several larva? of the rare
knothorn, NcjJm/itcri/x rhenclla, have been taken within the last day or
so near here. 1 bred the species two years ago from poplar, obtained
at Eastwood, but I think I must have brought the larvje in with
the foodplaut, as I can remember nothing about them. — F. G.
Whittle, 8, Marine Avenue, Southend. September 24.th, 1902.

Lepidoptera in the Skipwith and Brighton districts. — The
season has kept up its character here all through, with the exception
of three weeks from the middle of July, when I was away from home,
and about which I cannot speak from experience. There was a sharp frost
on July 24th, which killed the young bracken and a good deal of the
Fried on the common, and also, I fancy, killed the wasps and flies, for
I have not seen a single worker wasp this year, and flies have been
(juite scarce ; generally they are almost unbearable. Sugar, 1 have
not tried very often, but, when it has been put on, the result has been
practically nil. Light has been much less productive than usual, the
number of species being fewer, and no species except Liiperina testacea
at all plentiful. Everything has been irregular as to date. Acidalia
Ktrayniiutta, which is generally out from the last week in June till about
July 10th, had not put in an appearance at all by July 11th, though I

KOTKS OX Cotil-PXTINCi. 345

worked for it on every possible evening. On July 14th 1 went to
l^ri^hton, and, with the exception of three days — 25th-28th — was in
that neighbourhood till August 0th, and did some collecting at Lewes,
and near Chichester. At Lewes, Acidalia nit^tiruta was in good condition
on July 16th, and Knbolia bipimctata was just coming out, but the only
really common species was Sphadoptcra icti'Hcmw, which swarmed on
the downs both there and at Brighton. Polyonimatus conploii was
scarce both at Lewes and on the downs near Chichester, on August 2nd,
at which date E. hipunctata was out in great numbers, and in line condi-
tion, whilst, in the woods, Dryas paphia and Linienitis dhylla were both in
evidence, and both hne. Neither Polyuimiialus bcUan/iis, second brood,
nor /-'. ieanis, had appeared by August 6th, but the latter is now, Sep-
tember 27th, to be seen here quite fresh, and worn Kpinephele ianiru
and ('oenonyinplia paiiiphilits are still to be seen. After my return, on
August 7th, I found Amjiliim iieininiiana out on the common here. I
have not seen this species since July, 1895, when it swarmed. This
year it has been very local indeed, occurring only on one small bit of
ground and not plentifully even there. I took a fine Pharetia innnjan-
t/iidis on x\ugust 15th. Another disappointment has been Af/rotia
Of/athiua. The larvae were not plentiful in the spring, but J ascribed
this in great measure to the cold nights, the imagines, however, have
been very scarce. The first specimen appeared on August 26th, and 1
worked for it on every possible night till September 5th, when the
weather put a stop to collecting, and I did not get another chance.
Altogether the result of eight nights' work was seven specimens, most
of them smaller than usual, and possibly two more (seen but not
taken). Lijcnpliotia strvpila was still out, and many specimens were
quite fresh, Kiipithccia wimdata also being on the wing in plenty, but
worn. Fortheda siiiiilis was m good condition at the end of August.
Larvie of some species have been fairly plentiful the last few days —
Anarta iiiyrtiUi and Enpitluu-ia nanata on the heaths, about half-grown ;
/'/'. minntatu still very small, and, on birch, Notodovta (Inmii'darius and
Prepana jakataria in fair numbers. I'lusia ijaiiuiui is the only moth
at all in evidence just now in any quantity. On September 17th,
while larva-collecting on the common, 1 noticed a moth hovering over
rough grass at the edge of a marshy place about 3 p.m., which proved
to be a 2 Luperina ci'sjiitis. Is this the usual habit of the species ? —
(Kev.) C. D. Ash, M.A., Skipwith Vicarage, Selby. Scptcnibrr 21th,
1902.

Extended Pupal Stage of Agkophila trabealis. — Perhaps the
most interesting experience that has come my way this yeai' has been
the emergence on September 3rd of a fine J A. trabealis, from a batch
of pupte sent me by Mr. Norgate in 1897. Of these pup;e (twenty in
number) the first emerged in August, 1900, the second in August,
1901, and the third this year as just mentioned. I am keeping the
rest of the pupte to see whether any more will [)roduce moths next
year. — Iuid.

Emergence period of Eupistekia heparata. — Eeferring to Mr.
Walker's query on Pupisteria heparata (antea, p. 344), I should say that
K. heparata is not double-brooded, in the south of England, but that
its emergence is extended over a very long period. My diaries show
captures from May 24th to August 16th without a break of a fortnight.
I think the following also goes a long way to prove there is but one

o4(i THE KNTOMOTiOOTSx's RRCOftn,

brood. On September 25th, 1890, larvae were beaten, from the pupas
of which the first moth was bred on August 4th, 1891, on which day six
imagines and several larvas were captured in the same wood as the
1890 larvae were collected. — B. A. Bower, F.E.S., Chislehurst.
October 20tli, 1902.

Lepidoptera in Hants. — I am afraid I must add my complaints of
the badness of the season, though for the past three weeks things have
been decidedly better, and sugar is worth putting on, though all June,
July, August, and the beginning of September 1 do not think I set 50
moths taken by this meany, although 1 have worked every favourable
night both here and in the Forest. K}nmda iiit/ra, Canuhina ambigua,
Orthoda iii acilc iita a>nd Peridroma ypsiliui, are coming now more or less
freely, and I have had the luck to take four Leucania albipuncta (two
wa.sted), and one Orrhodia eri/thrucephala, a beautiful specimen, on
September 14th. I kept both of the worn L. albipuncta alive for eggs,
and have been rewarded with a few. Can anyone kindly give me hints
as to rearing ? I bred a good many of the dark aberrations of Nonagria
gemutipuiicta, though about 25 per cent, of the pupte were ichueumoned.
Light has been of no use at all here, though a friend of mine took Senta
iiiaiitima (nlvae) at his moth-trap. Larva-beating has been most dis-
heartening ; the numbers as about one is to one hundred, compared
with last year. — (Majoe) R. B. Robertson, Boscombe. (h-toher 11th,
1902.

Labidura RiPARiA IN Hants. — As lepidoptera have been so scarce I
have been working for Labiduya riparia, and have taken a few. It is
a tine fellow when alive, but unfortunately shrinks during the process
of drying. — Ibid.

Lepidoptera at Market Drayton and in the New Forest.—
Everyone grumbles at the now nearly-past season. I still hold to my
opinion that, on the whole, about here at any rate, the failure has not
lain altogether in scarcity of insects. During August, sugar was of
very little use, and after the 20th an utter failure, yet, when riding
home, I saw numbers of moths come into view in the rays of the
acetylene lamp. Towards the end of the month and the beginning of
September, when the moon was absent, large numbers of insects of
common sorts came to the big lamp, especially Neiinmia pvpidaris and
Lupcrina lc»tacea, and among the former a J . L. cespltis also showed
up in numbers, but the weather was often so very unpleasant that I
did not care to go out. About the middle of September a $ Drepana
haiiinla came to the lamp, a species hitherto unknown here. It was in
very good condition but I kept it for ova, and it only deposited five.
Larvte were very late. Quite towards the end of September those of
Lophopterijx cantclina, Notodonta druiiiedarias, and LeiucatHpa dictaeoides
were only about half grown, and those of Cymotop/iora duplaiis hardly
so forward. The latter is not to be wondered at as the moths were
fresh which came to sugar in the middle of August. On October 1st
1 went to the iS'ew Forest with a view of getting XijLina aocia. During
Llie first ten days cold north and north-east winds made collecting very
difficult. During the next ten dtiys the temperature rose, and common
things were fairly numerous, especially Xylina urnit/iopiiH. Orthosia
Uiia wns scarce, apparently hardly out, O. inaciienta much more
uuuRiuLis and lu lovely condition. Of A', socia I got, altogether,
fourteen, one on the 10th, five on the 13th, four on the ilth, one on

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 847

the 15th, and three on the 17th. On the 18th, much to ni^ tegret, I
had to return home before, as I think, the emergence of A', socia was
half completed. Six Epnnda nvira also came during the period, but
no E. Intidenta. Citria fiilrai/o were fairly numerous and in good
condition. On the 4th I took a fresh Tiliacea anra(/o on a lamp near
Southampton. These dates are fortunately very unusual, and may it
be long before such a wretched summer occurs again. Still, take it
all through, I have known insects very much scarcer in other seasons,
e.fi., 1892 and 1891. I forgot to mention that beating in the New
Forest produced a very fair number of larvae of Gnophria rnbiicollis
and Boariiiia ruboraria, a few Tephrnsia ej-tersaria, T. comortaria, three
or four Arentia fie.rula, and many Halias prannana larvfe. — F. C.
WooDFORDE, B.A., F.E.S., Market Drayton. October 2(ith, 1902.

Lepidoptera in 1902. — This season I have had little opportunity
for collecting, but have bred, or taken, the following species, which
possibly may not yet have been recorded from the respective localities
mentioned : — Lilhocolletis alnielia {aJnifoIieUa), bred March 19th, from
mines gathered from alder the previous October, at Barnes. Borhhau-
senia (Oecophora) augnstella on oak trunks at Richmond, Surrey. This
species was really numerous on June 26th. Twelve specimens were
counted on a single tree. Among these was also a specimen of Ncpti-
cnla snhbiiuaciilella, looking like a grotesquely small B. anriustella.
The common Gelechia lucidella, which often occurs on the oaks, was
not, however, in evidence. Whitsuntide was spent in the neighbourhood
of Ventnor, Isle of Wight, but the weather was too cold and rough for
collecting. Larva of Coleupliora (in/phipennella were found on rose, of
C. niiiricella on apple, C. viminetella on sallow, C. ocJirea on Helian-
themiim vuhiare, and larvfe of C. albitarsella were given me by Miss
Holman, who had taken them on GlecJwma hederacea, close to the sea.
In a sheltered corner among Scolopendriiuii vuhjare I found a colony of
Teichobia vtrlniellella. The larvae were nearly full grown. The first
imagines appeared June ISth. The first few days of August were
spent in the company of my brother, H. Leonard Sich, at East
Hoathly. The weather was only fair. By beating we took Ar<iijre^thia
goedartdla, A. brockeella, and A. retindla, all sparingly ; one ^emotois
minimellHs and one Euxonthus zoegana. In one lane, Notocelia uddman-
niana and Oecophora oliviella were a nuisance, but Endotricha fJam-
mealis was everywhere, it was really quite difficult to keep it out of the
net. In a damp spot we took a few Gbjpliipten/x thramnella, brushing
them oH Jiinciis and Potentilla comarinii, and one Boiuhycia (Epunda)
riminalis fell into the net off sallow. ^Ei/eria vexpifonin's {cpiipiforniu)
was found at rest on a hazel leaf, and larvae of Hemaris fucifonnis were
not rare on honeysuckle. Rhopalocera could not be called abundant. No
Lycaenid was vi sible. Cramhiis jiiucielliis was noted as well as five commoner
Crambid species. At light, on August 4th, Pionea (Ebulea) ciurcalis,
Hennlia {Pyialia) (ilaiicinalis and Aphoniia soclclla were taken. From
mines collected on sallow, Litlwcollfth ciiiiiiddla was subsequently bred.
At Chiswick, lepidoptera have certainly been rather scarce this season,
but two species, of which I had previously only scanty records, have
curiously occurred almost commonly. On June Gth the beautiful
Tinea doacella was on the wing and Onii.r (jnttea was seen. By the
way is there a second brood of this species ? I have a specimen dated
0/9/99. On July 1st, NepticidntrimacuUila was taken at rest, and, on the

?,49i THF, ENTOMOT.OGTST S RECORD .

10th, GelfcJna rhomheUa occurred on an apple stem. This rather local
species has haunted the district for many years, for the late Samuel
Stevens took it at Hammersmith at least 48 years ago. In the
forenoon of July 12th I found three specimens of ISnrkhanseyiia {Onco-
pJwra) tmitella resting in their odd manner on the leaves of a pear tree.
They stand on the upper surface of the leaf with the head almost
touching the leaf, and the body and wings raised on the long posterior
legs. This is a great contrast to the position assumed by /'. pseudo-
spretella, in fact, the two species scarcely appenr to belong to the same
genus, so very diverse is theii' restmg-habit. On July 28th, Colecphora
laripennella was taken flying in the afternoon, and several prettily
marked larvre of AriMotelia liermannidla off" Clininpnih'inti alhiini, and
pup* of feiiiiofttoma lahnniella off their usual food -plant. On the 29th,
a fresh specimen of the delicate . Eiirria myopinforniiH was noticed on
flowers in the garden. Mouijiha ochraceella came to light about this
time. On August 9th, /ir//;//7'.s^///fl^/'i^>Jrtr<<'Z?« was taken. Though there
are plenty of birches in the neighbourhood, I have never taken this
species here before. LlthocoUetis tristrigella and Coleophora hemero-
biella also occurred on the same day, as well as a larva of C. paripen-
nella and Scf/thris (Ihitalis) rlwnojxtdicMa. I have reason to believe
that this latter occasionally feeds on Chenopodiinn nilraria, I suppose
its olfactory nerves are different from those of man. On August 11th, the
first Brijopliila perla appeared in its oldhaunt, and, on the 15th, Mompha
fuhescens began to appear in the breeding-cage, hiding away in its
usual manner. On August 23rd, a specimen of Li/Diietia rhrchella was
bred from a cocoon spun on an apple-leaf beside the mine. Consider-
ing the way in which bricks and mortar are encroaching on this neigh-
bourhood, records of even very common species made now, may be
useful in the future. — Alfked Sioi, F.E.S., Cornev House, Chiswick.
Octobfr 29/A, 1902.

EUVANESSA ANTIOPA AT WeST WlTTEKlNG, NEAR ClUCHESTER. On

September 30th a specimen of Kvranf!^sa autiopa was seen near the sea
by Mr. Charles Fowler, of this city. He had only a whip in his hand
at the time, to attempt securing it with which he feared would have
uselessly destroyed the insect, and he allowed it to escape. With a
net its capture could have been easily effected. — Joseph Anderson,
Aire Villa, Chichester. October 29th, 1902.

COLIAS EDUSA TN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF ChU'HESTER. One Or tWO

specimens of Colias editaa were seen flying in this neighbourhood
during the first and second weeks of October. — Ibid.

Mimas tili.i^ and Phryxus t.ivornica in Lincoln. — It may be
interesting to record that Mimas tili.ae has occurred, both in the larval
and imaginal stages, on the elms in the street here. I also wish to
report that a friend of mine captured here two I'fin/.nts Ihomira, at
rest on a wash-house window-frame, resting quite close together, on
September 6th. 1890. They were lolled at once, and so, unfortunately,
no attempt was made to get ova. — John F. Musham, Lincoln. October
^hth, 1902.

Late appearance of Lepidoptera. — This has been a remarkable
season for the appearance of Jepidoptera. Only yesterday a lady
brought me a male specimen of Kviour apiriaria in fair condition ; 1
should think this beats all records for late imagines, for I took ibis
species in our woods dui'ing the second and third weeks in July. Tjast

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 849

week I saw half- to thL-ee-quai'ters-fed larva3of species like Lupliopteryx
camelinn and Brepana falciila wandering about the birch-twigs in
search of leaves which have already fallen here. — L. W. Newman,
Bexley, Kent. Noveviher 5th, 1902.

Late appearance of Lepidoptep^. — It may be well, as illustrating
the lateness of the season here, to note that Cahjmnia trapczina, Orthosia
macilenta, and Dichonia aprilina are only just coming out in this
district. I took a LcpUnjranwia scotana on November 1st, they seem
to be very scarce this year. — E. Rogers Bush, 1, Strathmore Street,
Perth. November Gtli, 1902.

Agrotis agathina and Xystophora servella at King's Lynn. —
Sugar and light have been singularly unattractive this year, and I look
upon this season as one of the most unproductive we have experienced
for many years. I worked three nights for AijrotiH (ujatldna, and
captured two specimens, losing two others in the heather (the first
example observed August 27th). My best capture in Micros this
year were three or four Xystophora servcUa ; the cold nights prevented
me getting more.— E. A. Atmore, P.E.S., King's Lynn. September
30th, 1902.

Rearing Pachygastria trifolii. — Hints wanted. — Does Pachy-
gastria trifolii always breed crippled ? A few years ago I got larvas at
Lyndhurst, and about 75% were more or less crippled. This year I
took over 30 larvae and bred two good ones ; though a good many of
the larvae died in this case. What is the experience of others ? Will
those who are more successful give hints as to their mode of procedure?
— S. Brady, 68, Hunterhouse Road, Sheffield. October SOth, 1902.

Collecting in the Cotteswolds in 1902. — Daring the past season
I have not been able to do half I desired in field-work on the Cottes-
wolds, but the few occasions on which I reached our usual " happy
hunting grounds " I found abundance of insect life of one order or
another, while, as regards lepidoptera, a student from Oxford who
worked diligently here for some 20 days in July informed me that he
had taken or observed over 200 species, including Aeiferia ichneumoni-
forniis, one of which I myself found in the snare of one of the largest
of our hill spiders, Aijelena labi/rinthica. Among the remains in this
snare were the conspicuous wings of Anthrocera jiUpotdnlae. I spent
some time in sweeping and searching the herbage in that spot, but no
living specimen of this uncommon clearwing rewarded my efforts,
but I was very pleased with my find in the spider's den, it being the
first I ever saw on our hills. Near the same locality on July 28th,
while searching on all fours, I met with my first example of
Crambus pinellns, L., while, near by, a fresh example of Litliosia com-
plana rested ready for boxing. Anthrocera jilipenchdae this season
appeared on our hills in greater numbers than I ever remember during
more than 30 years' observations. Its parasites accordingly increased,
and the gregarious cocoons of the little Apantelea could be seen in all
directions attached to the tall grass stems, while a few weeks later the
larvae of the larger IchnQUTaon, Memstenns obnoxliis, Gr., could be found
spinning their exceedingly tough cocoons, each singly in the cococm of
its host, where it passes the winter and spring, during whicli it may
be collected by searching for full, hard cocoons of the Burnet moth.
Some winters these are quite scarce, but at the present time it is not
difficult to find several examples in a short stroll across the hills.

350 THE entomologist's record.

Here, too, is the home of Macrot/n/laria nihi, seeminnly oettin,s: scarcer,
as in recent years I have, during the late autumn, seen hut few of its
large and handsome larvfe compared with the quantities of former
seasons. During this year I have placed in my collections a Glouces-
tershire example of the very uncommon (or rathei- i-arely seen in its
perfect state) Ox warble fly. I may note that my Aberdeenshire friend,
Mr. W. Sim, of Gourdas Fyvie, recently sent me a cutting from the
Barijfsltiie Joiintal containing more of his valuable observations on
this increasing pest. — Chas. .1. Watkins, F.E.S., King's Mill House,
Painswick. November Idth, 1902.

Anticlea sIxNUata near Dawlish. — I took a 3 Anticlca siniiata on
July 28th last near Dawlish whilst beating for Mrlanijijo' unawjidata,
etc. The day was dull, with misty rain at times, and insects seemed
very unwilling to answer to the beating-stick, still I secured a fair
number of Mdanippe unanipdata, Acidalia bisctata, A. nciitidata, A.
emartfinnta, and others. We had had a great deal of wet weather
previous to this date, and T had not been collecting in that parti-
cular district for a fortnight, and so I probably thus missed the brood
of A. sinuata, since it is very unlikely that my capture was the only
specimen there. Galium is abundant in the hedgerows of that parti-
cular lane. — Ernest A. Rogers, Kalrel House. r)uckeridge Road,
Teignraouth, Devon. Xoirmhrr 24tli, 1902.

Swarming of Pyra]\iets ataianta. — In reading youi- article on
" Migration, etc.," I find you mention the swarming hal)its of Sotipiif!
hermione. Is it generally known that our coranion Pyirtmci^ atalanta
occasionally acts in precisely the same manner ? I have twice noticed
a swarm of these insects roosting on the branches of an oak-tree. I have
never seen this habit of /'. atalanta mentioned in any book on ento-
mology, and should very much like to know the possible reason for the
habit. — G. T. Lyee, Brookley Road, IJrockenhurst. Xoi-ember 23r</,
1902. [We suspect the habit is not uncommon in some species. It
occurs to us that, on several occasions, at Bourg d'Oisans, in August,
1896, we watched Papilin pndalirina fly up into some ash trees, as the
afternoon sun went oif the lucerne fields in which they fed by da}', to
roost, and frequently observed them leave the trees again about 8 a.m.
We quoted Snti/rus hermioni' as being so well-knoAvn to lepidopterists.
Records of other instances of the habit in other species would be
interesting. Ep.

Collecting in co. kkrry fn .tune, 1902. — The dirge of the lepi-
dopterist in 1902 goes up on all sides. Rare species have been very
rare, usually common ones have been actually scarcer, and some
species have not even appeared at all, where they are regularly to be
found. Many theories and notions have been put forward to account
for the general diminution. Some sa.y it has been such a wet year,
others so cold, others such a broken year, and so on. One sometimes
hears the reason assigned to lack of sunshine. Is not this last the
real factoi- that has so conspicuously failed us this year '? and is it not
want of sunshine that has. far more than anything else, given us such
a wretched season for the lepidoptera ? The meteorological returns
show that, in reality, the year has noi been an abnormally wet one —
not even an average one up to date— in fact the only real difference from
an ordinary year bns been th( want of li'jlit and heat, for which " Old
Sol " is responsible. One knows by expenmeut that pupie kept in the

N'OTKS ON COIXKCTING. 861

dark can be retarded, and late eraerc^ences of butterflies, at least, can
be thus in part accounted for. On June 6th last, Mr. Donisthorpe and
myself started for the extreme southwest of Kerry. At New INlilford
we were joined by Mr. Bouskell, and all three of us were aj^reed that,
although the weather previously had been miserable, thins^s would
improve. After twenty-five hours' journeyinc^ we arrived at our
destination, and although not actually raining there were ample signs
that atmospheric depressions and their consequences were at hand.
The scene of our operations. Rossbeigh, was wild and uncultivated.
We looked out over a very extensive range of sandhills, that almost
stretch across the entire width of Dingle Bay. Away behind us were
steep mountain sides, and in one small corner was a mixed bit of
woodland, with plenty of bilberry and holly. In every meadow the
yellow flag was always present, in some places occupying by far the
greater part of the field. For several days nothing was seen moving
at all save an Kmaturfja atomaria. In fact, we generally returned
home early to thaw ourselves over a great fire ! On the 9th, we
journeyed over Seafin down to Caragh Lake. While the sun shone,
and one was protected from the biting wind, it was very pleasant to
view the clear outline of the hills on the opposite side of the bay, and
E. atomaria showed up in numbers, but nothing else was flying.
Once over the top of the hill and we were again shivering. Ijow
down, near the shore of the lake, a fine yellow ('/iryaoplianus phlaeas
was taken at rest, and on the way back, in the wood mentioned,
Cidaria cort/lata, C. riissata. and Pnipta tciinrata, were disturbed and
netted. Whenever the sun did appear Callopltri/x ruhi was about, and
generally in excellent condition, and occasionally Paran/e mefjaera
attracted attention. Mr. Donisthorpe, in assiduously sweeping for
coleoptera, took two larvfe of Plusia chnjdUx oft" nettle growing in a
declivity on the mountain side near the sea. On the 14th and 17th
Mr. Bouskell found specimens of Tephrona crepim'ularia {bittudnlaria).
The specimen taken on the later date strongly suggests T. histortata,
but, as our authorities declare that T. bistortata does not occur in
Ireland, one acquiesces in calling this particular specimen erepiiscii-
laria. The two coleopterists in turning over stones frequently came
across Xylena mono(jltipha. On the 16th Glencar was visited. On the
summit of Windy Gap, about 1000ft. (the pass across the mountains)
a ? Scoilonia bdijinria was netted. On the bogs around Glencar the
first real good day's collecting was enjoyed. ILipirelia iincnla, Anpil-
atea striffillaria, Kraatria fascia)ta were all plentiful, and the day was
genial. Callop'trys riibi swarmed on the lousewort, one or two very
ordinary Cayiipioiirainma hiUneata, and last, but not least, a fine speci-
men of Coenonympha typ/ion. Having taken N. behjiaria less than an
hour before, it was somewhat of a surprise to take ( '. typlam. The
situation was very difterent, but hardly sufticient, one would consider,
to account for two species, separated by quite three weeks, to be
brought together. The fine weather of the 16th soon gave place to
the old order, and it was difficult to get anything, much less speciali-
ties. On the 21st, on the railway bank, Pyralis octcnnaculata was
secured, and, later in the day, an excursion was made to Kenmare.
While we were travelling (some six hours to cover a direct line distance
of less than thirty miles) the sun shone brilliantly, but, as soon as we
were free lo collect, rain and strong wind put a new complexion on the

352 THE entomologist's record.

possibilities. The following day, however, made amends. A few
miles out on the Glengariff road I selected a likely spot, and soon was
at work with Melitaea anrinia var. praerlara, Cuenonyuiplia ti/phon.
Aspilates strigiUaria, Pln/tometra aenea, and Erastria fasciana. The C.
typhon were a particularly fine lot, just emerging. They are of very
large size and with a very small amount of spotting on the underside.
In the evening, Kupithecia venosata, of a dark form, approaching
that from Shetland, and what was with very little doubt a speci-
men of Diantlinecia raenia, were captured. The latter, how-
aver, got into a " paraffiny " box, and identification was
hardly possible with certainty. The shape of wing, however,
almost certainly fixed the species as D. caesia. The follow-
ing day our headquarters were reached, and, as in the immediate
neighbourhood, insects still seemed very scarce, a walk was made to
Glencar. The same species as before were found plus one worn
M. aarinia var. pvaedaia, and several S and ? Xeiiieop/iila ritasida in
fine condition. On the 28th, a flying visit was made to Killarney and
Tore waterfall. The prizes were not to be found in the short time at
one's disposal. Many insects were, however, on the move, Spllote
nlmata, Pelurf/a comitata, BoavDiia repandata, and Cidaria truncata,
being amongst those secured, and regrets were felt that one could not
linger in this charming spot. Sunday, the 29th, helped very
materially to swell the still meagre total that we had to show. On
the sandhills (which previously had produced nothing) Barathra
albicolon, Aifroth vestitiialis, Heliopiiiia littoralis, and Mdanippc ijaliata
began to show up, but only the last at all commonly. On the way
back to the house, Nndaria imniilmia was found to be swarming, and
an acetylene lamp was lighted to attract any other visitors. EapitJiecia
vid(fcita, E. casthjata, and a very fine curious-looking E. pidcluilata,
with a very narrow central fascia, appeared, and were joined by
Spilnsoiiut vwHthastri, with buff forewings, and 8. luhricipeiki, with the
deepest buff-coloured wings, the only specimen I have at all cor-
responding in colour being one from Bude, Cornwall, also a very
western locality. The total result is certainly disappointing, but not
so hopelessly bad as to stop another visit being made in the near
future.— W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton.
November 18«/i, 1902.

^U RRENT NOTES.

Dr. Chapman, in his paper on "Inflation in Insects," read before
the South London Entomological and Natural History Society, on
November 13th, pointed out that a very large nun:iber of insects
secreted air apparently into the alimentary canal, in order to increase
their bulk and produce tension or pressure, usually in an effete skin to
be ruptured. This appeared to be the case in some species of Orina, to
rupture the egg-shell and in the same beetles to rupture the old skin
at larval moults. It was especially the case in Tipididae a,nd lepidop-
tera to rupture the pupal skin, and, in many lepidoptera, to enable
pressure to be made for bursting open the cocoon. It is probably the
effective agency in forcing fluid into the "frontal vesicle" in Muscidae.
In lepidoptera and tipulids it is effective in increasing the blood
pressure required for expansion of wings, &,c.. very possibly for the

CURRENT NOTES. 858

same purpose in other orders, and the author surmises it will be found
used by all insects when moulting a somewhat hard skin. It is used
by the imagines of 5 Psychids to maintain their bulk and form after
laying their eggs, to enable them to make further necessary muscular
movements which they could not do, if flaccid. Also by <? Psychids
to enable the muscles to be effective in introducing the abdomen into
the sac and ease of the $ . This inflation has no relation to the large
air-spaces and air-sacs and expanded trachea; with which many insects
are provided. The air secreted had not been examined, but was
probably not precisely atmospheric air, but such a mixture of gases as
was dissolved in the circulating fluids.

The Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society is attempting
to improve its entomological library, and the secretaries ask for dona-
tions of excerpts from the Transactions of Scientific Societies, unbound
pamphlets, reprints of papers and magazine articles, Sec. Authors and
entomologists who have any spare papers of this kind are asked to
communicate with Mr. E. J. Burgess Sopp, 104, Liverpool Road,
Birkdale, near Southport.

Mr. F. N. Pierce is busy studying the male genitalia of the Cyma-
tophorids and Noctuids. For the purpose of making microscopic
slides and illustrations for a proposed paper thereon, Mr. Pierce asks
for males of the following species, condition being quite immaterial :
Thijatira batis, Cyniatoj^hora Jiuctnusa, C. ocularis, Brynphila alf/ae,
Synia ittusculosa, Leueama iHtelliiia, L. alhipuncta, L. extranca, L.loyeyi,
L. l-albani, L. straminea, Senta iilvae, (^oenohia tufa, Tapinvstola con-
color, Gortyna ochracea, Xylocatiipa cdiisjiicillari.s, iMpJii/yiiia e.vv/ua,
(^ryntodcs f.rulis, llydrilla paluMrls, Ayfutin a(jatltiua, A. ravida, A.
pyrophila, Trijiliaena sul).'<c(iua, T. interjccta, T. jiitihria, Noctua difra-
pezium, N. depuncta, Paclmobia cdplna, Comnia pyralina, Dianthoccia
irregularis, 1). albitiiacula, Polia niijrocincta, Hadena satura, II. pere-
yrina, Cloantha perspicillaris, Xylina confortiiis, CucuUia ytiaphalii, C.
lychnitis, Heliuthis pdtiyera, H. armigera, Plusia chryson, and P.
bractea. Any material should be sent to " The Elms," Dingle, Liver-
pool.

HerrH. Doleschall, in the Soceetas Kntomologica for November 15th
last (vol. xvii., p. 121), claims Anthrocera (Zygacna) ochsenheiweri for a
valid species, on the ground that he has bred it from larvfe which
differed from those of A. jUipcndulac in their smaller size, smaller spots,
and paler, more greenish-yellow, colour. In the same article he makes
the astounding statement that, in August, 1901, betook a ? A. purpiir-
alis (ttiinos), in cap., with a ^ Syutui/iis plwgca, kept the pair alive, and
obtained ova from which larvte, and, in due course, one $ imago
resulted, which differed in no way from the S of .S'. phegca. One
suspects here an error in the observation of the sexes, the phegca being
$ , and, further, that it had already paired with a $ of its own
species, or the writer may be trusting to memory. Tlie fertilisation of
an Anthrocerid by an Arctiid seems very improbable.

In two particulars, at least, the reports of the Entomological
Society of London are occasionally a decade or two behind date.
Leaving out the obsolete synonymy sometimes used, the mode of
noting the exhibition of aberrations and varieties is exceedingly
misleading. In a report of the meeting of October loth, now before
us, we read: "Mr. E. P. Pickett exhibited a variety of the female

854 THK ENTOMOLOrrlfST's REPORD.

of Argynnis aglaia, varieties of Sat>/rus janira, &c." We suspect
the record should be : " Mr. C. P. Pickett exhibited an aberration
of the female of Jrgi/nnis ar/laia, aberrations of Epinephele jurtina
{janira), &c." Varieties are local races, aberrations are casual
varieties occurring with the typical form. One can understand
the collector who does not know, and does not want to know,
anything about entomology, except how to make a collection,
using haphazard and inaccurate modes of expression, but there is no
reason for our premier society to publish such. We would also ask
what scientific value such a record as the above has if the nature of
the variation of the aberrant A. aulaia and /','. jurtiita (janira) be
not noted.

The casual record of lepidoptera that do not belong to the British
fauna, as being seen or captured in the British Isles by collectors
whose names are not familiar to British lepidopterists and without
any details except the fact of their being seen or captured, has been
far too frequent in our more or less authoritative magazines. Most of
these records are due to want of knowledge, others are due to mistakes
and other causes. Pafnassins apolln at Dover, P. delius in Wales,
Chrysophanus hippothoe, in Sussex, SyrtrhthHn alveiis in East Anglia,
Hyles [Celerio) enpliorhiae at Harwich, and other cases will immediately
occur to our readers. We now read : " Mr. Sloper exhibited a specimen
of Lycaeiia hylas, caught at Dover on the 7th September last."
(Eeport of meeting of Ent. Soc. of London, October 15th, 1902.)
Was there no discussion of this exhibit or were there no lepidopterists
present ? We had not heard previously of the capture before
exhibition, the record does not say who caught the specimen
nor does it give any details of the conditions under Avhich the
specimen was captured, all of which are important from the
scientific standpoint and in the interests of an accurate knowledge
of the distribution of species. One would like to have known,
for scientific purposes, the home of the ? parent of a Dover Itylas,
where she lived and where she died, and where the rest of her family
lived and died, i.e., whether an immigrant or not. We believe the
specimen was accurately named.

Herr Gillmer, contemporaneously with the appearance of vol. iii
of Tutt's BritifiJi Lepidoptera, has worked out {Iiisecten-Bdrse, xix., pp.
223 et seq., July 17th, 11)02) the literary history of Auwrpha pnpnli ab.
treuudae, Bkh. (1793), and has come to the only tenable conclusion,
namely, that Bartel was wrong in renaming the form in question on
account of its collision with the newer trenndae, Fisch. v. Wald. He
adds that Bartel has fallen into a further error in uniting the albinistic
ab. borkJiauseni {trenndae, Bkh.) with a much darker form described
by Herr Caradja, simply because both lack the rust-coloured spot at
the base of the hindwings, for this latter is hardly an aberration
except for Roumania, where A. popnli is nearly always li(iht (jrey in
colour. Herr Gillmer has had a photograph of Koch's specimen of
ab. tremulae prepared, and hopes to publish it shortly.

In the Ent. ]\Io. Man. f^^i' September last, in a note on " Bhizntroiius
acliraeeus confirmed as British," Dr. Sharp writes that he heard from
Cornwall that a ItJiizotroj/iis was flying in the daytime, and knowing
from "continental" experience that this is the habit of li. ochraceiis,
he thought it might be this species, and siu-h turned out to be the case.
We do not see that this beetle requires confirmation as British, though,

CURRENT NOTKS. 855

of course, it is an interesting capture, as Douglas (FJnt. Ma. Mai/.,
vol. XXI., 1885, p. 256) records it as having been taken in abundance
by Mr. Weaver in Nortli Wales flying in the daylight, lie particularly
repeats that, unlike B. sulstitialis, it flies by daylight.

A species of the beautiful longicorn, Saperda scaleris, L., is recorded,
in the Ent. Mo. Maij. for November, as having been captured by Mr. N.
E. Frainpton in Bretby Park, Derbyshire. Canon Fow^ler remarks
that he once took a specimen in Robins Wood, and the late Mr. Blatch
recorded the species from 8hervvood Forest in 1889, and that these are
the only Midland records of the species. Mr. J. Kidson Taylor, however,
recorded it {Ent. Mo. Maij., vol. vi., 18(59, p. 00) from the latter locality
oft" oak, and states that he bred it from pupa? taken at the same time
under oak bark.

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of Loudon held on
November 5th, Dr. Chapman exhibited specimens of Enbia stijgue and
Plebeius anjus {acijoii) from Bejar in West Central Spain, for which the
varietal name of bejarends in each case was proposed. The E. stygne
are very richly coloured, with the red bands well developed and the
ocellated spots numerous and large, and form an exceptionally tine race,
especially as the specimens are nearly half as large again as the
ordinary Swiss form (up to 55mm.). The I', anjiis are, similarly,
much larger than any other race, reaching an expanse of oGium.,
strongly and brightly marked, and suggesting doubts ijs to how far they
are not an approach to P. zep/iynia or bjcidas, and whether these are
truly distinct from P. argas {aegon of the British lists). Curiously an
equally large, but not quite so brightly marked, Erebia was amongst
Mrs. Nicholl's exhibits, taken at Bicos de Europa. The opinion
seemed to be that this was also a form of iV. stygne.

The most remarkable feature of Mrs. Nicholi's Algerian exhibit,
on the same evening, was a line series of Teraeola>sdaira var. iiouna, and of
Ave species of Anthooharids. It was remarked that the Anthucharis belia
and A. belemia seemed to represent very small forms. As a matter of
fact all the six species were of almost exactly the same size, and, even
including the Teracolan, of an exceedingly close general appearance.
No remarks were hazarded as to the probable cause and meaning of
this curious identity, although Mrs. Nicholl, m conversation after-
wards, stated that she especially selected small examples of A. belia in
making her captures, in hopes of getting A. tugis.

We have received the tirst fasciculus from Dr. Otto Schmiedek-
necht of his Ujniscida Ichiwuiuonologica, which title sounds as though
it were written in Latin, as it certainly should have been ; as a matter
of fact, it is, unfortunately, in German. The contents of this, which is
the tirst of the quarterly parts to be obtained of the author at three
marks apiece, at Blankenburg, in Thiiringen, consists of a synopsis of
subfamilies of the Ichneumonidfe, of tribes of the Ichneumonin;i?, of
the genera of the Jujjjn)d, Ichneuinunhii, HUtrodi-oinini, tleroiiurckini,
Gyiodontini (trib. nov.), and of the Aloniyini, which last is quite cor-
rectly here placed and not excluded therefrom, as by M. I'Abbe
Berthonmien m 189G. These tribes should, according to the German
Zoological Society, bear the sutiix " -ides," a termination used by
lepidopterists for superfaunlies, " idi " being uniformly applied
by them as a tribal ending. The last 50 pages are occupied by
the beginning of a tabular conspectus of the 500 palfrarctic
species of the genus Ichiumnon, L., representing of course thai of

•■^56 THE ektomolo(;ist's RECOUI).

Wesmael, though Eupalajinis, (,'liasmias (for which the preoccupied
name ('hasmodrs, is claimed), h'risticiis, and various species of
A))ibli/t(ies, are here included. We shall look forward with interest to
the promised elucidation of the I'liai'iii/fui/lrs, and trust that Dr.
Schmiedeknecht will not, like Berttonmien, overlook Professor
Thomson's invaluahle work on this much nesrlected tribe, the males of
which are, at present, so difficult of discrimination. We feel that the
students of these economically beneficial parasites — the Ichneumonida>,
sensii stricto — will at length have some periodical to look forward to,
which, in view of their scanty numbers, is all they can expect, and thi.s
could hardly be said of Pastor Konow's " Zeitsch. fiir syst. ilyuieii.
and Dip.," the major part of which was occupied by Diptera and the
x^culeata, not to mention the editor's work on saw-flies. A venture
like Dr. Schmiedeknecht's needs nothing but subscribers to ensure
success, and we trust that these will, though far to seek and far
between, suffice to the propagation of his work. — C. M.

Erratum. — Goniodojia limoniella.— In a note of mine published Ent. Bee,
xiii., p. 303, I refeired to the breeding of Goiiuxhmui iiiiru()vttella from plants of
Staticc. This .species seems to have been described as G. limoiticlhi. Mv attention
has recently been called to this oversight bj Mr. Bankes, so I now take the
opportunity of correcting the error. — F. G. Whittle, 3, Marine Avenue, Southend.
October -dO'tli, H)0-2.

Errata. — Page 268, line 41, for '-birch" read ''beech."' Page 271, line Ifi,
or '' Eputuld nigra " read " t'lo^tera pigra."

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIV.

PAGE.

CoLEOPTKEA 75, i)i), lOG; 22-2, 239, 265, 2<)(i, 335

CuERKNT Notes 25, 51, 84. 106, 139, 193, 223, '247, 279. 306

LiFE-HisTOKiEs, Lakv.e, ETC 100, 244, '280, 342

xXoTES ON Coeeectixc. ..'23, 48, 83, 109, 131, 161, 192, 218, '248, '271, '298, 344

Okthopteha . . 243, 269, '295

PRACTICAL Hints : — Field work for .January and February, 27 ; February an({
March, 55 ; March and April, 81 ; April and May, 104 ; May and .June,
137 ; June, 160 ; July, 189 ; August, 221 ; September, '250 ; October, 268.
Scientific Notes and Observations 56, )S0, 111, 1'28, 165, 191, 221, 246, 340

Variation • 56,130,247,270,341

Aberrations ani> Varieties of: — AbraraK [iroHSularia la, S2l ; Aleucis pic-
Uvria, 183; Amorpha popitli, 130, 279; Argynnis aglaia, 311, 341;
Breiithia euphrosyiie, Sil ; B. palex, 142; CaUimorphd domiiutld, "247;
Cctlloplinjx rubi, .59; Cdloaoma inqttintor, 99; Chrysoplianiix durilis, 61 ;
0. phLaeMs, 61, 10() ; (.'ociionninplia urciida, 144; t'. synipliitK, 142;
C axpicUa nu'ijdcc i>h<ihu 103 ; Mpi.ncjihdetitlionus, 271 ; Eugunia polycliloroa,
106; Erebia aethiopf,Vd\ E.erias,l\; Gonepteryxclcopatrn, IIH; Hybernia
lencophafdrid, 103,131; Hyilrioiiieiia furccUd, 308; Lareiitia multhtri-
tKirid, 109; Ld-^iocdiupa (juerrvx, .56, 183, 270; Leptidki siiuipia, o^ ; f.cii-
vdiiid brt'rilinea, 103; Limeniti>i popnll, 282; Ltipcrina testacc((, 'iii'2',
MdiuUicd atropos, 183; Mi'ltiiiargUi galatca, 144; Mclitaea purlheide, 141 ;
Mi'toeciis parddd.viit', 308 ; Noctiia cuxtaned, 103; A", mbl, 171 ; N. aobrina,
106; Nt»)Uddc» i-ylldnis, ,59,332; N. >iciidargii>i,'S2: Pdediticd prufattdfiini,
270; I'lipUio vuicluiuii, lls; I'ierix kreuj)cri, SI ; P. luipt, r^'.i ; Plebehu^
aeijoii, 247, 341; I'oli/diiiiiidhix ,, //(Mvr.jr.s, 247 ; J', dolus, IV.I \ P.cory-
f/(i';/, 119; /'. A///<(.s 119 ; S,ityrits prieiirl, 119; Tdc»i<>c(tiiij>d piiln'ru-
Iriitd, I.S2 ; Pnip)uu'dd fimbria, 271 ; Veiiii^iia ciunbrku, 305. (These do
not include references to the large number of aberrations and varieties
specially nic-Ttionod in the paper. " liist of Specie-^, Variefu's, and Aijuira-

INDEjt. 35*?

tions of Lepidoptera, so far only recorded from the British Islands." All
notices of named aberrations are inserted in the " Special Index " under
their own names.)

Additions to the British List. — BemMdium argentcolcum, Ahr., 223 ; Cera-
toiilnjllug garei, Koths., 280 ; Coccinclla IL-punctata var. con/luens, Donis.,
IK); Colfoplwra vtilripcunis, Zell., 10!); Cuspidia megacephahi ah. nigra,
Shaw, 103 ; Erebui aethiups ab. nigra, Mous., 19, ab. ineqnalis, Mous.,
19, ab. pallida, Mous., 20 ; Leucania brevilinea ab. sineiinea-nigrofas-
ciata, Edl., 103, ab. dnelinea-odiracea, Edl., 103, ab. sinelinea-pallida,
Edl., 103, ab. i<ineiiiiea-rufi''<cfns, Edl., 103, ab. $in.elincasiilfusa, Edl.,
103, ab. typica-nig rofafciata, Edl., 103, ab. typica-pallida, Edl., 103, ab.
typica-rufescena, Edl., 103; Meriania urgentifcra, Meig., 280; Micro-
gaster suff'olcicnds, Morley, 27 ; Noctua rnbi ab. fiava, Walk., 171, ab.
tic// racea. Walk., 172; Fanchlora exolcta, King., 2\)o ; Pleheiita aegoii ah.
unipuncta, Mous., 341; Fsendophlaensivaltlii, H.S., 10!) ; Steniis argentellus,
Thoms., 341 ; Stictocori.s _fiaveola, Bohm., 27, 223; Stglopgga decorata,
Brun., 295; Taeniocumpa pnlverulenta, ab. haggarti, Tutt, 1S2 ; Xantho-
linns cribripennis, Fauv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Eggs of Aglia taii, 237 ; Crambus adipellua, 280 ; Hemitliea strigata, 24(> ;

Orgyia xplendida, 43, 45 ; Blades imperialix, 101 ; Nonagria rannae . . 102

Errata 112, 140, 356

Species, Varieties, Aberrations new to Science : — CeratvphyUus garei.
Roths., 280 ; CocciuelUi ll-punctata var. conjiuens, Donis., 99 ; CiitH)idia
luegacepliula ab. nigra, Shaw, 103 ; Ercbia aethiops ab. nigra, Mous., 19.
ab. inaequaliii, Mous., 19, ab. pallida, Mous., 20; Erebia. xtygne var.
bejarensis, Chapm., 355; Hyxfrirhupaylla, dippiei, Piotha., (Yd ; Leucania
brevilinea ab. xineiinea-vigrofasciat.a, Edl., i03, ab sincHiiea-ochrurea,
Edl., 103, ab. sinelinea-paUida, Edl., 103, ab. sUielinea-rufescens, Edl.,
103, ab. sinelinea-suffusa, 103, ab. typica-nigrofasciata, Edl., 103, ab.
typica-pallida, Edl., 103, ab. typica-rufeticens, Edl., 103; Microgaster
xiijfhlcensis, Morley, 27; Noctua rtibi ab. flaia, Walk., 171, ab. ochracea,
Walk., 172 ; Plcbeius aegon ab. unipuncta, Mous., 341, var. bejarensi.'i,
Chapmn.,355; I'ule.c urxi, Kotiis., (52; Typlilop>:yUa gnnidi.t, 'Roth.s.,i32 ;
Taeniocampa pnlverulenta &h. haggarti, '£\x\.l. . .. .. .. .. 183

Larva of: — Actias luna, 101; Aglia tau, 237, 257; Ampliidaxy.'^ betalaria,
304; Amphidasy.'i .strata riu, 91; Bryophila muruli>i, 220; Dicraiiura
bicuspia, 197; Epuiida- liclienea, 101; Nonagria caniiae, 102; GraelUin
igabellae, 126 ; Hyprrrhiria to, 100 ; LophostethuK dumolivil, 306 ; Mala-
cowma hybr. achaujuani, 10() ; Noctu<i rubi, 172 ; Orgyia xplcndida, 45 ;
Faedisca profundana, 270 ; Farnassius upollo, 215 ; F. deliux, 215 ;
Fhyllocniifti.'! surliagrncUa, 71 ; Flu4a nioneta, 244 ; Sphin.v ligu-Hri (red
variety), 342; Tiiai'! polyxciia, 245; Theretra {Clwerocavipa) porcellus,
165 ; Tiliacea aurago, 165 ; Trochilium crabroniformis, 342.

Keviews and Notices of Books. — Aide-Memoirc du Cecidioloyuc pour Zc.s-
Plantes d'Europe et du Bassin de la Mediterranee, G. Darboux and
C. Houard, 196; A list of the Beetles of Ireland, W. F. Johnson,
M.A., and .3. N. Halbert, 251 ; Beitrag zur Kenntuix de Palaearetischen
Stenopelmatiden, Nicolai Avelung, 247 ; Etudes d^Entomologie, vol. xxi,
C. Oberthiir, I^'.E.S., 140 ; First List of the Orthoptera of New Mexico,
S. H. Scudder and T. D. A. Coekerell, 194 ; Genera Insectoruiu, edited
by r. Wytsman, 84 ; Hixtoire Naturelle et Moeurti de tons lea Fupillons de
Belgique,L. J. Lambillion, 224 ; I used Life (translation), J. H. Fabre,
D.Sc, 46; Island Life, new ed., Alfred Kussel Wallace, 224; ListoJ British
Diplera, new ed., G. H. Verrall, F.E.S., 108; List of Hyuienoptera-
Aculeata observed iu Lancashire and Cheshire, ivith notes on habits of the
genera, by WiUoughby Gardner, 110; Ojjuscula Ichneumonologica, Otto
Schmiedeknecht, 355 ; Froceediugs of the South London Entomological
aud Natural History Society, 1901, 196; Revision of the North American
species of the genus Choreutes, W. D. Kearfott, 223; The butterflies and
moths of Europe, W. F. Kirby, F.E.S., r.)6; The Natural History of the
British^Lepidoptera, vol. iii., J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., 277, 320 ; The Tettigidae
of North America, Joseph Lane Hancock, 230; Tldrty-sccond Annual
lUporl of the Enlo-.iwlvgiral Society of Ontario, 1901 105

HoA

THK ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

I'AliK.

Abnormal proboscis in Monduca

(itro2)os . . . . . . . . rjK

Abraxas groaxitlariata and liow to

rear it, Notes on . . . . . . -I'il

A braxas idmata at SJedmere . . 24'.)
Abundance of — grasshoppers, 31 ;

larvae of Nudaria mundana, IDo ;

Lytta vesicatoria near Dover, 239;

Vemida cambrica . . . . 30-)

Acidalia degentrata at Sandown . . 274
Additions to list of liepidoptera of

Keswick . . . . . . . . 205

/Egeriids taken near Carlisle . . Iii3
.Ujrius roiivolvuli — at Boxworth,

' 193 ; at Wick 276

Af/rotix ugathina at King's Lynn . . 34'.)
Aviphidasys strataria, Breeding of 01
Annnal meeting of Lancashire and

Cherihire Entomological Society 54
Ariosia archipptis, Hybernating

habits of.. I'Jf)

Anthrocera orlisoiliehiicri, A dis-
tinct species . . . . . . 3-53

Anthocharids from Algeria . . 35-5

Anticlea xUiuafa near Dawlisli . . 350
Apliodiiis Joetens and A. fimetarius

(with plate) 283

Apiti dorxata considered in the light

of domestication . . . . . . 12

Aquatic Khyncota and Coleoptera

at Bolton . . . . . . . . 83

Asilid attacking a Biipyetilu . . 72

Autumnal lepidoptera - in Meiio-

neth, 50 ; at Oxton . . . . 23

Autumnal work at Bosconibe . . 23

Barotia xepinvi at Chingford . . 220

Black Larenlia viultutriguria . . 109
Butterflies of Switzerland . . 286

Bultertlv-Hunting in Greece in

1900 ' 29. C4

Byelavvs of the Entomological
Society of London, Proposed
alteration of . . . . . . 309

Callimorplta doiiniiulu ab. ronsica 247
t'umptograiHinafiaviata in Hertford 305
Cerura {Die ran lira) bicu!<pi.'< from

Tilgate 164. 197

Clirgxoiiuia banksii in North Kent 340
Classification of Earwigs, 96 ; the
Gracillariides . . . . . . 191

Clostera hybrids. Emergence of . . 5ti
Cochlidid cocoon. Mode of opening 107
Cockroaches new to Britain . . 295

Cocoons of a Cochlidid moth and
pupa of S)j!itri)pii.f, Similarity
between . . . . . . . . 106

Coleoptera — collected near Newton-
more, 296 ; in Scotland, 222, 241,
265. 297 ; in Surrey, 75 ; in Cum-
berland. 76; on the west coast of
Ireland, 239 ; of Victorian Hist,
of Cumberland, 184 ; in Glamor-
ganshire . . . . . . . . iHfi

PAOE.

Coliaa edusa ab. helice in Hertford 305
Colias cdiif;a. — in neighbourhood of

Chichester, 348 ; at Dorking .. 276
Coliax tieldrcichi. Habits of .. 64

Co/ids- near Cambridge .. .. 21

Coloration of Epinephele lijcaon,

Metallic 118

Colour-change during life in Coptn-

(■i/rl<i histripiuirtnta . . . . 100

Condition of I.arlnifix laui'$tri>i in

pui)al stn.ge . . . . . . 122

Conversazione of lloyal Society.

Exhibits at . . * . . . . )'.t3

Corrections to list of Lepidoptera of

Keswick . . . . . . . . 205

Council of Entomological Society.

Discussion on electing 52 ;

election of 26 ; of London 2] ;

of London at Oxford . . . . 223

Crickets in coal-muies .. .. 136

Cryhalus fagi in Surrey and Sussex 76

Dates of appearance . . . . 304

Deputy-keeper of the Insect Depart-
ment at the Natural History
Museum, Appointment of . . 25

Dermaptera, The new system of the 156
Dihidia cj/iioglonsi a British insect 2(>5
Dimorphism in I'olgoinmatiis hyla-i,

119; in I'oli/ouimatiis corydiDi .. 119
Diptera taken in the AUmrracin
district of Spain . . . . . . 121

Distribution of llenunis fuci/oniih
and Ht'iiiuiistilyiisiVI, 129, 130,

161, 162
Dorciitonin i-hrysoiiirlina in Leices-
tershire . . . . . . . . 267

Dragonflies in Devon . . . . 383

Early emergence of ( oitnuurichf
potdtoriii, 274 ; I'anolis piiii-
pcrdii . . . . . . . . 135

Emergence period of Kiniityteria
lieparuta . . . . . . . . 345

Entire blindness in a Forficulid . . 84
Entomological Club, Meetings of

.52, 108, 193
Entomological .Japan (with photo) 225
Entomologising in Spain (with
map) .. .. 70, 85, 118, 181

Entomology at British Association
meeting . . , . . . . 279

Kpuiephcle litliouii.< aberration . . 271
Epipyrops barberiaiia, etc., para-
sitic on a leaf-hopper .. .. 307

i.jiunda lulidciita in Herts . . 50

Erehiu aithiiipi and its vai'iatii'U. . 18
Krebia stygiif from Spain. Local
race of . . . . . . . . '^^j'^

Kiitriclia qucn-ii'oiui in Surrey .. 274
Kiiraiii'f^xd (iiiliapa near Chichester 348
Exotic Locnstul in England 243, 269
Extended pupal stage of Agropliila
Irabealii^ .. .. .. .. 345

oot

Few weeks' entomolowising in
Spain . . . . 70, 85, 118, 181

Fluctuations of the post-spiracular
tubercle in Noetuid larva3 . . 307

Food-plants of Epundu lichenea . . 101

Forcing Lai'Vfe of EpitDda lichenea 101

Genitalia, Noetuid, Material for

dissection of male, wanted
Geometrides collected in Spain in

1901

Gynandromorphous — Agrotu pitta,

lOG ; Laxiocampa qiterci'ix, 170;

Portlietna dhpar

ly^

112

Habits of — Aegudia rufa, 242 ; Cer-
ceris buprestica, 47 ; Colletes cinii-
cularia, 110 ; F.rrliiu znpntpri,
120 ; Groelhia ixahellae, 120 ;
Org>/ia !>2)lendi(hi, 41 ; Satyriia
prieuri

Hemimerus, Systematic position of

Hippotion celerio in Isle of Man . .

Hiibner's " Tentamen " ..

Hybrid Amorvhu jwpulix Sinerin-
tlius ocellata, 191 ; I\[alacosoiii(i
iieustria x castren.na

Hydrovatus clypealis in the Isle of
Wight

Ili/loicns piiiastri recorded from
Winchester

11<.I

luy

ICG

10(;
IGC,
248

Increase in dark aberrations of

Hiihenna leucophaearin . . . . lOo

Inflation in insects.. .. .. ;io2

Information as to habits of certain

Sphingids wanted . . . . 2SU

Insects of Lymington . . . . 2«7

Is PolyoDUHtitus dolus a form of

P. da)no)i . . . . . . . . 119

Keeping larva; of Phorodcsina
smarugdarin through winter . . 192

Lahidura riparia in Hants

Lariiuis ctirliitea and other Coleop-
tera in Hastings district

Lasiocampa quercus at Abaxia

Lasiocampa querah and L. var.
callunae. Notes on

Lateness of season for Lepidoptera
248, 249, 30.5, 30G. 344, 34G.

Late season for Lepidoptera in
Perthshire

Laying-down of — Antsclniui lerana
in Wales, 304 ; Melaiuirtiid yahi-
thea, 298 ; Papilio niiirhdoii in
Wales

Lemoatmus coiiiplauatiis at Strood
and Chatham

Lepidoptera — at Bozen, 2.S1 ; at
Dover and Folkestone, 275 ; at
Esher in 1902, 274 ; at Lynd-

hurst, 1G4
at Beading

at Marlow, 23, 30G ;
275 ; at beathwaite

34G

2G7
27G

183

348
271

304
2GG

48

p.vfip;.
Lepidoptera in — New Forest in

Jutie, 1902, 272 ; Swiss Alps .. 124
Lepidoptera of — Bosnia and Mon-
tenegro, 141 ; Haute Savoie :
Annecv, Chavoire 22G ; Megeve
(with photo), 253 ; The Brevent,
325; Piedmont — Torre Pellice. . 1G9
Lepidopterological notes . . . . 83

Lepidopterological notes from the

Southend district . . . . 109

LeptotJiorax nylaiideri, Note on . . 130
Leucauia nlbipimcta, etc., in Devon 303
Library of Lancashire and Cheshire

Entomological Society . . . . 353

Life-history of — Agliu tan, 237,
257; Orpyid sjAendida, 41;
Trochilium crtihroniformis 312

List of species, varieties and aber-
rations of lepidoptera so far only
recorded from the British Islands

113, 147, 18G, 202, 259
Locustids of the Transvaal, The. . 139
Lophopteryx carmelita — in south of

Scotland, 1G4 ; in Sutherland . . 274

Luffia rerchaultella at Oxton . . 220

Lnperina dumerili at Dover . . 24

Luperina testacea ab. uiica at

Buckerell 342

Jliddcliing iiKirijiiii'lliis in Scotland 2G7
Male Init oi Xi/lophasia monoylyphn

{poly od on) . . . . . . 340

Mniidui-d ntnipoa in the North Sea 27G
May at the Italian Lakes . . . . 214

Mfhiiiaryia iialaica at Painswick. . 27G
Melanic; Aiitlirnceni pinpiiralis . . 280
Melanic examples of Metoeciis para-

doxim 308

i\Ielanic Taeuioranipa pidverulenta 130
Micro-Lepidoptera of the Walsing-

hara collection to go to the Natural

History Museum . . . . . . 2G

Migration and dispersal of insects ;

Coleoptera, 73; Diptera, 173;

Hymeiioptera and termites, 207,

232 ; Final considerations, 2G2,

292, 315
MiiiKix tUitw at Lincoln . . . . 348

Mode of opening its cocoon by the

pupa of llyhdcanipa dryinopa . . 308
Myrmecophilous fauna of Britain,

14. 27. G7

National collection of Britisli Lepi-
doptera, The 221

New Nearctic fleas . . . . . . 62

Nomenclature of the Orthoptera . . 328

Note on Ilepialus lapuliitu.-; . . . . 27G

Obituary — Ames, (Mrs.) Sarah,
139 ; Le Grice, Colonel F., 109 ;
Pigu, Thomas, M.D., 27 ; Vivian,
H. W., F.E.S 27

360

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

PAGE

Officers and Council of Entomo-
logical Society of London for 1902

Officers and Council of Lancashire
and Cheshire Entomological
Society

Orthoptera in Ashdown Forest

Oviposition of Gortyua ochracea . .

53

54
243
102

Paedtsca pnifniidund. Notes on a

form of ' 270

Pairing between Tephrosia histor-

tata and 7'. frepnsculiiria . . 112

Pairing of f >/'.'/ yirt ,s7)ZfH(/u/a .. 42

Palffiarctic Stenopclinatidae . . 247

Parthenogenetic SolemihUie . . 217

Partial double-broodedness of Lepi-

doptera 340

Partial second brood of Ciipido
iiiiiiiinK, 2o0 ; Dkraniuti t'nrctila,
250 ; Xotodontadroiiuuliirins and
Larentia pectinilnria .. .. 276

Periodic abundance of Lepidoptera 286
Pctasia itubc cnlosa four winters in
pupa . . . . . . . . 135

Photographs of South African
insects, with a common type of
warning coloration . . . . 108

Fliyi/.vuK Uroniicd at Lincoln . . 348
Pleheiiis iieiioii from Spain, Local

race of . . . . . . . . 355

Plasia vwiieta in Middlesex . . 306

Poecilocaiiipa popnli near South-
ampton . . . . . . . . 23

Polygamy in Fidonia conspicuata 128
PolyoDimatus bellarffiis in the
Oxfordshire Chilterns . . . . 51

Position of CalUdapterij.c drijoptera 307
Preservation of eggs of Lepidoptera 56
Preserving rare insects . . . . 193

Prionus coriarius at Esher . . 267

Protective coloration of Chnjaomela
cerealU . . . . . . . . 239

Protective Resemblance and Mimi-
cry in Coleoptera. . .. 54, 185

Protective Resemblance in beetles,
185 ; Lepidoptera . . . . 221

Psychids — at Locarno, 216; in

Essex 248

Pupa of Orfii/ia S2)lc>tdidii . . . . 43

Pupation of Flusiii vioiicta, 244 ;
Tliaia polyxena .. .. .. 245

Quedius cnientus var. virens . . 297
Qiiediiis olditcratus, A query con-
cerning . . . . . . . . 2G6

Query as to Ay rot in oheluca at Deal
(afterwards corrected as being A.
tr'Uici) 280

Rearing — Enuomos fuacantaria,

102 ; Pachygastria trifolii . . 349
Rearrangement of the Eorficularia 140
Records of Lepidoptera as British . . 354
Reported hybridisation of Syntomis

PAGE.

pheyea ?Lni Anthyocera pitrpuralis 353
Reports of Entomological Society

of London, Criticism of . . .. 353

Resting habit of — Hybernia Icuco-

phaearia, 131 ; larvaof -I.f/Ztw (aw 257
Retarded emergence of Lepidoptera

221, 341, 345
Retrospect of — a coleopterist for

1901, 7 ; a dipterist for 1901, 35 ;

a lepidopterist for 1901 . . . . 1

Revision of British species of

Bayous . . . . . . . . 149

Eliizotroynf! oclirareus confirmed as

British

Sale of the Crowley collection

Saperda scalaris in Derbyshire . .

Secondary sexual character in Xy-
lopliasia monoylypha

Segregation of various colonies of
Hcteroyynis paradoxa . .

Sesia stellatarum in April . . 137,

Silk mixed with ova of Tcphrosia
bistortata . .

Small iovmsoi Polyoiiimatiis corydon

Specific value of Malncosomn liiteiis

Sphingids — in the Carlisle district,
139, 163 ; of Cumberland

Sphinx (Ayrius) convolvuli at
Chingford..

Spread of butterflies in suitable
localities . . . . 24, 50, 51,

Spring and autumn observations in
south-east France

Spring lepidoptera . .218, 219, 220,

Spring lepidoptera in the north-
east of Ireland . .

Stray lepidopterological notes dur-
ing 1901

Subdivision of the genus Acidolid,
Auct.

Sudden appearance of Plusia
yaiiima

Swarming of Hepialus^ liipuliiiuK. .

Swarming of Pyrniiwi.'f (itdlniifn ..

Swiss butterflies, A fifth season
among

Synonymy, Increase of varietal . .

Synonymy of Ainorpha popnli ab.
trciiuibie . .

Synonymic list of British Lepidop-
tera, Proposed new

Systematic position of Gelaxtorrhi-
nits, Brunner

354

108
355

340

307
193

246
308
111

192

23

136

311
136

164

165

139

275
218
350

58
84

354

122

40

rrtr/(//.s 2'<"T»Z(/s, Capture of .. 109
Teratological Lepidoptera.. 80, 129
Teratological examples of Hybernia

leucophaearia . . . . . . 129

TettigidfE of North America . . 230

Three weeks in Spain : Lepidoptera 10
Time of appearance of Hcspcria

contiiui . . . . . . . . 305

Trichoptera in Devon . . . . 303

361

PAGE.

Trnplderes (Encdrcnfci') liilarift in a

London warehouse . . . . 338

Type of Agrotis trilici, On the . . 54
Types of Sphingid genera. . .. 278

Type specimen of Phalacna-
Bomhi/x atra, Jjmn = Acimtho-
pxiichc opacella . .

PAGE

aria. 103, 131 ; 1 1 i/drioiiiciKi /ar-
eata, 308 ; Lencania lircvilinea,
103 ; Mctoents paradoxus, 303 ;
Noctiui cai<taiiea, 103; Paedisca
profundana, 270 ; Pleheius aerion,
341; Limenitis populi, 282;
Vetiusia camhrira

Varietal synonymy, Increase of, due
to German lepidopterists

]'eiiilia inacnlata two years in pupal
stage

305

84

221

Xysiophora sfrvellant King'sLynn 349

. . 57

Vagaries in the time of appearance

of Lepidoptera . . . . . . 248

Variation of — Abraxas firossulari-

ata, 321; HcUcona thelxiope, H.

vesta, 140; Hi/hcriiia leucophac-

LocALiTiES, ETC.:— Aigle, 60: Albarracin district, 41, 70, 88, 120, 181, 198;
Angrogna Valley, 1H9 ; Annecy, 226. Beaulieu, 313 ; Berisal, 60, 125 ;
Bobbie, 169 ; Bolton, 83 ; Bosnia, 141 ; Boscombe, 346 ; Bouveret, 59 ;
Bozen, 281 ; Branson, 58; Brevent, The, 325; Brighton, 344; Bron-
chales, 90 ; Brunnen, 214 ; Burgess Hill, 131, 298 ; Burnley, 305. Calais,
312 ; Caldas de Maravilla, 10 ; Carlisle, 163 ; Catalonia, 10 ; Certosa di
Pesio, 332; Charpigny, 58; Cha voire, 226; Chelmsford, 304; Chilterns, 51;
Chiswick, 347; Cotteswolds, 349; Courmayeur, 334; Cuenea, 71; Cumber-
land, 76. Delphi, 31; Devon, 303; Devon, North, 50; Digne, 312, 314;
Dover, 274. East Hoathly, 347 ; Edinburgh district, 222, 241, 265, 296 ;
Eggenthal, 281; Epping, 50; Esher, 274; Essex, 344; Etaples, 312.
Folkestone, 274, 275, 304 ; Freiburg, 330. Gottenheira, 331 ; Granada, 10,
12 ; Gryon, 290. Harlech, 136 ; Hastings district, 267 ; Haute Savoie, 226,
253, 325 ; Holmbury, 75. Isle of Wight, 337. Kalavryta, 32 ; Kerry, 239,
350. Lanjaron, 12 ; Laquinthal, 61 ; Lazonby Fell, 337 ; Leicester, 267 ;
Leukerbad, 124 ; Leysin, 58 ; Locarno, 216 ; Loutraki, 32 ; Lucerne, 124;
Lymington, 287; Lyndhurst, 164. Market Drayton, 110, 109,346;
Marlow, 23, 305 ; Martigny, 58 ; Mogeve, 253 ; Merioneth, 50, 303 ; Meso-
longhi, 32 ; Montenegro, 141 ; Mount Chelmos, 64 ; Mucking, 284. New
Forest, 219, 272, 346; Newtonmore, 296; Noguera, 89. Oxton, 248.
Perthshire, 249, 271 ; Piedmont, 169 ; Pont du Gard, 311 ; Puerto de la
Losillo, 89. Beading, 274 ; Ilora (Rosa in error), 169. Sarnthal, 281 ;
Scarborough, 110 ; Seathwaite, 48 ; Sion, 59 ; Skipwith, 344; Southend,
109, 218, 248; Southport, 335; Susa, 331; Sutherland, 302. Torre
Pellice, 169 ; Tragacete, 85 ; Tyrone, 164. Vaudois Valleys, 169 ; Ventnor,
347 ; Vernayaz, 58 : Veytaux, 58; Villars, 170, 290. Wicken, 284 ; Wyre
Forest, 249. York, 219, 344. Zermatt, 125, 291

Pl. I.

Pl. II.
Pl. III.
Pl. IV.
Pl. V.
Pl. VI.
Pl. VII.
Pl. VIII,

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, dr.

To be placed opposite Page.
Structural details of Ornyia sp>lendida (that published with the

January No. cancelled as incorrect) . . . . . . . . 41

New Nearctic Fleas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Albarracin district of Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Larva of Dicraitura hicitspis .. .. .. .. .. .. 197

Miss Taka Nawa 225

Megeve and Mont Joly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Aphodius foetens and A. Jhnctariux . . . . . . . . . . 283

Aberration of Argynnis aijlaia .. .. .. .. .. ..311

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE.

. . 103, 219

. . 348 (twice)

.. 247

Adkin, B. W., F.E.S.,
Anderson, Joseph . .
Angus, Ronald M. . .
Ash, (Rev.) C. D., M.A., 102, 221,

248, 341 (twice), 345 (twice)
Atmore, E. A., F.E.S., . . 104, 349
Bacot, Arthur W., F.E.S., 101

(twice), 237, 257
Bateson, William, M.A., F.R.S. . . 320

PAGE.

Beadle, H. A 205

Beare, (Professor) T. Hudson, B.Sc,
F.li.S.E.,F.E.S. 7, 166, 221,

242, 266 (twice), 276, 297

Bell, (Rev.) John W. B 51

Bennett, W. H., F.E.S., . . 76 (twice)

Bird, J. F., 2-50 (twice)

Black, James E 267, 297

Bower, B. A., F.E.S. . . 219, 346

902

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S KKCORL).

V.UiF.

BraJv, L. S. . . 304, 305, 34'J

Britten, Harry .. 104, 30<;, 337

Brown, H. Eosvlaiul, M.A., F.E.S.

300, 311
Burr. Malcolm, B.A., F.Z.S.,
F.L.S. 40, 90, 130, 150, 230, 243,

244, 247, 328
Burrows, (Eev.) C. E. N. 193, 284

Bush. E. Eogers 250, 208. 272, 349
Butler, W. E., F.E.S. .. 270,305

Carr, W. D 24, 130

Chamberlain, Neville, F.E.S. 274, 303
Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.Z.S.,
F.E.S. 41, 57, 70, 85, 118. 122,

120, 129, 103, ISl. 214, 270, 304
Chaster, George W. . . 243, 337

Clarke, A. H., F.E.S. 24 (twice), 300
Clarke, H. Shortridge, F.E.S. .. 193

Clutten, W. G. 300

Collin, J. E., F,E.S 35

Colthrup, C. W. 221 (twice), 271. 274

Croker, A. J. 23

Dalglish, A. Adie, F.E.S 102

Day, Frank H., F.E.S. 80, 130, 340
Day, G. 0., F.E.S. . . 50, 131, 135

Dixon, Malcolm . . . . . . 49

Dollman, J. C. 91, 135, 100, 104,

189, 197, 221,246, 250, 271, 270, 301
Donisthorpe, Horace St. J. K.,
F.Z.S., F.E.S. 14, 21, 37, 67,
100 (twice), 130, 185, 180. 241,

252, 265, 207 (twice), 2C)8, 298
Edelsten, H. M., F.E.S. 102, 103. 274

Edwards, J., F.E.S 283

Ellis, H. Willoughby . . . . 338

Fleet, Harrv 207, 274

Fletcher, W. H. B., M.A., F.E.S. 137

Fountain, J. T 184

Fountaine, Margaret E., F.E.S. 29, 64
Gardner, John E. .. .. ..50

Goodson, A. T 305

Graves, P. P 130, 304

Greer, T 164

Grinishaw, Percy A., F.E.S. .. 102

Ha.cgart, James C. 131, 104, 190. 247
Hauipson. (Sir) George F., Bart.,

B.A., F.E.S. 220
Hariis, E. Hamlyn, D.Sc,
F.E.M.S.,F.Z.S., F.E.S., .. 12

Head, H. W 110

Henderson, J 129, 137

Hewett, William 102, 112; (Studd,

in error), 128

Holland, W. 50

Jennings, F. B., F.E.S. .. 99,340

Johns, E. F., F.L.S 248

Jones, A. H., F.E.S 247

Kayo, W. J., F.E.S. . . 21, 352

Keynes, J. N., M.A., D.Sc. . . 124

Lister, J. F. 340

Lofthouse, T. Ashton . . . . 'J74

Lowe, (Eev.) F. E., M.A., F.E.S.

281, 330

Lyle, G. T 350

Mason, G. W 163

P.\r,E.

Massey, Herbert, F.E.S 102-

Mera, A. W. 130

Merrifield, F., F.E.S. . . 270 (twice)

Miller, (Miss) E., .. 183 (twice), 304

Morelv, Claude, F.E.S 356

Moss. (Eev.) A. Miles, iM.A. 289, 311
Mousley, H., F.E.S. .. 18,341

Musham, John F. . . . . 135, 348

Newbery, E. A 149, 339'

Newman, L. W 56, 349'

Newnham, F. B., M.A. . . 341, 342^
Niehol, (Mrs.) Mary de la B.,

F.E.S 10, 141

Page, H. E., F.E.S 279

Palmer, Mervyn G. . . . . 343^

Paton, C.J 271

Pickett, C. P., F.E.S . . . . 275-

Pil'fard, Bernard 287

Porritt, G. T., F.L.S., F.E.S. . . 303-

Prideaux, E. M 100, 193

Prout, Louis B., F.E.S. 1, 122,

198, 220, 274
Eaynor, (Eev.) Gilbert H., M.A.

50, 270, 321

Eeid, Percy C 83, 101

Elding, W. S.. M.D., B.A.. F.E.S.

80. 342

Eobbins, E. W 218

Eobertson, (Major) R. B. 23, 80,

137, 105, 219, 340 (twice)

Eogers, Ernest A 350

Eosie, David . . . . . . 270

Eothschild, (Hon.) N. C, B.A.,

F.Z.S., F.E.S 02, 225-

Service, Eobert . . . . . . 162

Shaw, Eland, M.E.C.S., F.E.S. .. 296
Shaw, V. Eric, F.E.S. .. 102,103

Sich, Alfred, F.E.S 34a

Smallman, Ealeigh S. . . . . 245

Soames, (Eev.) H. A 193

Sopp, J. Burgess, F.E.S 239

Standfuss, (Dr.) Max . . . . 191

Stockwell, H. Douglas . . 24, 239
Studd, E. F., M.A.,B.C.L., F.E.S.

23, 80, 112, 220, 248, 270

Thornhill, E. H 193

Thwaytes, J. E 163

Tomli'n, Brockton. B.A., F.E.S. . . 186
Tutt, J. W., F.E.S. 24, 40, 51, 55,
50, 73, 81, 84, 104, 100, 111
(twice), 112, 113, 137 (twice),
139, 147, 100, 109, 173, 183, ISO,
192, 193, 202, 207. 223, 220, 232,
240 (twice), 252, 253, 259, 262,
279. 280, 300, 309, 315, 325, 343, 352
Walker, S., F.E.S. 171, 219, 249, 344
Watkins. C. J., F.E.S. .. 193,3-50
Westell, W. Percival, M.B.O.U. . . 209

Wheeler, (Eev.) G., M.A 58

Whittalver, Oscar .. .. ..83

Whittle, F. G. 50, 110, 21S, 249,

344, 350
Woodforde, F. C, B.A., F.E.S. 23,

80, 101, 110, 220. 249, .-547

PREFACE.

Another volume has been completed and we have again to thank
our subscribers and contributors for their excellent support during the
past year. There has been no special feature like the " century "
articles of the last volume, but the volume contains a large amount of
most important and useful entomological detail, which has, we believe,
kept it quite up to the level of its best traditions.

The work of the assistant editors has been especially onerous this
year. The coleoptera section under Professor T. Hudson Beare and
Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe has been rather heavier than usual, and
Mr. M. Burr maintains well the interest of our orthopterists in the
work that is going on in their special branch of our subject. The help
of Dr. T. A. Chapman and j\Ir. L. B. Prout with the lepidoptera, has
again been of the utmost value to ourselves and our readers.

Help in the production of the plates pulished with this volume is
gratefully acl\nowledged, we have to thank Dr. T. A. Chapman, the
kev. A. M. Moss, the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, and Mr. Dollman. To the
latter our readers are indebted for the beautiful handpainted larva of
J >icraiuira hicKsiiis, every copy of which was coloured by the artist
himself.

Owing to an unfortunate afi'ection of the eyes, from which Mr. G.
B. Routledge is suffering, extra help in the preparation of the Special
Index has had to be obtained. Mr. H. J. Turner is helping Mr.
Routledge with the lepidoptera, Professor T. Hudson Beare is doing
the coleoptera, and Mr. M. ]>urr the orthoptera. Whilst regretting
exceedingly the necessity for obtaining further help, we are exceedingly
grateful to those who have so kindly offered their services. We trust
that Mr. Routledge, to whose kindness we have been indebted so long,
will soon recover from what we hope is but a temporary disability. It
is hoped tha,t the " Special Index " will be ready with the January
number. We regret to add that, whilst this has been passing through
the press. Miss E. Wells, who has for many years been responsible
for the " general index " of this magazine, and had only a few days
before completed that published with this number, died suddenly of
apoplexy on December 5th.

We again ask for a supply of short notes and observations, which
should in reality be not at all difficult to obtain. It would appear,
however, that such are really more rarely penned than one might
fairly expect. I may here point out that the compilation of really
good text-books must depend largely on an abundance of such notes
made by isolated workers. These notes become of the highest
scientific importance when collected together for the purposes of
generalisation. Similarly, notes on collecting — with dates, observations
and localities- — are exceedingly valuable.

In conclusion we beg to tender our heartiest thanks to our sub-
scribers and contributors, and to everyone who has in any way contri-
buted to make the volume a success.

LE Je '08

/^ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. ^A/. TUTT, F.E.S,

T. HUDSOK BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.h.s.e.
M. BURR, F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f.e.s. ,

L B PROUT, F.E.S. H.St. J. K.DONISTHORPE, F.z.s. F.e

JAXUAllY lo(h, 1902.

Price SIXPENCE (net).

(WITH PLATE.;

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS)

SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO V.K FOKWAEIIED TO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

"Bertrose," Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Pauk,
London, 'S.E.

L0(NDON :

ELLIOT STOCK, 62j Pateekoster Row, E.G.

BERLIN :

R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,

11, CART.i?TRA.SSE, N.W.

NEW YORK:

Pli. HEINSBERGER, 9, First Avenue,

New York, U.S.A.

^Kfai.-.^/! f,nm T? w Pr,nTT?R IK. Princes Street. Cavendish Square, London, W.C-

<3 F^ E S H 7^ ^ ASSETS £7,250,000.

Established 1848. Lr^Ip'E

OFFICE

NOVEL and ATTRACTIVE forms of ASSURANCE, APPEAL=
INQ SPECIALLY to those who desire to combine INVE5T=
MENT with FAMILY PROVISION.

PEOSPECTUS containing full Table of Bates for the above, and other
new features, on application to

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C.

"The Gi-esham Life Assurance Society, Limited.

I>. F. TAYLEF^ & Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
J. T. CROCKETT & SON,

MAKERS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every desci'iption kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing

insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The Trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from. Great advantage in dealing with the makers.

All Goods at Store Prices.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

minute

5/-

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
abel, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

'^ (To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. 1
Larger quantities jjro rata. Orders executed in same order as
[ received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. I

New Forest
4. Ix. 'J7

ADDRESS. — "Requisites," 2, Lovegrove Place, Walnut Tree Road,

Greenwich, S.E.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited ]!Y

J. V^. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEAEE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.e.s.e.
M. BURR, F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f.e.s.

L B PROUT, F.E.S. H.8T. J.K.DONISTHORPE, F.z.s. F.E.a

FEBBUABY 15th, 1902.

Price SIXPENCE (net).

(WITH PLATE.)

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS),
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FOK\V.\UI»ED TO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

"Bertrose," Gelhtly Ro.vd, St. Catherine's Park,
London, S.E.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATKRNoa-r-

BERLIN : / ,_^

R. FRIEDLANDEI^ & SOHN, '■^""*

11, Carlstr.^ssi^, N.W.
NEW YORK: ,
Ph. HEINSBERGEli, 'J, First Av^ry
New York. U.S.A.

may also be obtained from R. H. Porter, 18, Princes Street, Cavendish Square, London W.C.

C3 r^ E S J^ 7^ J\/l ASSETS £7,250,000.

Established 1848. L^Ip'E

OFFICE

NOVEL and ATTRACTIVE forms of ASSURANCE, APPEAL=
INQ SPECIALLY to those who desire to combine INVEST^
MENT with FAMILY PROVISION.

PEOSPECTUS containino- full Table of Rates for the above, and other
new features, on application to

JAMES H. SCOTT, (ienrnil Miinaper <nu1 Secretary.

ST. IVIILDREDS HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX.

"The Greshani Life Assurance Society, Limited.

I>. F. TAYLER & Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Smal[. Hkahs and Pekfkct Poixts. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
J. T. CROCKETT & SON,

MAKIiRS OF EVERY DESCltlrTlclN OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL lisiSECT CABINETS,

With drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing

insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on ax>plication. Estimates given.

The Trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, KIDING HOUSE STEEET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from. Great advantage in dealing with the makers.

All Goods at Store Prices.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

luhiute

5/-

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
abel, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.';

Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as i.

received. Eemittance in full must accompany each order.

Kanuoch
15. vi. 97

ADDRESS.— "Requisites," 3, Lovegrove Place, Walnut Tree Road,

Greenwich, S.E.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORE

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

T. HUDSON BEAEE, b.sc, f.e.s., i-.e.s.e.
M. BURR, B.A., F./.S., r.h.s., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, ji.d., f.z.s., i.k.s.
h. B. PROUT, F.E.S. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s, f.i

MARCH 15th 1902.

^ -^ ,, Price Sixpence (net).

APR 1 1902 i (WITH PLATE.)

Sn^^^lption for Complete Volume, post fir

^''A/SONIAN O^^yj^ding SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS

SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO lilC FOKWAKDED TO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

" Bekxudse," Gellaixy Road, St. Catiii him 's Pauk,
londoji, s.k.

liONDON :

ELLIOT STOCK, 02, Rvteenosteu Itow, E.G.

BERLIN:

i{. FlUKDLANDEil ct SOHN,

11, Caulstuasse, N.W.

NKW YORK:

I'h. HEINSBEllGEll, 9, Fikst Avknli:,

New York, U.S.A.

ies niav also be obtained from 11. H. Poktek, 18, Princes Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.C.

G F^ ES J^ 7^ ^ ASSETS £7,250,000.

Established 1848. Ir^Ip'E

OFFICE

NOVEL and ATTRACTIVE forms of ASSURANCE, APPEAL=
INQ SPECIALLY to those who desire to combine INVEST=
MENT with FAMILY PROVISION.

PEOSPECTUS containing full Table of Bates for the above, and other
new featitres, on application to

JAMES H. SCOTT, Gcncnd Manaciev amJ Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C.

"The Gresham Life Assurance Society, Limited.

I>. F. TAYLER & Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

S.MALii Heads axd Perfect Points. White, Black, axd Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

rsMfE PfSA.cncA.lL. cA.:Bii<>rE:rr ]via.ke:]rs.

J. T. CROCKETT & SON,

:makf,rs of every description of

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL mSKCT CABINETS,

With drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing

insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The Trade supplied. f^STABLISHRD since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, EIDING HOUSE STUEET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from. Great advantage in dealing with the makers.

All Goods at Store Prices.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
abel, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

/To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.

Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

5/-

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," 3, Lovegrove Place, Walnut Tree Road»

Greenwich, S.E.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORI

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

J. AV. TUTT, F.E.S

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, i'.e.s., f.r.s.e.

M. BUBR, B.A.,F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

B PROUT, F.E.S. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, r.z.s. f.

AFBIL 15th, 1902.

Price Sixpence (net).

^ (WITH MAP.)

Subscription for Complete Volume, post in

(Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBER!
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO UE FOKWARDED TO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

" Bertrosk," Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Park,
London, S.E.

LONDON :

ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Tatkenostku Kow, E.G.

BERLIN :

R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,

11, Carlstr.\ssk, N.W.

NEW YORK:

Ph. HEINSBERGER, 9, Fiust Avenue,

New York, U.S.A.

G F^ E S J^ 7^ ^ ASSETS £7,250,000.

Established 1858. Lalp'E
OFFTieE

NOVEL and ATTRACTIVE forms of ASSURANCE, APPEAL-
ING SPECIALLY to those who desire to combine INVEST-
MENT with FAMILY PROVISION.

PROSPECTUS containing full Table of Rates for the above, and other
new features, on application to

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C.

"The Gresham Life Assurance Society, Limited.

I>. F. TAYLER & Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
J. T. CROCKETT & SON,

MAKERS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Plat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing

insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for* Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The Trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from. Great advantage in dealing with the makers.

All Goods at Store Prices.

LABEL5 ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
abel, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

[To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.'! H /
■] Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as l. fl /

Or

[ received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. I

ADDRESS. — "Requisites," 2, Lovegrove Place, Walnut Tree Road»

Greenwich, S.E.

'ol. XIV.

No. 5.

:v

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited ky

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

ASSISTKD BY

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.h.s.e.
M. BURR, B.A.,F.z.s., F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., v.7..s., f.e.s.
L. B. PROUT, F.E.S. H. St. .1. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s. f.e.i

MAY loth, 190-2.

Price Sixpence (net).
Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including SPECIAL INDEX iuul all DOUBLE NUMBERS),
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO HE l-01t\VAKI>i:i) TO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

" Berteose," GELL.\n.v RiiAi), St. Catherine's Pauk,
London, tilOi

LO^lSbR'":

ELLIOT STOCK, «J2, PATKiiNosTi.i: Kow, E.G.

BERLIK:-

R. FKIEDL.\NDEll & SOHN,

11, CARr.STRASSE. N.\V. -, .
NEW YORK: ' '

Ph. HEINSBEllGEU, <», First Avenue,
New York, U.S.A.

es niav also be obtained from K. H. Porter, 18, Princes Street, Cavendish Square London, W.C.

G F^ ES J^ 7^ ^ ASSETS £7,250,000.

Established 18^8. l^IFTE

OFFICE

NOVEL and ATTRACTIVE forms of ASSURANCE, APPEAL=
ING SPECIALLY to those who desire to combine INVE5T =
MENT with FAMILY PROVISION.

PEOHTECTUS containing full Table of Rates fov the above, and other
new features, on application to

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manafier and Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX.

"The Gresham Life Assurance Society, Limited.

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

S.MALL Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Giet.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
J. T. CROCKETT & SON,

JIAKEKS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OV

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

stove and Book Boxes fitted with Cainphoi- Cells. Setting Boaitls, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPKCIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing

insects.

Store Boxes Specially made fop Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The Trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, HIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from. Great advantage in dealing with the makers.

All Goods at Store Prices.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

, minute

6/-

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
abel, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captoi-.

To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities, i

Larger quantities jjro rata. Orders executed in same order as |

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," 2, Lovegrove Place, Walnut Tree Road»

Greenwich, S.E.

No. 6.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.K.S.

AssisTi'J) u\

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., i.r.s.e.
M. BURR, b.AmF.z.s., f.l.s., f.e.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f.e.s.
L B PROUT FER. H.St. .T.K.DONISTHORPE, f.z.s. f.e.i

JUNE hi, 1902.

Price Sixpence (nkt).
Hubscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Inclnrtiiig SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS),
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO HE FOinV.VRllKI) 'lO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

"Behtrose," Geli.atly Road, St. C.vriiKiuNE's Pars,
London, S.E.

LONDON :

P.TJ.Tf^T STOCK. fi2, Patkhnoster Row, E.G.

BERLIN :

R. FRIEDLANDEK & SOHN,

11, CAKt.STKASSE. N.W.

NEW YORK:

Ph. HEINSBEKGER, 9, First Avenuk,

New York, U.S.A.

GF^ESHT^IVl ASSETS £7,250,000.

Established 1848. 1-:^X1RE

NOVEL and ATTRACTIVE forms of ASSURANCE, APPEAL^
INQ SPECIALLY to those who desire to combine INVEST-
MENT with FAMILY PROVISION.

PEOSPECTUS containino- full Table of Rates for the above, and other
new features, on application to

JAMES H. SCOTT, deiienil Mniniiier diid Si-rreUiri/.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, B.C.

"Thf Gi'i'shaiii Life Assurance Society, I>iiiiited.

I>. F. TAYLER & Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

S.MALI, HeaHS AXIi PliP.FKCT I'OIXTS. WhITK, l^.f.AtK, A\I> GtT.T.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.
Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

tme: i>i«.A.CTiciJi.i-. cA.:Bii>jrE:T jvia.ke:i7s.

J. T. CROCKETT & SON,

MAKKUS OF KVKUV DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS-

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets ot every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL iksECT CABINETS,

With drawi IS litted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without reuiovinsf

insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

Ail hest work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given^

The Trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).
Factories— 34, EIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W. ,

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from. Great advantage in dealing with the makersv

All Goods at Store Prices.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! I

, minutfr

5/-

It is vei'y essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute-
abel, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. 'i

i Larger quantities 2"'o rata. Orders executed in same order a&l

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order^ 1

New Forest Shetland

4. ix. 97 5. V. 97

ADDRESS.— "Requisites," 2, Lovegrove Place, Walnut Tree Road^

Greenwich, S.E.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. AA^. TUTT, F.E.S.

ASSISTKD BY

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.k.s., f.e.s.e.
M. BURR, B.A.,r.z.s., f.l.S., f.e.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, m.d., f.z.s., f.e.s.
L B PROUT, F.E.S. H.St. J. K.DONISTHORPE, F.z.s. f.e.s

JULY Ut, 1902.

.1 U„ „1,

,,1 f„„™ V TJ

Price Sixpence (net).

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS),
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORW.ARDKD TO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

" Bkrtrose," Gellailv Road, St. Catherine's Pakk,
London, S.E.

'•^(F^, LONDON :

JEMLiIOT STOCK, 62, Patkhnostek Eow, E.C.
(32 ]i BERLIN:

A^.J) R. FKIEDLANDER & SOHN,

11, C.-SlRlstrasse, N.W.

NEW YORK:

Ph. HEINSBEEGER, 9, First Avenue,

New York, U.S.A.

p^„n„.,j 18 Pi-inf.es Street. Cavendish Square, London, W.C.

G F^ E S H 7^ ]^/l ASSETS £7,250,000.

Established 1848. L^IfTE

OFFICE

NOVEL and ATTRACTIVE jforms of ASSURANCE, APPEAL=
INQ SPECIALLY to those who desire to combine INVEST-
MENT with FAMILY JPROVISION.

PEOSPECTUS containing full Table of Rates for the above, and other
new features, on application to

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Blamujer and Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX.

"The Gresham Life Assurance Society, LimitetJ.

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
J. T. CROCKETT & SON,

M^KKKS OF EVERY DESCBIPTION OP

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kejjt in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removin?

insects. '

Stor-e Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.
All best work. Lowest possible terras for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The Trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STiiEET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from. Great advantage in dealing with the makers.

All Goods at Store Prices.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS !! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, sh{juld bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

m

T (To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities,
tjarger quantities ijro rata. Orders executed in same order as
received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

ADDRESS. — "Requisites," 2, Lovegrove Place, Walnut Tree Road^

Greenwich, S.E.

'ol. XIV.

^\:2m

THE

.;^

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. V\A. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEAEE, b.sc, f.e.s., f.k.s.e.
M. BURR, B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., f.z.s., f.e.s.
L. B. PROUT, F.E.S. H. St. J.K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s. f.e.s

JULY 25th, 1902.

:^^.

f

Vb-^

N

•Si:

f-i^

Price Sixpence (net)

(WITH PLATE).

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

iln.'lii.liii!; SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS),
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

" Bektrosk," Gi-llatly Road, St. Catherine's Paek,
lokdon, s.e.

LONDON :

ELIilOT STOCK, 62, Paternostek Row, E.G.

BERLIN :

11. rHIJ'-.DLANDEli cV SOHN,

II, Carlstrassb, N.W.

NEW YORK:

Ph. UEINBBEIIGEII, 9, First Avenue,

New York, U.S.A.

G F^ ES H^ 7^ ^ ASSETS £7,250,000.

Established 1858. LaXfTE
OFTFIGE

NOVEL and ATTRACTIVE forms of ASSURANCE, APPEAL-
ING SPECIALLY to those who desire to combine INVEST-
MENT with FAMILY PROVISION.

PROSPECTUS containing full Table of Rates for the above, and other
new features, on application to

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C.

"The Gresham Life Assurance Societj', Limited.

I>. F. TAYLER 4& Co., Xita.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Sbiall Heads and Pebfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
J. T. CROCKETT & SON,

MAKERS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

AVith drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing

insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given..

The Trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from. Great advantage in dealing with the makers.

-All Goods at Stoi'e Prices.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS !! !

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, i^iving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

( To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.
\ Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in- same order as
( received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

Eannoch New Forest Shetland

15. vi. '.17 4. ix. «7 S. v. U7

ADDRESS. — "Requisites," 2, Lovegrove Place, Walnut Tree Road,

Greenwich, S.E.

^.^;-#^V^;^|

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AN])

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited p.y

J. ^V. TUTT, F.K.S.

Assisted by

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.,sc., f.e.s., f.e.s.e.
M. BURR, B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPMAN, ji.d., f.z.s., f.e.s.
Jj. B. PROUT, F.E.S. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s. f.e.!

SEFTEMBFAl 15th. 1902.

Price Sixpence (net)

(WITH PLATE).

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS),
S E V Kn^^S HILLINGS,

.^■''tO r.E FOiaVAliDKD TO

HERBERT^,E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

" HlKTKdSE," GELLATLV-Roii^, St. CATHERINE'S PAUK
Li-i!rv4'P*'D0N, S.E.

LONDON :

ELLIOT STOCK, ()2, P.^terxoster Row, E.G.

BERLIN :

11. FIUEDLANDEll & SOHN,

11, C.\KI.STUASSE. N.W.

NH:\V YORK:

Ph. HEINSBEUGEll, 9, First Avenue,

New Yor.K, U.S.A.

<3 r^ E S J^ 7^ |Vl ASSETS £8,000,000.

Established 1848. LlXp'E

OFFXC2E

Claims Paid, nearly £18,000,000.

Life Assurance WITH OR WITHOUT Medical Examination.

Monthly Premiums.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General ^lanacier aiid Secretary.

Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX.
13. F. TAYLER^ & Co., Ltd.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Shall nEAT>s and Perfect Points. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
J. T. CROCKETT & SON,

MAKERS OF EVEEY DESCRIPTION OP

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

store and Book Boxes fltted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removinij

insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The Trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from. Great advantage in dealing with the makers.

All Goods at Store Prices.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

, minute

s/-

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
abel, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities.

Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order.

ADDRESS. — "Requisites," 3, Lovegrove Place, Walnut Tree Road,.

Greenwich, S.E.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by

J. M/-. TUTT, F.E.S.

Assisted bv

T. HUDSON BEARE, b.sc, f.e.s., k.r.s.e.
M BURR, B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.E.S. T. A. CHAPM.^N, m.d., r.z.s., f.e.s.
I, B PROUT, F.E.S. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f./.s. f.e.s.

(H'TOBFAl loth, 1902.

Price Sixpence (net)

(WITH PLATE).

Subsci-iptiou for Complete Volume, post free

(Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS),
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BE I'Or.WAEDED TO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S,

" Bektkose," Gellatly Road, St. Catherine's Pauk,
London, S.E.

liONDON :

ELLIOT STOCK, ()-2, r.\Ti:i!NOSTKU l\o\v, E.G.

BERLIN:

gi. EmEDLANDEll & SOHN,

r^t*.' 'iiV (^AKI.STUASSK, M.W.

NEW YORK:
rh^ ^EINSBEEGEll, 9, First Avenue,
' - " New Youk, U.S.A.

G r^ ES H^ 7^ f\/l ASSETS £8,000,000.

Established 1848. l^XFTE
OFFICE

Claims Paid, nearly £18,000,000.

Life Assurance WITH OR WITHOUT Medical Examination.

Monthly Premiums.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manaijer and Secretary.

Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX.

D. F. TJLYLEI^ & Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers^

Small Heads and Perfect Points. White, Black, a\d Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
J. T. CROCKETT & SON,

MAKERS OF F.VERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing^

insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms lor cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The Trade supplied. KSTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, EIDING HOUSE STEEET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from. Great advantage in dealing with the makers.

All Goods at Store Prices.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! 1

It is very essential that every specimen, to be authentic, should bear a minute
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

[To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. "j
Larger quantities jjco rata. Orders executed in same order asj-
[ received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. I

5/-

Ranno<.li New Forest Slu'tl;iiid

15. vi. y7 4. ix. y7 5. v. 97

ADDRESS. — "Requisites," 2, Lovegrove Place, Walnut Tree Road,

Greenwich, S.E.

J^

ol. XIV.

No. 11.

vS.*

\

Til]'.

^ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AXD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

l*]l)lTEI) ]!Y

J. ^^^. TUTT, F.E.S,

Assisti;d by

T. HUDSON BEAEE, b.sc, im;.s., v.k.s.k.
AI RUHR u \., 1-./..S., ix.s., F.H.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, Ji.n.,i'./-s.,i'.ii.s.
?;■ B PROUT, FK.s. H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, f.z.s. v.b.:

k

M

yoVKMBER loth, 1902.

Price Sixpence (net)

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(InoUuliim' SPKCIAl. INDEX aiuUill DOUBEE NU:MBERS>,
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

ro 1>K KOliWAliDKD TO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

"l?i;im!.>si;," Gia-LATLV Road, St. Catukicine's Pakk,
Tjondon, S.E.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, ()2, Pati.iixosti:!! How, E.G.

K. ElilEDLANDER A- SOHN.

la, Caui,sti:.vssk. N.W.

NEW YORK:

I'll. I11:;1NSHERGKU. <», FiiiST AvENUfi,

New YoitK, U.S.A. ,

G r^ ES Ht 7^ iM^ ASSETS £8,000,000.

Established 1848. l^XJ^E

OFFTieE

Claims Paid, nearly £18,000,000.

Life Assurance WITH OR WITHOUT Medical Examination.

Monthly Premiums.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Manager and Secretary.

Head Office— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.C.
T>. F. TAYLER & Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Small Heads and Perfect Poixts. White, Black, and Gilt.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.

Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.
J. T. CROCKETT & SON,

MAKERS (IF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camiihor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat. etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.
SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,
drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing

insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All hest work. Liowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The Trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Fiictoiies— 34, RIDING HOUSE STEEET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Eargest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from. Great advantage in dealing with the makers.

All Goods at Store Prices.

Large Collection of Neiv Forest Insects.

Argiolus, Hepavata, Macularia, Lithoriza, 2/- per dozen ; Liturata, Plagiata,
Obscuraria, Prodroniaria, 2/(5 per dozen ; P. palumbella, P. dilutella, A. tumidella, N.
roborella, 3/- per dozen; C. selasellus, 3/- per dozen; Literana, Cristana, Effractana, D.
costo.sa, 2/0 per dozen ; Revayana, 5/- dozen ; Raniosana, 4/- each ; L. alsoides, £1 Is.
eacli ; New Forest (case-bearers) Psyche larvffi, 2/6 per dozen ; Eupithecite (mixed) 2/6 per
dozen.

Hemiptera and Homoptera, Iehneumonida3, Aculeate-Hymenoptera, Phryganides and
Psocidaj, Tenthredinidae. Sent on approval to select from at 3/- a dozen (not less than two
dozen). Diptera. — A. mussitans, {)d. each ; and S. borealis, 6d. each.

For beginners my selection of 100 lepidoptera 7/0 per 100. In this case purchasers
must send boxes. Visitors can make selection over all orders (unnamed) at 2d. each.

B. PIFFARD, Ivy Cottage, near Post Office, Brockenhurst.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Editkd i;v

J. W. TUTT, F.E.S,

T. HUD80N BKARK, b.su., f.is.s., f.u.s.e.
M. BURR, B.A., F.Z.S., i-.L.s., F.i:.s. T. A. CHAPMAN, M.n., K./..S., f.e.s.
L. B. PROUT, F.E.S. H. St. J. K. UONISTHORPE, f.z.s. f.e.s.

DECEMBKU loth, 1002.
Price ONE SHILLING (net;

DOUBLE NUMBER WITH TWO PLATES.)

Subscription for Complete Volume, post free

(Including SPECIAL INDEX and all DOUBLE NUMBERS),
SEVEN SHILLINGS,

TO BK FOKWAKIiED TO

HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S.,

" Bektrosf," Gei.lati.v -Road, St. Cathkhinf's I'auk,

LONDON :

ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Pati:rxostj£ii Kow, E.C.

BERLIN :

R. FEIEDLANDEll & SOHN,

11, Cablstrassk, N.W.

NEW YORK:

Ph. HEINSBEKGEIl, '.). First Avenuk,

Nkw York, U.S.A.

<3 r^ E S J^ 7^ |Vl ASSETS £8,000,000.

Established 1848. l^IpTE

OFFICE

Claims Paid, nearly £18,000,000.

Life Assurance WITH OR WITHOUT Medical Examination.

Monthly Premiums.

JAMES H. SCOTT, General Managei- and Secretary.

Hear! Otticc— ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, EX.
r>. F. TAYLER & Co., Lta.,

Entomological Pin Manufacturers,

Sjialt, Hkads and Perfect Points. White, Black, ani> Gii.t.

BIRMINGHAM and LONDON.
Can be obtained from Dealers throughout the World.

J. T. CROCKETT & SON,

aiAKWiS (II-' KVKRY DESCliU'TKIN (iF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boartls, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.
SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,
drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removiii'-;

insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended foi' Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The Trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STEEET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from. Great advantage in dealing with the makers.

All Goods at Store Prices.

LABELS ! LABELS ! ! LABELS ! ! !

, minute

5/-

It is very essential tliat every specimen, to be authentic, should Itear a mimite
label, giving locality, date of capture, and name of captor.

To comprise equal numbers of not more than ten localities. |

Larger quantities pro rata. Orders executed in same order as

received. Remittance in full must accompany each order. J

ADDRESS. — " Requisites," 2, Lovegrove Place, Walnut Tree Road„

-. (Greenwich, S.E.

i

hM

tJ-